INCEIF Knowledge Repository (INCEIF University)
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Demystifying small and medium enterprises' (SME's) performance in emerging and developing economies
No full textApplying the General-to-Specific modelling on World Bank Enterprise Survey data for 266 economies, this paper models five performance indicators based on 80 potential factors derived from firm characteristics, finance, informality, infrastructure, innovation, technology, regulation, taxes, trade and workforce concerning small and medium enterprises (SMEs). We find that the factors vary regarding statistical significance and magnitude between small and medium enterprises. For example, the percent of firms using e-mail to interact with clients/suppliers has a positive effect on the annual employment growth of medium enterprises, but not the case of small enterprises. The proportion of investments financed by equity or stock sales has an adverse impact on small enterprises, while there is no such effect on medium enterprises. We find that more drivers explained the annual employment growth and the percent of firms buying fixed assets compared to capacity utilization, annual labor productivity growth, and real annual sales growth
The impact of delisting Shariah compliant stocks on Islamic investments
No full textIslamic investments as a critical component of the Halal supply chain received considerable attention in the global financial market when the Dow Jones Islamic market Index (DJIM) was established in 1999, followed by Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE), Standard and Poor (S&P) and others. Malaysia took global leadership in the construction of Shariah Indices in 1999 and launched the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Emas Shariah Index in 2007. One fundamental feature of the Shariah Indices is the screening process before the stock can be identified as Shariah compliant. The screening methodology differs to some degree among the major Shariah stock indices but essentially settle to affirm consensus on major issues especially those associated with qualitative screening such as the prohibition of riba, gambling and trading of prohibited commodities. Greater disparities of consensus were evident in the quantitative screening with differing stance on financial ratios bearing interest (riba) elements. Of most concern is the debt/total asset financial ratio in which conventional debt over total assets of the company must not exceed 33 percent, otherwise the firm will be delisted from the Shariah compliant list of companies. Companies can be included again in the list once corrections are made to comply with Shariah principles
Design of Islamic financial certificates for housing development in Algeria
No full textAlgeria depends solely on publicly produced housing. Algeria's housing industry has been lagging behind in its development. This has caused many citizens to struggle with finding proper housing. Aside from being one of the highest countries in terms of rent rates, construction and distribution of public houses in Algeria takes more than 15 years of waiting. Despite that the quality of the housing is bad. This paper proposes Shari'ah-compliant housing certificates, a new Islamic financial instrument that would assist in house construction in Algeria. This instrument uses istisna' as the underlying contract and accommodates guaranteed returns as well as negotiability for investors. It has great potential in contributing to solving the prolonged problem of housing in Algeria as well as countries facing problems in financing the construction of housing
Analysis of commodity reserve currency system from siyasah Shariyyah perspective
No full textThis paper aims to apply the doctrine of siyasah shariyyah to a policy proposal in the area of monetary economics, namely, the Grondona system of conditional currency convertibility, which has been proposed as a practical means of resisting the economic instability caused by the present-day fiat money system. The paper uses library research to review the literature relevant to the Grondona system, and examines the extent to which its operations conform to the principle of siyasah shariyyah, thereby encouraging Maslahah, i.e. the public interest. The paper includes important implications for the policymakers in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries for the possible implementation of Grondona system
Tier 2 capital instruments under Basel III: a Shari'ah viewpoint
No full textBasel III has redefined the criteria for regulatory capital instruments. Accordingly, Islamic banking institutions (IBIs) have to consider the issuance of instruments that would meet both the objectives of Basel III and Shari'ah requirements. This research particularly aims to compare the regulatory requirements for issuing Tier-2 (T2) capital instruments as defined by Basel III, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) and IFSB-15. In this regard, the research examines the Shari'ah issues related to subordination and conversion arising in exchange-based contracts (such as murabahah and ijarah sukuk) and equity-based contracts (such as mudarabah and wakalah sukuk). The study relies on library research to collect secondary data in the form of classical works of Islamic jurisprudence, analyses such work and links it with the present day regulatory requirements. The study finds that there are Shari'ah concerns over the use of exchange-based contracts. However, the use of convertible mudarabah and wakalah sukuk could be justified
Accounting for leasing: the case of Islamic car financing
No full textThis case was developed based on a real-life experience dealing with an Islamic car financing contract (i.e. Al-ljarah Thumma Al-Bay |AITAB] contract - Sale and Leaseback) between a Malaysian Islamic Financial Institution and their customer. It is well recognised that AITAB is governed by the Malaysian Hire Purchase Act 1967, that oversees conventional (nor Islamic) car financing, yet it is used for both financing modes. The contract requires clarification on the following: understanding of the nature of the contract used and the relevant transactions involved; revenue recognition (current and future); capitalisation of relevant costs in the asset's value; fair value of leased asset; recognition of financial assets and liabilities; and disclosure requirements from the bank and customer perspectives. Users of the case are assumed to be familiar with the various regulatory requirements and theoretical foundation of the "Accounting for Islamic Financial Transactions" from IFRS/MFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards/Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards) and the AAOFI (Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions) reporting perspectives
Enhancing the zakat framework of Maldives: a one hundred percent Muslim country
No full textMaldives is a one hundred percent Muslim nation where the zakat administrative function is entrusted to a government ministry, the Ministry of Islamic Affairs (MIA), which manages zakat al maal and zakat al-fitr. Since June 1, 2016, MIA has delegated the task of collecting zakat to the Maldives Inland Revenue Authority (MIRA). Maldives presently has no law dealing with zakat, so the Islamic Training and Research Institute (IRTI) has proposed a set of zakat laws that could be adopted by the country. The objective of this qualitative research is to discuss the zakat framework proposed by IRTI. There is limited literature available on the zakat framework in Maldives, so it is anticipated that this study will become the starting point for further research on this topic
Market timing and selection skills of fund managers: are managerial skills of Shariah-compliant and socially responsible funds any different?
No full textWe assess the managerial skills of globally invested 686 ethical funds taking into consideration the macroeconomic efficiency and fund inflows/outflows. It was observed that managers exhibit negative selection and market timing skills but no consistent pattern for style timing. A cursory glance at the literature indicates little support for superior managerial abilities, especially in terms of timing skills. Notwithstanding, some have highlighted the importance of including fund flows in the traditional models and argue that excluding it can lead to spurious timing skills (Bollen and Busse, 2001). The findings indicate that the investors increase their exposure to funds during a bullish period and reduce it during a bearish period
Building blocks to incorporate big data towards impact investing strategy: an exploratory studies
No full textThe current global market is not seeing enough investment products catered to impact investing strategy, especially in the public equity context; this gap needs to be addressed as the construct of their massive size and relationships across the supply chain would implicitly cause social and environmental impacts at every level. Thus, investors seeking to impart positive changes beyond mere financial returns must also assess the positive and negative impacts oftheir public equities portfolio as the bulk of their capital's impact lies there. In assessing non-financial impacts, big data could be leveraged to materialise these impacts. The study explores the big data ecosystem and suggests ways of incorporating them towards impact investing strategy applied to the asset management context. This includes establishing the current trend of utilising big data in academic and industry context, and identifying best practices to act as a reference
The impact of change in index constituents on the affected stock and fund performance
No full textThe changes in equity index composition have a dual impact, first, to the constituent stocks that make up the index and second, to the index funds that track the index. This study investigates the index effect at constituent stocks level and index funds level using Shari'ah blue-chip indices and their corresponding i-ETFs. The findings of this study provide a new evidence on price discovery contrary to index effect reported in conventional index studies. Specifically, the study discovers the index effect in an opposite direction, i.e., additions suffered negative abnormal returns while deletions gained positive abnormal returns around index revision period