Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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Determinación de la oferta de programas
No full textLa Universidad Autónoma de Chile, dispone de mecanismos que aseguran una adecuada gestión de los programas académicos de carreras de pregrado y postgrado, incluyendo los programas doctorales. Al respecto, la decisión de crear, ofrecer o impartir un programa doctoral, se basa en el cumplimiento de los criterios y procedimientos dispuestos en el Reglamento General de Doctorados (Res. de Rectoría 014/2022, anexo 1), y en el Sistema de Aseguramiento Interno de la Calidad (Res. de Rectoría 154/2018, anexo 2), de acuerdo a lo establecido por la CNA para programas de este nivel de formación y la Ley 21.091.
Para la creación de un programa de doctorado se requiere la aprobación de la Junta Directiva, previa presentación del Consejo de Facultad y ratificación por parte del Consejo Universitario. Para ello, el Consejo de Facultad presenta a la Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Doctorados (VRID) un proyecto académico doctoral, para su evaluación y aprobación en primera instancia a fin de presentarlo al Consejo Universitario. Este procedimiento se presenta en el siguiente diagrama
Evaluación del desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los polimorfismos del gen CYP2D6 asociados a cáncer de mama en mujeres
No full textIntroduction: the CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic and is involved in the metabolism of a wide variety of drugs and xenobiotics. Three allelic variants of the gene (rs3892097, rs1065852 and rs28371725) have been studied in relation to breast cancer, but the degree of genetic linkage between them is unknown. Objetive: to test whether the three breast cancer-associated SNPs are inherited en bloc. Methods: genotypes of 280 SNPs of the CYP2D6 gene were obtained from the 1000Genomes database and linkage disequilibrium between the three breast cancer-associated SNPs and the other 277 SNPs in the gene was analysed. A threshold of r2= 0,7 was used to identify loci in linkage disequilibrium. Results: a strong correlation was found between rs3892097 and rs1065852 in Europe and Latin America. In addition, eleven polymorphisms with a high level of linkage were identified, four of which have a non-synonymous mutation effect. Conclusions: both polymorphisms could have a causal effect on breast cancer or that one of them is associated by linkage. Continuing to study both polymorphisms and considering the eleven new polymorphisms for analysis would be of relevance to deepen knowledge in relation to breast cancer in women. © 2024; Los autores. Est
Ultrasonography as a Tool for Identifying the Correct Placement of the Endotracheal Tube
No full textThe ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic method and gained increasing importance in the plane of the emergency. Their usefulness for the recognition of anatomical structures and detection of a difficult airway. This method increases the quality of care in the emergency room. The objective of the study was to evaluate the ultrasound' training for the identification of normal and variation in the anatomic airway, and their usefulness during tracheal intubation. There were two periods of training. First period: 2013-February/2013 July, learning of normal human anatomy in cadaveric material corpses (in formaldehyde 10%) and the identification of normal anatomic structures. Training in the use of ultrasound (transdutor 7.5 MHz). Second period: August/2013- December/2013, case of patients that requiring emergency intubation were analyzed in which airway ultrasound were performed. The anatomo-clinical-surgical / ultrasonographic correlation was analyzed during placement of the endotracheal tube and its identification in the airway. Two hundred twenty ultrasound examinations were performed during tracheal intubation. 134 (60.91%) were made during surgery, 110 (82.09%) were programmed surgery and 24 (17.91%) emergency surgery; and 86 (39.09%) required intubation in shock room. Two groups were classified: Group 1: surgically treated patients (Group A: programed surgery: 104 (94.54%) correctly identified intubation, and in 6 (5.46%) esophageal intubation was detected, and Group B emergency surgery: in 23 (95.83%) correct placement was identified and 1 (4.17%) was esophageal intubation. Group 2: patients intubated in the shock room: 80 (93.03%) were correctly intubated and, 6 (6.97%) had esophageal intubation. In all groups, esophageal intubation was detected only in 13 patients (5.91%), using ultrasound during the procedure. The use of ultrasound for the recognition of the airway, is useful to favor the correct intubation and management of difficult airway. The ultrasound training and anatomo - clinical- surgical application is critical because it would improve the quality of care and decreasing the risk of adverse events
Utilización de la Información Contable para la Toma de Decisiones Empresariales: Caso de Pequeñas Empresas
No full textLa toma de decisiones empresariales se basa principalmente en información completa, veraz y oportuna disponible, siendo la contabilidad una preciada fuente de información si se utiliza adecuadamente, teniendo esta diversos informes y presentaciones que pueden ser de gran utilidad para la gestión empresarial. Internamente el uso adecuado de la información, con orientaciones y objetivos claros, genera sinergias positivas en la gestión, siendo gravitante la utilización adecuada y oportuna de información en las empresas, dentro de la cual está la información la contable, siendo uno de los principales objetivos empresariales la planeación y proyección de producción y ventas. En este ámbito y otros a la vez, la contabilidad puede ser un gran aporte. El propósito fundamental de la investigación fue destacar los niveles de uso de la información contable y las implicancias de no hacerlo, por parte de una muestra significativa de pequeños empresarios considerados en la comuna de Osorno, X Región de Chile. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron técnicas de levantamiento de información, tales como encuestas, entrevistas y datos oficiales de las empresas en estudio, además de fuentes formales públicas de información, tales como asociaciones gremiales e instituciones fiscalizadoras. Se pudo concluir que, en una gran mayoría, los pequeños empresarios de la comuna de Osorno utilizan su propia información histórica de ventas para ver cuantos productos o servicios comercializarán en un futuro y a qué precio, otorgándole a la información contable un nivel menor de importancia en la toma de decisiones, pero contradictoriamente la valoran
Climate change impacts on renewable groundwater resources in the andosol-dominated Andean highlands, Ecuador
No full textClimate change, coupled with adaptive human actions, will affect water resource access and availability for environmental requirements. Hydrological modelling is an effective strategy for forecasting climate and human impacts on water resources. Modelling tools are advised for sparse-data mountainous basins intended to supply densely populated urban areas in the future. In this context, the SWAT model is used to evaluate the impact of climate change on renewable groundwater resources in the Pita River basin (PRB), a representative area of the andosol-dominated páramo ecosystem in the Andean highlands projected to meet future water demand in the metropolitan district of Quito (MDQ), Ecuador. Based on data availability, a SWAT model is configured for the PRB over the period 2006–2015 and five regional climate models (RCMs) based on two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios (4.5 and 8.5) for the mid- (2040–2069) and long-term (2070–2099) future horizons are implemented. Hydrological modelling demonstrates increases in average temperature and precipitation of + 2 °C and + 3 % in the mid-term and + 4.5 °C and + 20 % in the long term, respectively. All the RCMs indicate less aquifer recharge in the mid-term. However, this pattern is softened, and even reversed, in several scenarios in the long term. Seasonal differences in streamflow and aquifer recharge in the baseline scenario are predicted to increase to + 23 %. The natural hydrological regime determined by thick porous allophane-rich andosols over virtually full moderate-permeability volcanic and volcano-sedimentary aquifers induces high streamflow and low aquifer recharge rates. Future hydrological regime could place the highly sensitive soil–vegetation dynamics of the páramo ecosystem at risk of degradation, with negative consequences for habitat preservation, in general, and stream water provision, in particular. Hence, groundwater is the safest option for water provision in the future. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.EPMAPS; Ecuador Water Authority; FONAG; INAMHI; Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology of Ecuador; Quito's Public Water Supply Company; SENAGUA; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Research Project, (PID2021-128126OA-I00); Water Protection Fund of Ecuador; European Commission, EC, (101086497); International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA, (ECU/7/006, PROMETEO-CEB-014-2015
Bacterial Polysaccharide-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Photocatalytically Decolorize Azo Dyes
No full textBacterial polysaccharide is advantageous over plant, algal, and fungal polysaccharides in terms of stability, non-toxicity, and biodegradable nature. In addition, bacterial cell wall polysaccharide (CPs) is very little explored compared to exopolysaccharide. In this study, CPs have been isolated from thermotolerant Chryseobacterium geocarposphaerae DD3 (CPs3) from textile industry dye effluent. Structural characterization of the CPs was done by different techniques, viz., scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). CPs3 demonstrated compact non-porous amorphous surface composed of evenly distributed macromolecular lumps. TGA revealed a high thermostability (~ 350 °C) of the polysaccharide. FTIR and NMR confirm the polysaccharidic nature of the polymer, consisting of glucose units linked by both β-(1 → 3) and β-(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds. The functional properties of CPs3 were evaluated for industrial use as additive, especially antibacterial, emulsification, and flocculation capacities. A single-step green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) was performed using CPs3. AgNP was characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), AFM, and particle size analyses. The CPs3-stabilized AgNP exhibited potential photocatalytic activity against a broad range of azo dyes, congo red (88.33 ± 0.48%), methyl red (76.81 ± 1.03%), and malachite green (47.34 ± 0.90%) after only 3 h of reaction. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on CPs from C. geocarposphaerae. The results demonstrated multifunctionality of CPs3 in both prospective, CPs3 as additive in biotechnology industry as well as Cps3-stabilized AgNP for bioremediation of azo dye. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.SVMCM-Non-Ne
una oportunidad para comprender la salud planetaria
No full text¿Qué es la Salud Planetaria? ¿Es posible que lo que hacemos en nuestra vida diaria afecte realmente al planeta Tierra? ¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto? Durante el agotador viaje en automóvil de María, desde su trabajo en la biblioteca municipal hasta su casa, la embajadora de la fauna chilena, una Chucao, aparece repentinamente en el asiento de copiloto. A través de una amena conversación, esta “ave de monte” le hará reflexionar acerca de diferentes aspectos de su vida, así como de las consecuencias del comportamiento de los humanos en la Tierra. En este viaje, María aprende sobre “la gran aceleración”, los “combustibles fósiles”, las “islas urbanas de calor” y el real impacto de nuestras decisiones en la salud del planeta, y por lo tanto, también en la nuestra. Desde el Centro de Comunicación de las Ciencias de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, a través de la Cátedra UNESCO “Educación Científica para la Ciudadanía”, ponemos a disposición este libro, a través del cual promover el conocimiento y la reflexión en torno al concepto de “Salud Planetaria” y su íntima relación con el bienestar humano. Esperamos que les sea interesante de mirar, leer y logre encender el interés en ir aprendiendo más sobre los impactos de nuestra vida en la Tierra.
Laser de baja potencia y aceleración de movimientos dentarios en ortodoncia. Revisión sistemática
No full textIntroduction: according to scientific literature, does low-power laser promote acceleration of tooth movements during orthodontic treatment?
Objective: to systematize the ability of the low-power laser to accelerate tooth movements during orthodontic treatment.
Material and methods: a systematic review was carried out, a search using Boolean search engines on the PubMed platform. The keywords used for were: orthodontic movement, orthodontic tooth movement, orthodontic, orthodontic treatment, low level laser therapy, low level laser, laser therapy and the combination between them. The included investigations dealt with the issue of acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment using low-power laser, were from journals indexed in PubMed, clinical trials, in English, and corresponded to articles published since 2000 to date. Assessment of risk of bias was performed. The variables analyzed were: main author, title, year, type of article, journal, country of research, and whether the articles show that low-power laser increases tooth movement during orthodontic treatment.
Results: 60% of the included studies conclude that the low-power laser accelerates tooth movement during orthodontic treatment, 30% of these did not find significant changes in relation to the groups studied with those of control and 10% resulted in dubious conclusions.
Conclusions: although the results are encouraging due to the trend in which the low-power laser does accelerate orthodontic movements, the presence of a higher number of randomized clinical studies would be necessary for a specific clarification of the benefits that this therapy brings to the patient. sector.Introducción: según la literatura científica, ¿El láser de baja potencia propicia la aceleración de los movimientos dentarios durante el tratamiento ortodóntico?
Objetivo: sistematizar sobre la capacidad del láser de baja potencia en la aceleración de los movimientos dentarios durante el tratamiento ortodóncico.
Material y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática, una búsqueda empleando buscadores booleanos en la plataforma de PubMed. Las palabras clave empleadas para fueron: orthodontic movement, orthodontic tooth movement, orthodontic, orthodontic treatment, low level laser therapy, low level laser, laser therapy y la combinación entre ellos. Las investigaciones incluidas trataron el tema de la aceleración del movimiento dentario durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia empleando laser de baja potencia, fueron de revistas indexadas en PubMed, ensayos clínicos, en idioma inglés y que correspondieran a artículos publicados desde el año 2000 a la fecha. Se realizó evaluación del riesgo de sesgo. Las variables analizadas fueron: autor principal, título, año, tipo de artículo, revista, país de investigación, y si los artículos demuestran que el láser de baja potencia aumenta el movimiento dentario durante el tratamiento ortodóncico.
Resultados: el 60% de los estudios incluidos concluyen que el láser de baja potencia acelera el movimiento dentario durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia, el 30% de estos no encontraron cambios significativos con relación a los grupos estudiados con los de control y un 10% resultó en conclusiones dudosas.
Conclusiones: a pesar de que los resultados son alentadores por la tendencia en que el láser de baja potencia si acelera los movimientos ortodónticos, sería necesaria la presencia de un número superior de estudios clínicos aleatorizados para un esclarecimiento específico de las bondades que aporta esta terapia al sector
Nervous System Embriology
No full textThis study briefly reviews the main events and processes that lead to the formation of the nervous system in mammals. At the end of gastrulation, they begin a series of fundamental morphogenetic processes with the formation of the neural plate (start of neurulation) culminating in the attainment of a normal nervous system. Embryological ectodermal primordia involved in the formation of the nervous system are the neuroectoblast, the neural crest cells and placodes that will evolve based on inductive phenomena, mainly from the notochord, prechordal plate and ectoderm. During the embryonic period consolidates the final development plan of the nervous system: 1) it comes complete neural tube formation when closing the rostral and caudal neuropores, 2) the different placodes invaginate to help form the organs of senses and sensory ganglia of the head, 3) the neural crest cells migrate to give rise to sensory and autonomic constituents of the peripheral nervous system and 4) developing brain vesicles, which will derive all the constituents of the brain. In the fetal period nervous system increases its mass and ultimately strengthens their functional organization
Effect of crocin on PKHD1 and KLLN genes expression in kidney tissue of female rats treated with cadmium
No full textAccording to data from studies, antioxidant herbal compounds are, likely to have a useful role in reducing the harmful effects of environmental pollutants and toxic chemicals that most people are exposed to. Cadmium is one of the toxic elements that accumulate in many organs, especially in kidneys. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crocin on the expression of PKHD1 and KLLN genes in cadmium-treated rats.
In this experimental study, 40 adults male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into the following groups: control group received normal saline, cadmium group (15mg/kg), crocin group (20mg/kg) and cadmium group daily fed with crocin at a dose of 20 mg/kg.
After eight weeks of treatment, rats were dissected, and kidney tissues were removed for evaluation of PKHD1 and KLLN gene expression by real time method. The data were analyzed using oneway ANOVA and significant difference between groups was P<0.05.
Our results showed an increase in PKHD1 gene expression and a decrease in KLLN gene expression in kidney tissue in the cadmium group compared to the control group (P <0.001). Also, a significant decrease in PKHD1 gene expression (P <0.001) and an increase in KLLN gene expression P <0.05) were observed in the tissues of all cadmium-treated rats compared to cadmium.
Crocin consumption can have a protective effect against the impaired expression of PKHD1 and KLLN cadmium-induced apoptotic pathway