Revistas Electronicas UACh en Texto Completo (Universidad Austral de Chile)
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Habitar la informalidad multicultural: repensar la política habitacional desde el macrocampamento Los Arenales
Get PDFThe Los Arenales informal settlements macro camp is an area that, in 2022, already brings together more than 2,000 households, mostly composed of immigrants settled in the northern sector of the city of Antofagasta. This complex territorial entity has established itself as an urban space internationally recognized for its community organization –despite its complexities– in the struggle for the right to housing. This article develops an interpretation of the Los Arenales community leaders’ discourses to help inform the processes and meanings behind the establishment of a highly complex informal settlement. In doing so, the article helps to rethink housing policy in Chile from the perspective of vulnerable communities. It identifies an existing creative capacity for social habitat production that could be the basis of a housing policy centered on resources provided to the communities so that they can produce their own spaces in a cooperative way and with technical assistance.El macrocampamento Los Arenales es una aglomeración que, en 2022, ya reúne a más de 2000 hogares, en su mayoría compuestos por inmigrantes asentados en el sector norte de la ciudad de Antofagasta. Esta compleja entidad territorial se ha instalado como un espacio urbano destacado internacionalmente por su organización comunitaria –a pesar de las complejidades– en la lucha por el derecho a la vivienda. El presente artículo elabora una interpretación de los discursos de las lideresas comunitarias de Los Arenales para contribuir a informar los procesos y los significados detrás de la formación de un asentamiento informal de alta complejidad. Con ello, el artículo ayuda a repensar la política habitacional en Chile desde las comunidades en situación precaria. Se logra identificar que existe una capacidad creativa de producción social del hábitat que podría ser la base de una política habitacional centrada en recursos que se entregan a las comunidades para que estas produzcan sus propios espacios en modo cooperativo y con asistencia técnica
Evaluación de dos buffers ruminales comerciales a base de algas calcáreas para vacas lecheras a pastoreo: Ensayo piloto en granjas comerciales
Get PDFCalcified seaweed (CS) based products have been proposed as an alternative ruminal pH buffer to sodium bicarbonate. It has been reported that magnesium can aid in ruminal pH control too, especially those natural marine forms. We assessed the rumen buffer capacity and milk production and milk composition of two CS: Acid Buf (AB) compared with M12 (a natural marine magnesium enriched CS) on grazing dairy cows in a replicated Latin Square design involving 2 farms with the dairy herd in good sanitary and health status, 2 supplements and 4 measurements periods of one month each. Holstein Friesian dairy cows fed with a partial mixed ration (PMR) were supplemented for 30-d periods with either AB or M12. Total milk production and milk composition were measured in each farm, and five cows in each herd had rumen boluses for the monitoring of ruminal pH, allowing us to identify and monitor total subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) events (i.e., = 2 h with pH < 5.8). The average pH during the experimental period was 2% greater (p < 0.05) and the number of SARA events per cow was lower (p = 0.007) for cows supplemented with M12 compared to AB. If only the cows that developed SARA events were considered, M12 showed a trend (p = 0.068) to reduce the number of SARA events and their duration compared to those cows supplemented with AB. Milk production and composition were similar between both rumen buffers at all periods.Los productos a base de algas marinas calcificadas (CS) se han propuesto como un tampón de pH ruminal alternativo al bicarbonato de sodio. Se ha reportado que el magnesio puede ayudar en el control del pH ruminal, especialmente las formas naturales marinas. Evaluamos la capacidad amortiguadora del pH del rumen y la producción y composición de la leche de dos CS: Acid Buf (AB) y M12 (un CS natural enriquecido con magnesio marino), en vacas lecheras en pastoreo en un diseño de cuadrado latino replicado que involucró 2 granjas con rebaños lecheros en buen estado sanitario y de salud, 2 suplementos y 4 periodos de evaluación de un mes cada uno. Vacas lecheras Holstein Friesian se alimentaron con una ración parcial mixta (PMR) y se suplementaron durante cuatro períodos de 30 días cada uno con AB o M12. Se midió la producción total y la composición de la leche en cada granja y cinco vacas en cada rebaño recibieron bolos ruminales para monitorear el pH ruminal, permitiéndonos identificar y monitorear eventos de acidosis ruminal subaguda total (SARA) (es decir = 2 h con pH < 5.8). El pH promedio durante el período experimental fue 2% mayor (p < 0,05) y el número de eventos SARA por vaca fue menor (p = 0,007) para vacas suplementadas con M12 en comparación con AB. Considerando solo las vacas que desarrollaron eventos SARA, M12 tendió (p = 0,068) a reducir el número de eventos de SARA y su duración en comparación con aquellas vacas suplementadas con AB. La producción y composición de la leche fueron similares entre ambos tampones ruminales en todos los períodos
Sistema intensivo de producción de leche en base a praderas permanentes de riego en el sur de Chile. I Parámetros productivos y reproductivos
Get PDFPrevious research (Butendieck et al., 1991) suggested the possibility of achieving 12,360 kg of milk ha-1 from permanent perennial ryegrass-white clover irrigated pastures. To test this hypothesis, 9 ha of 12 years old pastures were subdivided in eighteen paddocks and managed as a closed dairy system with lactating and dry cows. Twenty to 27 Friesian cows were used, 50% autumn calving and 50% spring calving. A rotational grazing leaded by the milking cows and followed by the dry cows was used. Starting in May, and for 90-100 days the cows were kept in the barn, fed with grass-legume silage, hay and concentrate. This was the case for the first two seasons and in the following three seasons eight of the nine hectares were subdivided in half and randomly one half was grazed during the winter and the other half not. The pasture was fertilized at the end of July with 32 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O and an additional 16 kg N in December. Furthermore, 10 tons of decomposed manure ha-1 was applied to 1/3 of the area in March each year. The average milk yield over five seasons was 12,590 kg ha-1 with a stocking rate of 2.3 A.U. As extra-system feed, 124 g of concentrate per kg of milk was given. Reproductive efficiency was 81,3% and the culling rate 24.3%. Grazing managemente of 12,8% in milk production in favor of winter lagged pastures.Estudios previos (Butendieck et al., 1991), sugirieron la posibilidad de lograr 12.360 kg de leche ha-1 a partir de pasturas permanentes regadas, de ryegrass y trébol blanco. Para comprobar esta hipótesis, 9 ha de praderas se subdividieron en 18 potrerillos y se manejaron como un sistema lechero cerrado. Se usaron vacas frisonas, 50% con parto de otoño y 50% de primavera. Se pastoreó en forma rotativa, primero con vacas en lactancia, seguido por las vacas secas y a partir de mayo entraron a galpón. Durante 90 a 100 días las vacas se mantuvieron en estabulación completa alimentadas con ensilaje de ballica trébol blanco, heno y concentrado. Así fue durante las dos primeras temporadas y en las tres siguientes, 8 de las nueve hectáreas se subdividieron por la mitad y aleatoriamente una mitad se pastoreó durante el invierno y la otra no. La pastura se fertilizó a fines de julio con 32 kgN, 60 kgP2O5, 30 kgK2O y 16 kg adicionales de N en diciembre. Además, se aplicaron 10 toneladas de estiércol descompuesto ha-1 a 1/3 de la superficie en marzo de cada año. La producción promedio en cinco temporadas fue 12.590 kg ha-1 con una carga promedio de 2,3 U.A. ha-1. Como alimento extrasistema se usaron 124 g de concentrado por kg de leche. La eficiencia reproductiva fue 81,3% y la tasa de reemplazo 24,3%. El rezago invernal generó una diferencia promedio de 12,8% en favor de las praderas rezagadas durante el inviern
Propiedades de suelos distribuidos en un transecto longitudinal del Sur de Chile
Get PDFChanges in climatic, topographic, and vegetational conditions can be detected through soil transects. This study surveys the variation of soil properties along a longitudinal transect. Soil samples were collected at five sites distributed between Coñaripe (A) and Mehuín (E) in the Los Ríos region. Properties such as: i) bulk density (ρb), ii) soil organic carbon (COS), iii) extractable Al (Ala) and iv) pH were determined; in addition, the C stock was calculated. Correlation (r-Pearson) and simple regression analyses were performed between soil properties. The relationship between pH and COS was inverse (r = -0.86) and direct between Ala and ρb (r = 0.83) but did not imply causality. Soil C accumulation function increased from the Andean foothills towards the Intermediate Depression, reaching its maximum in the Pelchuquín soil series (Eutric Fulvudand).Los cambios en la condición climática, topográfica y vegetacional pueden ser detectados a través de los transectos de suelo. Esta comunicación explora la variación de propiedades del suelo en un transecto longitudinal. Se colectaron muestras de suelo en 5 sitios distribuidos entre Coñaripe (A) y Mehuín (E) en la región de Los Ríos. Se determinaron propiedades como: i) densidad aparente (ρb), ii) carbono orgánico del suelo (COS), iii) Al extractable (Ala) y iv) pH; además se calculó el stock de C. Se realizaron análisis de correlación (r-Pearson) y regresión simple entre las propiedades de los suelos. La relación entre pH y COS fue inversa (r = -0,86) y directa entre Ala y ρb (r = 0,83) pero no implicó causalidad. La función de acumulación de C en el suelo aumentó desde la precordillera de Los Andes hacia la Depresión Intermedia, alcanzando su máximo en la serie de suelo Pelchuquín (Eutric Fulvudand)
Efecto de oleogeles (cera de arroz) sobre las características texturales de salchicha tipo Frankfurt
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to study the effect of oleogels as a substitute for saturated fats in the formulation of Frankfurt sausages on the physicochemical and textural characteristics during 21 days of storage for which sausages were formulated with 100% structured soybean oil. rice wax at a concentration of 4% (oleogel) and, replacing saturated fat, as well as a control group with 100% saturated fat. Physicochemical and textural characterization of the sausages were performed on day 1 and day 21 after production. The sausages formulated with oleogel reflected an excellent nutrient content, especially protein, higher than the commercial ones, as well as good water and fat binding properties, reflected in the hardness and elasticity superior to the control (all pork fat), the Frankfurt type sausages retained their textural characteristics throughout storage with the exception of the one formulated with 100% of the oleogel that showed cohesiveness statistically equal (p>0,05) to the control system. Consequently, the incorporation of oleogels formulated with polyunsaturated vegetable oils and vegetable waxes in the Frankfurt type sausage may be a potential application of these materials in the meat industry to impart characteristics similar to those achieved by saturated fats.El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de oleogeles como sustituto de grasas saturadas en la formulación de salchichas tipo Frankfurt sobre las características fisicoquímicas y texturales durante 21 días de almacenamiento para lo cual fueron formuladas salchichas con el 100% de aceite de soya estructurado con cera de arroz en una concentración del 4% (oleogel) y, en sustitución de la grasa saturada, así como una formulación control con el 100% de grasa saturada. Las salchichas se caracterizaron bromatológica y texturalmente en los días 1 y 21 después de su elaboración. Las salchichas formuladas con oleogel reflejaron un excelente contenido de nutrientes sobre todo de proteína superior a las comerciales, así como buenas propiedades aglutinantes de agua y grasas, reflejadas en la dureza y elasticidad superiores al control (toda la grasa de cerdo), las salchichas tipo Frankfurt conservaron sus características texturales en el tiempo de almacenamiento con excepción de la formulada con el 100 % del oleogel sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la cohesividad (p>0,05), con respecto a la formulación control, como conclusión la incorporación de oleogeles formulados con aceites vegetales poliinsaturados y ceras vegetales en la formulación de salchichas tipo Frankfurt puede tener un uso potencial de estos materiales en la industria cárnica con características similares a las impartidas por las grasas saturadas
Diagnosis, treatment and outcome following chronic encircling hobbling wounds in a group of working Donkeys in Morocco
Get PDFOwners of working equids in Morocco, as in other low and middle-income countries hobble their animals around the pastern using different materials (wire, baling twine and ropes). Resulting wounds are very common and can cause serious damage. Some hobbles even embed into the soft tissue and bony structures of the pastern. Using a retrospective study of The American Fondouk hospital’s clinical records, the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of embedding hobbling injuries are described. From 2012 to 2020, sixteen donkeys were presented suffering from unilateral severe lameness (4/5 to 5/5 lameness on AAEP scale) associated with hobble wounds. Circumferential wounds and/or fibrosis in the pastern were present in all these cases. Because of the suspicion of the presence of wire or baling twine, radiographs of the pasterns of all animals were routinely taken. Ten out of sixteen showed wire in situ encircling the pastern and the others showed a ghost outline of a baling twine hobble with similar periosteal reactions. All animals were treated by surgical removal of the hobble, wound flushing, systemic antibiotics, and bandaging. The outcome was good to excellent in all cases. In these authors’ knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of embedded hobbles in Equidae
The welfare and access to veterinary health services of mules working the mountain trails in the Gorkha region, Nepal
Get PDFWorking equid populations are mainly present in low to middle-income countries, their work directly contributing to the lives of people reliant on their presence. Although assistance from working equids is important to support people and their communities in these regions, their welfare is often poor. This study aims to provide insight into the welfare status of mules distributing supplies in the Gorkha region of Nepal; a population of working equids which has been largely overlooked and under recorded. The welfare of mules was assessed via the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping (EARS) tool using a trained assessor; livelihood surveys gathered basic demographic and ownership information; and semi-structured interviews gained the perspectives of 26 key informants. Mule body condition was found to be ideal in many cases, but their management was in the majority of cases inappropriate; characterised by integumentary trauma from equipment use and inhumane handling, unsuitable dietary provision, and insufficient access to water. This difficult situation was compounded by inadequate access to suitably qualified, experienced veterinary professionals able to offer appropriate levels of support. Organisations aiming to improve welfare in these remote locations need a multifaceted approach where owners are facilitated and empowered to improve the welfare of their own equids; in addition, industry professionals are encouraged to improve training and provision within veterinary services
Zoonoses and traumatic injuries among practicing veterinarians from Southern Chile
Get PDFThis research addresses the occurrence of clinical signs and related symptoms of zoonotic diseases, traumatic injuries, and the frequency of healthcare seeking among practicing veterinarians, whose job was performed in the Los Lagos Region, Southern Chile. An online standardized survey collected from 140 practicing veterinarians was conducted between March and July 2020. The surveyed participants reported the occurrence of brucellosis, ringworm, scabies, cat scratch disease, anthrax, toxocariasis, salmonellosis, pediculosis, and flea infestation among veterinarians. The clinical signs and symptoms related to these events include diarrhea, allergies, and muscle pain. Mild and severe traumatic injuries were also declared by the participants, in which the frequency of severe trauma increased as the time of professional practice increased. Nevertheless, the use of professional healthcare was low among the surveyed veterinarians. This study emphasizes the need to consider veterinarians’ health-related occupational risks using the “One Health” approach.
 
Investigating mutations in the genes GDF9 and BMP15 in Pelibuey sheep through the amplification-refractory mutation system with tetra-primers
Get PDFSingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) or mutations are variations with a broad distribution in the genome and, as part of genetic studies, SNP allow the identification of allelic variants related to characteristics of economic importance in sheep production. However, the identification of SNP and their genotypes through sequencing is expensive, as it requires specialized materials and equipment. The objective of this study was to identify polymorphisms and their genotypes in the growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) genes in Pelibuey sheep using the tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system through polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR). DNA extraction and amplification of BMP15 and GDF9 were conducted from blood samples contained in WhatmanTM FTATM cards from 60 multiparous Pelibuey ewes with reproductive records. The T-ARMS-PCR methodology allowed the identification of wild-type genotypes and mutated homozygous genotypes in polymorphisms G4 and G6 of GDF9, whereas mutations in the BMP15 gene were not found. These results were confirmed by sequencing. In conclusion, the T-ARMS-PCR methodology allowed the identification of mutated and wild-type genotypes in SNP G4 and G6 of GDF9, although no mutations were found in BMP15 in Pelibuey sheep. This technique was found to be reliable, rapid, and easily applied to identify polymorphic genotypes
La investigación en educación en las Universidades del Estado de Chile: nudos críticos y propuestas para trascender las lógicas de la performatividad y el mercado
Get PDFThe study is part of the Network of Universities of the State of Chile initiative, aimed at promoting associative research, collaboration, and reciprocity between universities. This article makes visible the state of the art of research in education and the operating conditions of 10 Chilean State Universities that teach Education careers. The research is undertaken from a mixed, sequential exploratory design of derivative modality, which involved a phase of lifting and gathering information and applying a survey with quantitative and qualitative components. The results give an account of critical knots related to market logics in higher education that distort the nature of academic work, generating territorial, gender, and knowledge circulation inequalities in education. State policies are demanded, which narrow the gaps between universities leading in research and those with a low level of development.El estudio se enmarca en la iniciativa Red de Universidades del Estado de Chile, orientada a promover la investigación asociativa, de colaboración y reciprocidad entre universidades. En este artículo se visibiliza el estado del arte de la investigación en educación y las condiciones de operación de 10 Universidades Estatales chilenas que imparten carreras de Educación. La investigación se emprende desde un diseño mixto, exploratorio secuencial de modalidad derivativa, que implicó una fase de levantamiento y recolección de información y de aplicación de una encuesta con componentes cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los resultados dan cuenta de nudos críticos relacionados con lógicas de mercado en educación superior que distorsionan la naturaleza del trabajo académico, generando desigualdades territoriales, de género y de circulación de conocimiento en educación. Se demandan políticas de Estado, que disminuyan las brechas entre universidades que lideran en investigación y las que presentan un bajo nivel de desarrollo