UP Journals (Univ. of Pretoria)
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The regulation of initial Coin Offerings: A comparison of the South African Intergovernmental Fintech Working Group Position Paper and the European Union European Securities and Markets Authority Advice on Initial Coin Offerings and crypto assets
Get PDFThe advent of crypto assets has led to creative alternative ways of raising capital for emerging businesses through token sales, aptly termed Initial Coin Offerings or ICOs. The crypto asset market has experienced a period of high market growth in the past decade due to ICOs — a relatively new phenomenon in the financial markets — which has seen investors invest their hard-earned capital despite the information asymmetry and associated risks. The lack of regulation in ICOs and crypto assets, in general, has prompted regulators to take steps towards regulation. This submission explores how South Africa proposes to regulate ICOs and provides a comparison with the European Union’s approach towards regulating ICOs by paying specific attention to the governmental papers published in the respective jurisdictions.
Incorporating the incorporeal: The potential classification of Bitcoin as a ‘thing’ under South African common law
Get PDFThis article aims to determine whether Bitcoin could be classified as a ‘thing’ in the South African common law of things. The key motivation behind this article is to determine whether the Pandectist focus on the corporeality requirement in the classification of things is outdated in the modern, technologically driven era. Bitcoin, which is classified as a decentralised convertible virtual currency has been received positively in South Africa over the course of the last few years, as Bitcoin adoption has grown exponentially. South Africa has also seen the implementation of important regulatory reforms surrounding virtual currencies; primarily the recognition of virtual currency as a financial product and its traders as financial service providers. Given the positive reception of virtual currencies, particularly Bitcoin, in South Africa, this article explores the recognition of Bitcoin as a ‘thing’ in South Africa law, as well as the significance of this classification. From this evaluation, it will become clear that the incorporeal nature of Bitcoin poses a challenge to its common law recognition, albeit not an insurmountable one. In this regard, two arguments — the doctrinal argument and the exception argument — are proposed whereby Bitcoin could be recognised as a thing despite its incorporeality
When is a choice not a choice?: Experiences of individual agency and autonomy by South African female breadwinners
No full textAs part of a larger Master’s study, this paper focuses on the individual experiences of agency and autonomy communicated by a group of South African women who have overcome traditional notions of gender through their role as primary financial provider for their families. Using data collected from in-depth, unstruc-tured interviews, and reading these through a phenomenological feminist perspective, I shed some light on the perceptions of ten female breadwinners (FBW) in this paper. It is the aim of this research to represent these women’s voices in order to understand how they make meaning of and negotiate their spaces and roles as breadwinners. In the course of the interviews and analyses, the realities faced by these FBW stemming from the Mpumalanga and Gauteng provinces expose the hegemonic and heteronormative prescriptions of gender that still exist within our society, often concealed behind constructions of reform advocating gender equality
The blood-sucker bird: A woven narrative of exploitation and dependency : Material Narratives
No full textOne of the most renowned tapestry ventures in South Africa is the Evangelical Lutheran Church Art and Craft Centre, Rorke’s Drift, initiated in 1963. Less well-known is the subsequent centre started by its Swedish founders, Ulla and Peder Gowenius, in neighbouring Lesotho. Thabana li Mele, as this initiative was called, opened in 1968, and within two years, 200 villagers wove a range of textiles, including pictorial tapestries. However, this thriving operation would be short-lived, forced to close in 1970, by an ally of white South Africa, Lesotho’s Leabua Jonathan regime. Apartheid-era writings have offered limiting representations of these events, and Thabana li Mele’s weavers and their works are now all but forgotten. As the author shows, The blood-sucker bird (1969), a tapestry from this centre on which some material has survived, suggests that Thabana li Mele was destined to be more than just a poverty-alleviation initiative. Woven by an unknown woman, this bold artwork articulates Lesotho’s subaltern status as a land-locked labour reserve for South Africa’s mines. Reminiscent of oral art forms, its symbolic language interrogates the hegemonies that engineered the lives of Basotho communities forced into migrancy and economic dependency on South Africa. The tapestry also yields insight into the creative agency of a marginalised community
Pre-Service Teachers’ Experiences with Virtual Reality Goggles as a Pedagogical Tool for learning Grade 4 Social Sciences (Geography)
No full textThis study examines the use of virtual reality (VR) goggles as a pedagogical tool in teacher education, with a focus on the experiences of first-year pre-service teachers learning to teach Grade 4 Social Sciences (Geography). Conducted at a single private higher education institution in Gauteng, South Africa, with a sample of 28 participants, the research integrates three virtual tours of local areas to support learning aligned with the Intermediate Phase Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement, specifically the Term 1 topic, ‘Places Where People Live’. Data were generated through semi-structured focus group interviews, examining the teachers’ experiences of incorporating VR into their pedagogical development. Findings indicate that VR’s immersive qualities enhance engagement and provide learning experiences that are difficult to replicate through conventional methods, such as map-based instruction. Participants further reported challenges related to the accessibility and usability of VR in school settings, including technical issues, limited equipment availability, and inadequate training
Decolonising Expropriation, Systems Theory & Radical Political Theory Through the Lens of Business Venture Investments 900 (PTY) LTD V City Of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
No full textThe objectives of land reform, as per section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, are limited by conservative property conditions that maintain the status quo. As such, subjecting land expropriation to compensation is unjust and fortifies the brutality of apartheid and colonialism instead of addressing these historical injustices. This article argues that just and equitable nil compensation challenges the status quo. It will analyse Business Venture Investments 900 (Pty) Ltd v City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, to illustrate that just and equitable redress can be brought forth through a decolonial approach to nil compensation. It will then problematise Niklas Luhmann’s framework, contending that it perpetuates the status quo by undermining the role that positive law can play in correcting the injustices of the past. The article further asserts that the status quo is bolstered by positive law, such as South Africa’s Constitution, which helps keep marginalised groups landless.
The application of “repealed” sections of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 to liquidation proceedings of insolvent companies
No full textDie Maatskappyewet 71 van 2008 het op 1 Mei 2011 in werking getree en die Maatskappyewet 61 van 1973 herroep. Nietemin is die bepalings in die 1973-Wet insake korporatiewe insolvensieverrigtinge in wese behou deur artikel 224 en item 9 van skedule 5 by die 2008-Wet. Die 2008-Wet bevat bepalings om die likwidasie van solvente maatskappye in werking te stel maar geen prosedures om dit deur te voer nie, soos wat die 1973-Wet wel bevat. Geen substantiewe bepalings in verband met die gronde en prosedures vir die likwidasie van insolvente maatskappye is ontwikkel en geïnkorporeer in die 2008-Wet nie. In plaas daarvan, en met spesifieke verwysing na die likwidasie van ’n maatskappy wat insolvent is, is die bepalings van hoofstuk 14 van die 1973-Wet van toepassing “asof hierdie bepalings nie herroep is nie”. In lig van die voormelde en in die konteks van die likwidasie van insolvente maatskappye, oorweeg hierdie artikel drie vrae. Eerstens word die vraag gevra of ’n interpretasie van item 9 van skedule 5 by die 2008-Wet ’n ruim benadering ondersteun waarvolgens daar gesteun mag word op bepalings van die 1973-Wet wat buite die grense van hoofstuk 14 van die Wet val. Tweedens word eksperimentele oorweging verleen aan die toepassing van die bovermelde benadering om sodoende te kan steun op die bepalings van artikels 12 en 13 van die 1973-Wet. Die saak van Botha NO v Van den Heever NO word in hierdie verband bespreek. Derdens word die vraag gevra of die inhoud van die bepalings insake jurisdiksie (artikel 12) en sekuriteit vir kostes (artikel 13) waarde toevoeg tot die uitvoering van likwidasie prosedures, dus in effek of daar ’n behoefte is om hierdie bepalings te behou binne die konteks van die toepassing van hoofstuk 14 en die likwidasie-prosedures vervat in die 1973-Wet. In afwagting van omvattende wetgewing om insolvensie prosedures te reguleer, word daar voorgestel dat die bepalings van die
1973-Wet in soverre dit betrekking het op die likwidasie van insolvente maatskappye, selfs waar hierdie bepalings nie binne die grense van hoofstuk 14 vervat is nie, steeds aangewend mag word in sekere gevalle
Acquisition of ownership inside virtual worlds*
No full textDie artikel het ten doel om as kort inleiding te dien tot die manier waarop eiendom binne in ’n virtuele wêreld verkry kan word. Die Suid-Afrikaanse sakereg word as agtergrond gebruik om die nuwe veld van virtuele goederereg te bespreek en binne in die konteks van die reg in die regte wêreld te plaas. Ondersoek word ingestel om te bepaal of daar ooreenkomste is tussen die oordrag van eiendom in die regte en die virtuele wêrelde. In sommige gevalle blyk dit te wees dat eiendomsregte afgelei word deur middel van standaard kontraktuele bedinge wat deur die ontwikkelaar van ’n virtuele wêreld bepaal word. Soms is hierdie bloot gebruiksregte, maar in ander gevalle, en spesifiek binne-in virtuele wêrelde wat die regte wêreld simuleer, kan gebruikers eienaarskap verkry van hul virtuele goedere. Vanuit die voorbeelde is dit duidelik dat daar sterk ooreenkomste tussen eiendom in die regte en virtuele wêrelde is. Eiendom kan onder andere deur beide oorspronklike sowel as afgeleide wyses verkry kan word in die virtuele wêreld en eiendomsreg in ’n virtuele item kan onder andere gesedeer, verkoop of ge-erf word of selfs verlore gaan in ’n insolvente boedel
Section 49, lethal force and lessons from the De Menezes shooting in the United Kingdom: Artikel 49, Dodelike Geweld en Lesse uit die De Menezes Skietvoorval in die Verenigde Koninkryk
No full textDie Strafproseswysigingswetsontwerp 2010 stel sekere wysigings aan artikel 49 van die Strafproseswet 51 van 1977 voor ten einde die artikel in lyn te bring met die riglyne wat vasgestel is deur die Konstitusionele Hof in Ex parte: The Minister of Safety and Security: In re S v Walters 2002 2 SASV 105 (KH) rakende die gebruik van geweld ten einde ’n inhegtenisneming uit te voer. Hierdie artikel poog om die aandag te vestig op die tekortkominge van die voorgestelde wysigings aan artikel 49, deur gebruik te maak van die De Menezes-voorval wat plaasgevind het in die Verenigde Koninkryk, as ’n voorbeeld om die potensiële probleme met die bewoording van die wysigingswetsontwerp toe te lig. Hierdie voorval, waarin ’n onskuldige man deur die Britse polisie doodgeskiet is, gee aanleiding tot ’n aantal interessante vraagstukke met betrekking tot die vlak van geweld wat deur die polisie gebruik mag word om ’n inhegtenisneming te bewerkstellig, en die impak wat terrorisme - spesifiek selfmoordterrorisme - internationaal gehad het op polisie taktiek. In lyn met die Britse ondervinding, sal dit betoog word dat die voorgestelde wysigings aan artikel 49 nie ’n aanvaarbare oplossing in Suid-Afrika bied vir ‘n soortgelyke terroristebedreiging nie. Hierdie argument is gebaseer op die voorgestelde teks in artikel 49(2)(b) - naamlik dat “the suspect is suspected” (“die verdagte word vermoed”) mag lei tot onskuldige dodings, aangesien die woorde die potensiaal het om die beluitneming, rakende die gebruik van dodelike geweld, van die arresteerder na die verwyderde “supervisor” (“inspekteur”) oor te dra. Verder het die insluiting van die teks, “having committed a crime” (“wat \u27n misdryf gepleeg het”), en die uitsluiting van die frase, “future death or grievous bodily harm” (“toekomstige doding of ernstige liggaamlike besering”), die gevolg dat die voorgestelde artikel 49 slegs bruikbaar sal wees in voorvalle waar die verdagte ook ’n verdagte is in ’n vorige misdaad, en sal dit nie van hulp wees vir die arresteerder in gevalle waar die verdagte moontlik ’n misdaad in die toekoms beplan nie