INCEIF Knowledge Repository (INCEIF University)
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Accounting for the property acquisition: the case of musharakah mutanaqisah
No full textThis case was developed based on a real-life experience related to an lslamic equity home financing contract (ie. Musharakah Mutanaqisah) between a Malaysian Islamic Bank and their customer. The Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM) Financing mode has gained popularity in house financing in Malaysia, where the bank and customer enter into a contract of joint property ownership and the customer's ownership of the asset gradually increases throughout the financing period and fully owns the asset after the last financial settlement. This case aims to: illustrate the process of property acquisition using the MM financing mode; account the various transactions involved in MM financing; account capitalisation of acquisition costs; recognise and disclose financial assets/liabilities; and determine Fair value of the MM assets. Users of the case are assumed to be familiar with the various regulatory requirements and theoretical foundation of the "accounting for Islamic Financial transactions" from reporting perspectives of IFRS/MFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards/Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards) and the AAOIFI (Accounting and Auditing Organization for lslamic Financial lnstitutions)
Chinese dynasties and modern China unification and fragmentation
No full textThe history of China is briefly reviewed to ascertain the features that are common to the various dynasties. Our study shows that China has repeatedly gone through a historical phase of fragmentation and a historical phase of unification. In our view, the single most important factor in the unity, stability and longevity of a dynasty is the system for determining the succession of the emperor. Given the vastly changed circumstances of the present era, we discuss the relevance of China's historical pattern of fragmentation and unification. The contemporary rise of China is shown to follow a pattern that is similar to the case of many previous dynasties. A few tentative predictions are made about the future course of China. An appendix provides a brief summary of the history of China since its first unification in 221 BC
Empirical evidence of risk shifting in bonds and debt-based sukuk: the case of Malaysian corporations
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of risk shifting behavior in bonds and sukuk. The examination is significant, as economists and scholars identify risk shifting as the primary cause of the global financial crisis. Yet, the dangers of this debt-financing feature are largely ignored - one needs to only witness the record growth of global debt even after the global financial crisis. To identify the signs of risk shifting existence in the corporations, this paper compares each corporation's operating risk before and after issuing debt. Operating risk or risk of a firm's activities is measured using the volatility of the operating earnings or coefficient variation of earning before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA). Using EBITDA as the variable offers one distinct advantage to using asset volatility as previous research has - EBITDA can be extracted directly from firms' accounting data and is not model-specific
Tax evasion, tax burden and economic development in Asean-5 economies: a mimic model analysis
No full textTax evasion is a crime. Recent estimates registered the loss of tax revenue amounting to USD3.1 trillion or 5.1% of world's GDP. Tax revenue losses have negative consequences to the government ability to fuelled economic growth by providing enough public infrastructure and other services. In this study we have estimated the share of shadow economy to the official economy for five ASEAN economies, namely; Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand for the period 1980-2013 using the MIMIC model. The indexes of the shadow economy from the MIMIC model were then used to calculate the loss in tax revenue as a result of the presence of the shadow economy. We then test the hypothesis that the level of economic development and tax burden play an important role in mitigating tax evasion. Our results indicate that increasing economic development and tax burden in all five ASEAN economies Malaysia increased tax evasion for the period 1980 to 2013
Risky bonds and futures asset pricing
No full textThe global bond market is the main component of the capital market, being about three times larger than the global equity markets. In 2009, the global bond market (total outstanding debt) was estimated to be 35.2 trillion. Risk-free forward interest rates - and their realization by US Treasury bonds as the leading exemplar - have been studied extensively. The bond market considers US Treasury bonds as being risk-free instruments and consequently have the lowest yields
Musharakah mutanaqisah home financing: issues in practice
No full textMusharakah mutanaqisah (MM) mode of Islamic financing purchase of an asset, where the bank and customer enter into a contract of joint property ownership and the customer's ownership of the asset gradually increases throughout the financing period and fully own the asset after the last financial settlement. This mode of financing was introduced to mitigate the issue of unequal risk burden of conventional mortgage financing, where the bank just provide the financing and the customer bears all risk. MM financing reflects a true partnership contract through sharing of risk and reward between both parties. Though the MM mode of financing has the salient features to address the flaws of conventional mortgage financing, there are issues of operating this mode of financing in practice. This paper examines the practical issues in the MM financing and subsequently, recommends possible solutions to mitigate these issues and improve the current practice. Among the pertinent issues highlighted are the use of interest based benchmark for profit calculation, and the application of historical cost value during the tenure of share transfer and the costs of insurance and revaluation borne by the customer
Enhancing the application of musharakah through blockchain
No full textIslamic banks are still relying on debt-like modes of financing since most equity based finances need long term commitment. The basic principle of Islamic banking is the sharing of profit and loss and the prohibition of riba (interest).Additionally, PLS arrangements have been specifically acknowledged as ideal modes of financing in Islamic finance. But to date, the actual practice of Islamic banking has been far removed from these models. Nearly all Islamic banks, investment companies, and investment funds offer trade and project finance based on mark-up, commissioned manufacturing, or on leasing bases. There is not much difference in substance between IFIs and conventional financial institutions as IFIs offer products and services that are only legally Islamic or Shariah compliant. Musharakah for instance is venture capital funding provided by parties and both profit and risk are shared. Such participatory arrangements between capital and labor reflect the Islamic view that the borrower must not bear all the risk/cost of a failure, resulting in a balanced distribution of income and not allowing lender to monopolize the economy
Classical zakat modelling for the blockhain age: inspiration from Umar bin Abdul Aziz
No full textAs the third pillar of Islam, zakat has a 1,400-year-old history in reducing inequality and redistributing wealth to at least, the deserving Qur'anic recipients (Al Qur'an, 9:60). Understood as an obligatory command, zakat appears no less than 58 times in the primary source of Islamic law, 26 times along with prayer, for instance: "So establish Salat and give Zakat, and hold fast to Allah" (Al-Qur'an 22:78). All Muslims who meet a minimum threshold of zakatable assets (nisab) are required to pay zakat annually. The oft-repeated conundrum however, is if the Zakat institution was so deeply entrenched in the Islamic law, why then do so many continue to suffer from poverty and malnutrition in even Muslim majority nations? According to a report by Pew Research Centre (2011), Muslim-majority countries are amongst the poorest in the world, with a median GDP per capita (after adjusting for purchasing power parity) of just 33,700 per capita
Does low leverage minimise the impact of financial shocks? New optimisation strategies using Islamic stock screening for European portfolios
No full textThis study embodies a preliminary endeavour at analysing the impact of leverage on portfolio behaviour, with specific reference to return and volatility, in the European stock markets, using the debt ratio as one of the important benchmarks for Islamic stock screening. Given the focus of Islamic stock screening on the debt ratio, we use data from 320 firms for eight European countries which were classified according to their level of debt and size. For this, the portfolio optimisation based Mean-Variance Efficient Frontier (MVEF), the Sharpe Ratio and the Capital Market Line (CML) were employed. Our findings tend to demonstrate that, under shocks, high leverage worsens the portfolio return, volatility, and value at risk. The results further point out that optimal portfolio composition is obtained through a high proportion of low debt funds in the case of two separate equity funds, of low debt and high debt portfolios respectively. The systematic risk of several portfolio strategies is further explored with regards to a benchmark of European index and market-wide, return and volatility shocks
How far has the Maldives progressed in achieving its Islamic capital market objectives?
No full textThe Maldives Capital Market Strategic Plan 2015-19 (the Plan) has 10 programs out of which Program 4 specifically deals with developing Islamic capital market products. The strategic priority for Program 4 is broadening access to finance and investment opportunities. The overview of Program 4 states that the Plan aims to promote more investable products to investors of various preferences. Equity, debt, investment funds, private equity and venture capital funds are to be introduced in the form of conventional products and/or Shariah compliant products. As part of the development activities of the authorities, developing Shariah compliant products will be a high priority during the next five years