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Proporcionalidade e símbolos religiosos: : O caso Eweida e outros (2013)
No full textThe European Court of Human Rights had to decide whether the employers’ refusal to allow wearing a religious symbol or consciously object to perform some activities is a lawful restriction of religious freedom. The case joined several similar petitions but with slightly differences and the Court ruled considering the proportionality test. According to the Court, the lawfulness of restrictions on religious freedom depends on the balancing of diverse facts, which have different weight on each case. Small differences could tip the balance of justice.La Corte Europea de Derechos Humanos decidió si la negativa de los empleadores a permitir el uso de un símbolo religioso o a aceptar la objeción de conciencia para realizar ciertas actividades constituía una restricción legítima a la libertad religiosa. El caso agrupó varias peticiones similares, aunque con ligeras diferencias. La Corte aplicó el test de proporcionalidad: la legitimidad de las restricciones a la libertad religiosa dependía del equilibrio entre diversos factores, los cuales tienen distinto peso en cada caso. Las pequeñas diferencias alteran el balance de la justicia.A Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos decidiu se a recusa dos empregadores em permitir o uso de um símbolo religioso ou em aceitar a objeção de consciência para a realização de certas atividades constituía uma restrição legítima à liberdade religiosa. O caso reuniu várias petições semelhantes, embora com pequenas diferenças. A Corte aplicou o teste de proporcionalidade: a legitimidade das restrições à liberdade religiosa dependia do equilíbrio entre diversos fatores, os quais têm pesos diferentes em cada caso. As pequenas diferenças alteram o equilíbrio da justiça
Instituições e consciência: : Lições de uma análise comparada entre Hobby Lobby e o caso chileno sobre o aborto
No full textThis article explores the concept of institutional freedom of conscience through a comparative analysis of two landmark decisions: Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (U.S. Supreme Court, 2014) and the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal’s 2017 ruling on the decriminalization of abortion on three grounds. By contrasting the reasoning of both majorities and dissents, the study reveals how the United States’ long jurisprudential development under the First Amendment may illuminate Chile’s nascent debate on institutional conscience. The analysis examines the conceptual link between individual and collective conscience, the limits of legal accommodations, and the so-called “anarchy argument” raised against exemptions to general laws. It concludes that Chilean constitutional discourse could benefit from a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between institutions and their members, drawing from a system that have faced similar tensions between conscience, law, and pluralism.El artículo examina el concepto de libertad de conciencia institucional mediante un análisis comparado entre dos fallos emblemáticos: Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, 2014) y la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional de Chile de 2017 sobre la despenalización del aborto en tres causales. Al contrastar los razonamientos de las mayorías y los votos disidentes, el estudio muestra cómo el desarrollo jurisprudencial estadounidense en torno a la Primera Enmienda puede enriquecer el incipiente debate chileno sobre la conciencia institucional. El análisis aborda la relación entre la conciencia individual y colectiva, los límites de las exenciones legales y el llamado “argumento de la anarquía” frente a las excepciones a la ley. Concluye que el debate constitucional chileno podría beneficiarse de una comprensión más matizada de la relación entre las instituciones y sus miembros, inspirándose en un que han enfrentado tensiones similares entre conciencia, derecho y pluralismo.O artigo examina o conceito de liberdade de consciência institucional por meio de uma análise comparativa entre duas decisões judiciais emblemáticas: Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos, 2014) e a sentença do Tribunal Constitucional do Chile de 2017 sobre a descriminalização do aborto em três hipóteses. Ao contrastar os fundamentos das maiorias e dos votos dissidentes, o estudo demonstra como o desenvolvimento jurisprudencial norte-americano em torno da Primeira Emenda pode enriquecer o incipiente debate chileno sobre a consciência institucional. A análise aborda a relação entre consciência individual e coletiva, os limites das isenções legais e o chamado “argumento da anarquia” diante das exceções à lei. Conclui que o debate constitucional chileno pode beneficiar-se de uma compreensão mais matizada da relação entre as instituições e seus membros, inspirando-se em sistemas que enfrentaram tensões semelhantes entre consciência, direito e pluralismo
As idiossincrasias da política e da religião no espaço público: : Contribuciones introdutórias
No full textIn the liberal democratic approach, the notion of citizenship acquires substantial relevance, since it is individuals exercising their rights and freedoms who must agree on the mechanisms for social coexistence and the normative frameworks for resolving conflicts through agreement, without the interference of moral or religious judgments. The growth of neoconservative movements amplifies a paradox in the present day. While politics is adorned with religious trappings, neoconservative religious voices are adopting increasingly secularized language, in which concepts give way to narratives around pseudoscience, democracy, and human rights. This analysis therefore seeks to examine the multiple facets surrounding the confessionalization of the political sphere and, on the other hand, the politicization of religion.En el enfoque democrático liberal, la noción de ciudadanía adquiere una relevancia sustantiva, ya que son los individuos, en el ejercicio de sus derechos y libertades, quienes deben acordar los mecanismos de convivencia social y los marcos normativos para la resolución de conflictos a partir del consenso, sin la interferencia de juicios morales o religiosos. El crecimiento de los movimientos neoconservadores amplía un paradoja en la actualidad. Mientras la política se reviste de adornos religiosos, las voces religiosas neoconservadoras asumen un lenguaje cada vez más secularizado, en el que los conceptos ceden su lugar a narrativas en torno a una pseudociencia, la democracia y los derechos humanos. En este análisis se busca, por tanto, vislumbrar las múltiples facetas de la confesionalización del espacio político y, por otra parte, la politización de la religión.Na abordagem democrática liberal, a noção de cidadania adquire relevância substancial, pois são os indivíduos no exercício de seus direitos e liberdades que deverão acordar os mecanismos para a convivência social e os marcos normativos para a solução de conflitos a partir de um acordo, sem a interferência de juízos morais ou religiosos. O crescimento dos movimentos neoconservadores amplia um paradoxo nos dias atuais. Enquanto a política se reveste com adornos religiosos, as vozes religiosas neoconservadoras assumem uma linguagem cada vez mais secularizada, na qual os conceitos dão lugar à narrativa em torno de uma pseudociência, da democracia e dos direitos humanos. Busca-se, pois, nesta análise, vislumbrar as múltiplas facetas em torno da confessionalização do espaço político, e, por outro, a politização da religião
Desafíos de la función pública y su laboralización
No full textThis paper explores the relationship between the statutory regulation of public service and labor law, addressing the challenges posed by the statutory system, the incorporation of elements characteristic of labor law, and the resulting implications for public administrationEl presente trabajo plantea la relación existente entre la regulación estatutaria de la función pública y el derecho laboral, haciendo referencia a los problemas que plantea el sistema estatutario, la introducción de elementos propios del derecho del trabajo y los desafíos para la función pública
Practical applications of mortars using cattle bone ash as partial cement replacement
No full textIn this study, commercially available cattle bone ash (CBA) was utilized as a partial cement replacement to evaluate its near-term and practical applicability in mortar production. CBA was incorporated into mortar by replacing Portland cement in 5% increments, up to a maximum of 30%. The research assessed both the fresh properties (such as table flow) and the hardened properties (including density, water absorption, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and ultrasonic pulse velocity) of the mortar. The findings showed that while increasing CBA replacement rates generally led to a decline in mortar properties, replacements up to 10% had negligible effects. Specifically, mortar with a 10% CBA replacement exhibited a density only 0.1% lower than that of standard mortar, a 7-day compressive strength 2.3% higher, and a 28-day compressive strength 3.8% lower. Furthermore, even with 30% of Portland cement replaced by CBA, the mortar still met industry standards for both 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths, making it suitable for applications in brick and flooring. These findings highlight the feasibility of using CBA as a supplementary cementitious material and provide practical guidance for its rapid field application
The earthquake performance assessment of a reinforced concrete building with nonlinear static and dynamic analyses
No full textIn this study, the earthquake performance evaluation of a 4-storey residential building was investigated. The residential building was designed according to studies on Türkiye’s building stock and the Turkish Earthquake Code 1997 (TEC-1997). The building was considered as an existing building, and its earthquake performance was evaluated according to the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 (TEC-2007) and the Turkish Earthquake Code 2018 (TEC-2018). Pushover (POA) and nonlinear time history (NTHA) analyses, which are given in TEC-2007 and TEC-2018, were used in evaluating the earthquake performance of the building. The main purpose of the study is to compare both earthquake codes and analysis methods. The study is valuable and original because it uses a building that represents Türkiye's low-rise building stock and conducts a detailed performance evaluation according to different codes and methods. The performance of the building was evaluated under the design earthquake. The analyses of the structural system were accomplished by using SAP2000 software, incorporating inelastic material behavior for concrete and steel. The software of RESPONSE2000 was used for sectional analyses of the structural system and the moment-curvature curves. Ground motion records were taken from the PEER Ground Motion Database, and the records were edited with the help of SEISMOSIGNAL software. The numerical results were given in tables and figures comparatively and discussed. It was determined that TEC-2018 is safer than TEC-2007 in terms of determining ground motion records and damage limits of the structural system elements. Moreover, the results showed that when POA and NTHA were compared, although NTHA provided more realistic results, POA can also provide acceptable results
Conciencia afectiva y regulación emocional: Convergencias entre Edith Stein y la psicología contemporánea
No full textserve as a field of affective self-regulation, enabling the subject not only to experience emotions but to consciously receive, reinterpret, and ethically respond to them. Convergences are presented between Stein’s phenomenological insights and current psychological theories, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, conceptual act theory, and affective neuroscience. The article concludes that affectivity, when understood in its spiritual and relational dimension, is a privileged path toward personal growth and the formation of authentic human This article establishes a dialogue between Edith Stein’s phenomenology and contemporary contributions from psychology and affective neuroscience, aiming to rethink the role of emotions in the constitution of the self and social life. Drawing on concepts such as act, motivation, consciousness, and freedom, it argues that emotions are not mere automatic reactions, but intentional experiences that reveal values, bonds, and meaning. The study explores how consciousness can connections. In doing so, it proposes a broadened and humanizing view of emotional experience, capable of transcending reductionist approaches and informing more integrative therapeutic practices.Este artículo establece un diálogo entre la fenomenología de Edith Stein y aportes contemporáneos de la psicología y la neurociencia afectiva para repensar el papel de las emociones en la constitución del self y en la vida en sociedad. A partir de los conceptos de acto, motivación, conciencia y libertad, se argumenta que los afectos no son meras reacciones automáticas, sino vivencias intencionales que revelan valores, vínculos y sentidos. Se analiza cómo la conciencia puede convertirse en un espacio de autorregulación afectiva, donde el sujeto no solo experimenta sus emociones, sino que puede acogerlas, reinterpretarlas y responder de manera ética y madura a ellas. Además, se muestran puntos de convergencia entre la fenomenología steiniana y las teorías psicológicas actuales, como la terapia cognitivo-conductual, la teoría del acto conceptual y la neurociencia de la emoción. Se concluye que la afectividad, cuando es comprendida en su dimensión espiritual y relacional, constituye una vía privilegiada para la autorrealización personal y la construcción de vínculos auténticos. Así, se propone una comprensión ampliada y humanizante de la experiencia emocional, que permita superar enfoques reduccionistas y abrir espacio a prácticas terapéuticas más integradoras
El conflicto de autodeterminación entre el Estado de Chile y el pueblo Mapuche: Una descripción usando microdatos georreferenciados de MACEDA (1990-2021)
No full textSelf-determination conflicts are prevalent around the world. However, only recently the empirical literature has analyzed them, particularly in the case of conflicts with relatively low intensity and involving non-violent strategies. This article describes the most recent version of MACEDA, a geocoded micro-level dataset on the self-determination conflict between the Chilean state and the indigenous Mapuche people between 1990 and 2021. We use MACEDA to analyze the evolution of the conflict, presenting a framework divided into six stages. These stages are characterized by variations in the intensity and type of events, an escalation of violence in recent periods, the dynamic use of both violent and non-violent strategies over time, the changing and fragmentation of actors involved, and the geographic expansion of the conflict throughout the analyzed period.Los conflictos de autodeterminación son prevalentes en diferentes sociedades. Sin embargo, sólo recientemente se han analizado empíricamente, en particular cuando estos son de relativa baja intensidad e involucran estrategias no violentas. El presente artículo describe la más reciente versión de MACEDA, una base georreferenciada de microdatos de eventos del conflicto de autodeterminación entre el Estado de Chile y el pueblo Mapuche entre 1990 y 2021. MACEDA es utilizada para describir la evolución de este conflicto, dinámica caracterizada por seis etapas durante el período de análisis. Las etapas están definidas por diferencias en la intensidad y el tipo de eventos, por el uso de diversas estrategias, tanto violentas como no violentas, por parte de una serie de actores que han cambiado y se han ido fragmentando. Durante el período analizado, el conflicto ha presentado un incremento de estrategias violentas y una expansión geográfica de los eventos
RELACIÓN ENTRE EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL Y CONDUCTAS SEXUALES EN ADULTOS DE LA REGIÓN DE ÑUBLE, CHILE, 2024
No full textBACKGROUND. Introduction: In Chile, STIs such as HIV and HPV are prevalent. Sexual education is fundamental for prevention, but it faces challenges due to low educational quality and the increasing rates of STIs and sexual abuse. AIM. To analyze the relationship between sexual education and sexual behaviors in adults from the Ñuble region, Chile, in 2024. METHODS. This was a quantitative, correlational, non-experimental, cross-sectional study with a sample of 382 adults. A questionnaire was used to assess sexual education, and the Sexual Behavior Scale for Youth (ECSR-J) measured sexual behaviors. Statistical tests such as chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman correlation were applied. RESULTS. The sample consisted of 72 % women. The average age at which participants received sexual education was 13 years, with the Internet being the main source of information (31.2 %). Regarding risk levels, 35.3 % showed a “very high” risk due to not knowing their partner’s sexual history. A significant relationship was found between the source of sexual education and the risk of STIs/HIV/AIDS (p = 0.038), as well as with incorrect condom use (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION. There is a relationship between acquired sexual education and risky sexual behaviors. These findings highlight the need to implement comprehensive sexual education from early stages, where nursing plays a fundamental role in promotion, prevention, and education from early stages is emphasized, with nursing playing a key role in promotion, prevention, and education.INTRODUCCIÓN. En Chile, las ITS, como el VIH y el VPH, son prevalentes. La educación sexual es fundamental para la prevención, pero enfrenta desafíos debido a la baja calidad educativa y al aumento de ITS y abusos sexuales. OBJETIVO. Analizar la relación entre la educación sexual y las conductas sexuales en adultos de la región de Ñuble, Chile, en 2024. MÉTODOS. Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional, no experimental y transversal. Presentó una muestra de 382 adultos. Se utilizó un cuestionario para evaluar la educación sexual y la escala de comportamientos sexuales en jóvenes (ECSR-J) para medir las conductas sexuales. Se emplearon pruebas estadísticas como chi-cuadrado, U de Mann-Whitney y correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS. La muestra estuvo compuesta en un 72 % por mujeres. La edad promedio en la que los participantes recibieron educación sexual fue de 13 años, siendo internet la principal fuente de información (31,2 %). En cuanto a los niveles de riesgo, un 35,3 % mostró un riesgo “muy elevado” al desconocer el historial sexual de su pareja. Se encontró una relación significativa entre la fuente de educación sexual y el riesgo de ITS/VIH/SIDA (p = 0,038), así como con el uso incorrecto de preservativos (p = 0,008). CONCLUSIÓN. Existe una relación entre la educación sexual adquirida y las conductas sexuales de riesgo. Se resalta la necesidad de implementar una educación sexual integral desde etapas tempranas, donde el rol de la enfermería es fundamental en la promoción, prevención y educación