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    28149 research outputs found

    Holzanatomische Untersuchungen von Fichten-Bohrkernen

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    Zielstellung der Arbeit ist es, das sekundäre Xylem von Picea abies (L.) Karst. anhand von Mikrotom-Schnitten lichtmikroskopisch zu untersuchen. Dabei sollen Jahrringe aus Vegetationsperioden mit Trockenstress analysiert werden. Referenz bilden dabei Jahrringe mit vorteilhaften klimatischen Bedingungen während der Vegetationsperiode. Zu untersuchen sind dabei Anteile von Früh- und Spätholz, Flächenanteile von Lumina und Zellwänden, Zellwanddicken, Dichte und Verteilung von Harzkanälen, Dichte und Höhen der Holzstrahlen sowie Faserlängen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen geht der Einfluss von Trockenheit und Hitze auf die Holzbildung in Picea abies hervor

    Genetic diversity of Thaumetopoea pityocampa in Greece: the role of Quaternary changes in Aegean Sea

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    Abstract Thaumetopoea pityocampa, the winter pine processionary moth, is one of the most important pests of pine trees in the Mediterranean region. To learn more about the refugial areas within the greater refugium of Greece, samples from 15 local populations were collected. Analysis of the Cytochrome Oxidase I region identified 15 haplotypes. One strongly supported clade was found, separating the Aegean island of Lesvos from the mainland populations. Mdiv analysis showed that this clade diverged from the general clade 155,000 y.a., suggesting the sea level changes during the Quaternary Period as a possible reason for its seclusion. Additionally, comparisons with similar studies in this region revealed a possible colonization of the eastern Aegean islands from the Turkish mainland rather than from Greece. However, no strong isolation-by-distance events were detected among the mainland populations, which could be attributed to the joint effect of regular gene flow and the lack of insurmountable geographic barriers. Finally, regarding population structure, Bayesian analysis as well as neutrality tests pointed towards an ongoing population expansion which verifies the potential invasiveness of this pest species, something that will have to be dealt with under the influence of climate change

    Auswirkungen der Klimaveränderungen auf die brandenburgischen Böden – Expertengespräche und Literaturrecherche

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    Im Rahmen des Projektes „Brandenburg spezifische Boden-Indikatoren für ein Klimamonitoring im Rahmen der Deutschen Anpassungsstrategie (DAS) sowie Zusammenstellung von aussagefähigen Wirkungs- und Alarmschwellen“ sind Kenntnisse über die spezifische Gefährdung der Brandenburger Böden zusammengestellt worden. Basierend auf den Prognosen von Gerstengarbe et al. (2003) und Zebisch et al. (2005) wird Brandenburg durch die prognostizierten Klimaveränderungen besonders betroffen sein. Diese werden sich vor allem in Veränderungen in Niederschlagsverteilungen, Niederschlagsformen und steigenden Temperaturen äußern. Besonders die Umverteilung der Niederschläge und steigende Temperaturen im Winterhalbjahr können den Wasserhaushalt des Bodens negativ beeinflussen (Linke et al., 2011). Eine Verringerung der Niederschläge im Sommerhalbjahr wird deutlich erkennbare Auswirkungen auf die bisher betriebene Landwirtschaft haben. Aufgrund der Veränderungen der Niederschlagsformen, mit zunehmenden Starkniederschlägen, ist mit häufigerem Auftreten von Bodenerosion sowie von lokalen und regionalen Hochwasserereignissen zu rechnen. Die befragten Experten betonen, dass im Boden Nutzungsänderungen voraussichtlich wesentlich stärker und schneller sichtbar werden als durch Änderungen im Klima. Dadurch kann ein negativer Einfluss der Klimaveränderungen durch frühzeitige Nutzungsanpassung kompensiert werden

    Einwohnerveredelung im Länderfinanzausgleich: Defizite und ein Alternativvorschlag

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    Zwischen den Pro-Kopf-Ausgaben für öffentliche Güter und der Einwohnerdichte besteht ein Zusammenhang, der in der Einwohnerveredelung des Länderfinanzausgleichs und den kommunalen Finanzausgleichssystemen zum Ausdruck kommt. Dabei wird ein erhöhter Finanzbedarf der verdichteten Regionen simuliert, der zu Transfergewinnen führt. In der Literatur wird die Berücksichtigung der Einwohnerveredelung in Finanzausgleichssystemen kontrovers diskutiert. Dieser Beitrag schlägt eine Verbesserung des bestehenden Systems vor, um im Länderfinanzausgleich kommunale Bedarfe länderübergreifend approximativ besser erfassen zu können. Da Länder und Gemeinden bundesweit als finanzielle Einheit zu verstehen sind, nivelliert der Länderfinanzausgleich nicht nur die Steuereinnahmen auf Länderebene, sondern auch auf Gemeindeebene. Anhand kommunaler Spezifika werden für jedes Bundesland länderspezifische Veredelungsfaktoren berechnet, da die bisherige Anwendung der Veredelung auf Gemeindeebene der Situation in Flächenländern wie Bayern nicht gerecht wird, in denen Agglomerationsräume sowie ländliche Räume vorhanden sind. Ferner sollte die Veredelung regelmäßig an die sich verändernden Siedlungsstrukturen angepasst werden. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie bereits eine Zeitspanne von zwei Jahren auf die jeweiligen Finanzansprüche der Bundesländer einwirkt. Ein weiterer Vorteil des neuen Modells ist, dass Fusionsvorhaben von Stadtstaaten und dem Umland durch die differenzierte Berücksichtigung kommunaler Bedarfe nicht mehr benachteiligt werden.The relation between per capita public expenditures und population density is implemented in specific population weights, which are used in the German financial equalization schemes. The population weights simulate above-average financial requirements of regions leading to higher transfers. The literature controversially discusses the specific weighting of population. For this reason this paper proposes a significant improvement of the present practice to determine municipal financial requirements on German states level with a higher accuracy. The German financial equalization scheme for the German states balances the tax revenues for the German states as well as the local municipals. So the paper analyzes municipal characteristics und combines these to a specific population weighting. The previous practice of population weighting cannot reflect the situation of German states like Bavaria, where are regions with high population densities as well as rural areas. Furthermore, the population weights should be continually adjusted to the structures of urban development. The paper analyzes the changing financial requirements of German states for a short period of two years only. Moreover the introduced model leads to an elimination of disadvantages for fusions between ’Stadtstaaten" and ’Flächenländern" by the differentiated observance of local municipal requirements

    Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe

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    With increasing road encroachment, habitat fragmentation by transport infrastructures has been a serious threat for European biodiversity. Areas with no roads or little traffic (“roadless and low-traffic areas”) represent relatively undisturbed natural habitats and functioning ecosystems. They provide many benefits for biodiversity and human societies (e.g., landscape connectivity, barrier against pests and invasions, ecosystem services). Roadless and low-traffic areas, with a lower level of anthropogenic disturbances, are of special relevance in Europe because of their rarity and, in the context of climate change, because of their contribution to higher resilience and buffering capacity within landscape ecosystems. An analysis of European legal instruments illustrates that, although most laws aimed at protecting targets which are inherent to fragmentation, like connectivity, ecosystem processes or integrity, roadless areas are widely neglected as a legal target. A case study in Germany underlines this finding. Although the Natura 2000 network covers a significant proportion of the country (16%), Natura 2000 sites are highly fragmented and most low-traffic areas (75%) lie unprotected outside this network. This proportion is even higher for the old Federal States (western Germany), where only 20% of the low-traffic areas are protected. We propose that the few remaining roadless and low-traffic areas in Europe should be an important focus of conservation efforts; they should be urgently inventoried, included more explicitly in the law and accounted for in transport and urban planning. Considering them as complementary conservation targets would represent a concrete step towards the strengthening and adaptation of the Natura 2000 network to climate change

    Länderzuschläge auf die lokale Einkommen- und Körperschaftsteuer – Wirkung auf den Länderfinanzausgleich und Optionen für eine aufkommensneutrale Implementierung

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    Bereits seit langer Zeit wird über ein Zuschlagsmodell auf die Einkommen- und Körperschaftsteuer diskutiert, um die Steuerautonomie der Bundesländer zu erhöhen. Die dazu erforderliche Senkung der bundeseinheitlichen Steuersätze führt bei aufkommensneutralen Zuschlagssätzen im Zusammenspiel mit den Unterschieden in der länderspezifischen Finanzkraft zu deutlich höheren Zuschlägen der finanzschwachen Bundesländer. Diese Arbeit stellt die Gründe für die Benachteiligung dieser Länder durch die Mechanismen des Länderfinanzausgleichs (LFA) dar. Zudem werden Optionen diskutiert, diese Benachteiligungen zu vermeiden. So führt das vorgeschlagene Neutralisierungsverfahren zu einem homogenen Zuschlagssatz, der das bisherige Finanzniveau nach LFA wiederherstellt. Das für die Grunderwerbsteuerautonomie genutzte Normierungsverfahren weist dagegen einige Mängel auf, die zu Fehlanreizen bei der Zuschlagssatzbestimmung führen könnten. Received: March 2, 2010 Accepted: October 29, 2010Since several years surcharges on the income tax of German states are discussed in order to increase their tax autonomy. The decrease of the nationwide tax rates required for revenue neutrality leads to considerably higher surcharges for states which are financially weaker. This paper highlights the reasons for the disadvantages which are caused by the mechanisms of the German fiscal equalization system. Moreover, options for avoiding these disadvantages are discussed. The recommended neutralization scheme provides a homogenous and revenue neutral surcharge of each German state. The previously used standardization method for the German property transfer tax contains some deficits which may cause disincentives in the determination of the States'surcharge rate. Received: March 2, 2010 Accepted: October 29, 201

    • Citizen Science in European UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Workshop Proceedings.

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    From 3rd to 7th February 2025, 33 participants from 17 European countries gathered on the Isle of Vilm, Germany, to explore the potential of citizen science (CS) in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs). Hosted by the Biosphere Reserves Institute (BRI) and funded by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), the workshop aimed to advance the Lima Action Plan and the Eberswalde Declaration by exploring how CS in BRs can increase collaboration with local communities, support environmental education, advance data collection and analysis and strengthen research. The workshop programme included presentations, discussion rounds, group work and opportunities for informal exchange. While some presentations focused on conceptualising CS, most shared and reflected on practical experiences with it in BRs. It was noted that CS encompasses a wide spectrum of activities, ranging from citizens using apps to collect data (e.g., on birds) to research projects initiated and conducted by non-(academic) scientists. Participants shared a strong belief in the power of CS to generate data, engage communities and inspire action. Furthermore, some presentations revealed an intrinsic motivation among local communities to be involved in CS. In terms of education, it was revealed that CS can foster a sense of locality and place attachment, as well as trigger community action through experiential learning. Many speakers emphasised collaboration on both local and global scales as essential for ensuring effective CS, emphasising the value of existing networks, early engagement and transdisciplinary partnerships. Identified challenges included difficulties in recruiting and retaining skilled participants, ensuring data quality and long-term data governance and the lack of (long-term) funding. The case studies revealed that the co-creation of knowledge through CS requires spaces of respectful communication, which often means that scientists need to leave their disciplines to acknowledge different knowledge domains and framings of issues. Participants also called for more meaningful collaboration with schools, policymakers and local groups, while the need for user-friendly tools, training, expert validation and inclusive communication was repeatedly stressed. Furthermore, it was revealed that evaluation criteria specifically designed to assess CS projects and their impacts are still lacking. Additionally, participants called for increased promotion of CS by UNESCO. Solutions proposed included the better identification of local research needs, the continuous reflection of the research process and evaluating to what extent different expectations have been met. Participants emphasised the need for better platforms to exchange knowledge and good practices across BRs, and special attention was given to providing opportunities for youth to be part of CS in BRs, which would contribute not only to the production of knowledge, but also nurture the emotional connection to nature and create opportunities for lifelong learning. Many participants highlighted the need for BR-specific research guidelines, and these were further developed during the workshop, with a focus on the synergies between research and CS. Importantly, as a result of this workshop, the German Commission for UNESCO decided to add CS as a criterion for the designation and evaluation of German BRs. Overall, the workshop showed that CS holds great potential for BRs to bridge science and society and to foster inclusive, participatory sustainable development

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