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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textQuestion
What is the global burden of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?
Findings
Results of this cross-sectional study, based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study, reveal that in 2021, there were 700 000 new SAH cases, almost 8 million patients with prevalent SAH, 350 000 SAH deaths, and over 10 million SAH-related disability-adjusted life-years globally. Despite decreasing age-standardized burden rates, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disability in the world.
Meaning
Given the high proportional burden of SAH, study results suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation for SAH prevention
Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground
Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy.
Findings
All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021.
Interpretation
The countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services
Global, regional, and national burden of suicide, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground
Deaths from suicide are a tragic yet preventable cause of mortality. Quantifying the burden of suicide to understand its geographical distribution, temporal trends, and variation by age and sex is an essential step in suicide prevention. We aimed to present a comprehensive set of global, regional, and national estimates of suicide burden.
Methods
We produced estimates of the number of deaths and age-standardised mortality rates of suicide globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021, and disaggregated these results by age and sex. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 estimates of deaths attributable to suicide were broken down into two comprehensive categories: those by firearms and those by other specified means. For this analysis, we also produced estimates of mean age at the time of death from suicide, incidence of suicide attempts compared with deaths, and age-standardised rates of suicide by firearm. We acquired data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, and mortality surveillance that included 23 782 study-location-years of data from GBD 2021. Point estimates were calculated from the average of 1000 randomly selected possible values of deaths from suicide by age, sex, and geographical location. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution.
Findings
Globally, 746 000 deaths (95% UI 692 000–800 000) from suicide occurred in 2021, including 519 000 deaths (485 000–556 000) among males and 227 000 (200 000–255 000) among females. The age-standardised mortality rate has declined over time, from 14·9 deaths (12·8–15·7) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 9·0 (8·3–9·6) per 100 000 in 2021. Regionally, mortality rates due to suicide were highest in eastern Europe (19·2 [17·5–20·8] per 100 000), southern sub-Saharan Africa (16·1 [14·0–18·3] per 100 000), and central sub-Saharan Africa (14·4 [11·0–19·1] per 100 000). The mean age at which individuals died from suicide progressively increased during the study period. For males, the mean age at death by suicide in 1990 was 43·0 years (38·0–45·8), increasing to 47·0 years (43·5–50·6) in 2021. For females, it was 41·9 years (30·9–46·7) in 1990 and 46·9 years (41·2–52·8) in 2021. The incidence of suicide attempts requiring medical care was consistently higher at the regional level for females than for males. The number of deaths by suicide using firearms was higher for males than for females, and substantially varied by country and region. The countries with the highest age-standardised rate of suicides attributable to firearms in 2021 were the USA, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
Interpretation
Deaths from suicide remain variable by age and sex and across geographical locations, although population mortality rates have continued to improve globally since the 1990s. This study presents, for the first time in GBD, a quantification of the mean age at the time of suicide death, alongside comprehensive estimates of the burden of suicide throughout the world. These analyses will help guide future approaches to reduce suicide mortality that consider a public health framework for prevention
Künstliche Intelligenz als Strategisches Instrument: PROGREDI-KI-Vorgehensmodell zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung in Unternehmen
No full textEin hoher strategischer Nutzen durch künstliche Intelligenz ist nur erreichbar, wenn der Einsatz transformative Auswirkungen beinhaltet und die Strategie und das Geschäftsmodell des Unternehmens unterstützt. Die Umsetzung sollte dabei geplant mit Hilfe einen Stufenmodells erfolgen. Das Arbeitspapier stellt ein (neues) Vorgehensmodell vor, das zehn Erfolgsfaktoren (sowie die Aspekte Nutzen und Kosten) thematisiert und sechs Reifegradstufen unterscheidet. Dabei entwickelt sich der KI-Einsatzbereich von einer Aufgabenunterstützung über eine (isolierte) Prozesssteuerung hin zu einem Transformationsansatz, der ein datengesteuertes agiles Unternehmen unterstützt, sich an veränderte Rahmenbedingungen anzupasst und permanent Optimierungen anstrebt. Die Darstellung der Anforderungen, die dabei (zunehmend) an die Erfolgsfaktoren gestellt werden, stellen den Fokus der Veröffentlichung dar
A Methodology for Verifying and Validating the Operational Performance of High-Fidelity RADAR Sensor Models at Raw Data and Detection Levels
No full textThe presentation outlines a comprehensive methodology for verifying and validating the performance of high-fidelity radio detection and ranging (RADAR) sensor simulation models. It covers two levels of the signal prosessing chain: The raw data level (i.e. range map RM, range-Doppler map (RDM) and the object detection level
Fähigkeits- und Eigenschaftsstrukturen in den Theorieansätzen zum Unternehmertum für das Management diversifizierter und divisionaler Unternehmen: Von Unternehmern, Kapitalisten, Managern, Prinzipalen und Agenten bis zur Entscheidungstheorie und Gehirnforschung
No full textDer Beitrag behandelt Fähigkeits- und Eigenschaftsmerkmale aus den verschiedenen Theorieansätzen zum Unternehmertum und stellt sie in den Kontext diversifizierter und divisionaler Unternehmen. Dabei erfolgt eine kritische Reflexion anhand der Principal-Agent-Theorie
Are we there yet? Analyzing the role of access distance in carsharing in small urban areas
No full textCarsharing is a valuable concept of the sharing economy to address today's mobility challenges such as traffic congestion, noise pollution, and CO2 emissions. Therefore, carsharing is increasingly expanded beyond metropolitan areas. However, lower population densities, higher vehicle ownership, and accessibility concerns lead to lower demand, resulting in an increased need for optimization and municipal support. This study investigates the role of access distance in carsharing user behavior in less densely populated areas as a basis for municipal planning and policy. To this end, it draws on descriptive analysis and predictive modeling of the real-world data of a municipal carsharing program. The results indicate that users' access distance is highly relevant for predictions of travel behavior (i.e., usage duration) and strategic decision-making (e.g., station locations and service areas). More trips than in metropolitan areas are made by users with long access distances (i.e., 3 km or more) to their nearest station, while trips with longer access distances are also made by a higher proportion of public transport subscribers, more often made with special types of vehicles (i.e., vans and nine-seaters), and result in longer average trip distances
KPI-Berechnung mit homomorpher Verschlüsselung
No full textKryptografische Verfahren bieten die Möglichkeit, Produktionsprozesse zu optimieren und dabei sensible Fertigungsdaten und Algorithmen-Know-how zuverlässig zu schützen
Die unzureichende Vergütung der Heimverblisterung: Müssen Apotheken Pflegeheime subventionieren ...?
No full textDie Pleite einer der größten verblisternden Apotheken hierzulande wirft ein Schlaglicht auf den harten Preiswettbewerb bei der Verblisterung für Pflegeheime. Zu diesem tragen einige Apotheker durch Ihr eigenes Verhalten ebenso bei wie systembedingte Faktoren – Stichwort unzureichende Vergütung. Es wird Zeit, dass sich alle Beteiligten zusammenraufen, um Ausfälle in der Versorgung zu vermeiden
Influencing Human Performance: Investigating the Effect of Non-humanoid Robot Feedback on Task Performance
No full textThis paper reports the findings of an online between subject study that investigated the effectiveness of a non-humanoid socially assistive robot in providing positive reinforcement feedback to aid in improving performance on a cognitively demanding task. Four different feedback conditions were used, including verbal, expressive, neutral, and text-based feedback, to identify which type of feedback could positively influence behaviour. Results showed no significant differences in task performance, perceived workload or robot perception