Institutional Digital Repository (Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpu)

Kumar, Mopidevi Manikanta

xi 
 
                                                                          Abstract 
The thesis entitled Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Encapsulated Transition Metal Phosphide 
(TMP) Nanostructures for Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery and Water Splitting describes the 
synthesis of various TMPs such as cobalt phosphide (CoP), iron phosphide (FeP), nickel 
phosphide (Ni2P) and cobalt phosphide tailored with Ru (CoP-Ru) for the development of 
rechargeable Zn-air batteries (ZAB) and water splitting A novel universal approach, the 
carbothermal reduction of transition metal poly-pyridyl complex for the synthesis of TMP is 
developed for the first time and the encapsulation of TMP with heteroatom doped carbon is 
achieved in a single step. The counter anion hexafluorophosphate (PF6
-) of the precursor 
complex is used as a phosphidating agent. The electrocatalytic activity of these nanostructures 
towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen 
evolution reaction (HER) is examined. The catalysts N-doped carbon embedded CoP (NC-
CoP) and N, P-dual doped carbon encapsulated Ni2P (N2P@NPC) exhibits decent and very 
good bifunctional oxygen activity, respectively. The atomic percentage of carbon dependent 
growth of NC-CoP is demonstrated. The generation of P-vacancies in Ni2P@NPC by surface 
engineering via acid treatment is demonstrated. These catalysts exhibit poor performance 
towards HER. On the other hand, N, P- dual doped carbon encapsulated FeP (FeP@NPC) 
exhibits excellent bifunctional oxygen activity and decent HER activity. The carbothermal 
reduction temperature largely controls the composition, morphology, porosity, surface area and 
overall electrocatalytic performance of FeP@NPC. The surface tailored CoP@NC with Ru 
(CoP@NC-Ru) exhibits excellent activity towards ORR, OER, and HER. The charge transfer 
interaction of encapsulated NC with core CoP and surface tailored Ru nanoparticles is 
demonstrated for the enhanced electrocatalytic performance after surface tailoring. The 
performance of all the catalysts for ZAB is evaluated in terms of open circuit voltage (OCV), 
peak power density, specific capacity and galvanostatic cycling stability. Among all the 
catalysts FeP@NPC and CoP@NC-Ru shows superior ZAB performance with peak power 
densities of 170 and 175 mW cm-2, and specific capacities of 785 and 780 mA h gZn
-1 with 
negligible voltaic efficiency loss. CoP@NC-Ru exhibits remarkable water splitting 
performance with overall water splitting voltage of only 1.47 V at 10 mA cm-2 current density. 
Keywords: Transition metal phosphide, heteroatom-doped carbon, carbothermal reduction, 
oxygen electrocatalysis, Zn-air battery, water splitting. 


Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Encapsulated Transition Metal Phosphide Nanostructures for Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery and Water Splitting

Tiwari, Kuhu

AN ANALYSIS OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY CHALLENGES FOR 
PHARMACEUTICAL TRADE MARKS IN INDIA  
 
 
Thesis submitted to the 
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 
for the award of the degree 
of 
Doctor of Philosophy 
by 
Kuhu Tiwari 
 
 
Under the guidance of  
Dr. Niharika Sahoo Bhattacharya 
Assistant Professor  
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law 
 
 
 
 
 
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law 
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur  
April 2024 
© 2023 Kuhu Tiwari. All rights reserved. 
ABSTRACT 
The pharmaceutical industry in India is largely focused on producing generic drugs, resulting 
in a crowded market with numerous products competing on the basis of brand rather than price. 
Trademarks play a critical role in marketing and advertising these pharmaceutical products, 
which are identified by their proprietary names during prescription, dispensing, and 
administration. However, the lack of regulation in this area has led to a proliferation of Look-
alike and Sound-alike (LASA) drugs, which pose significant risks to patient safety. While civil 
trademark infringement suits have been used to address this issue, there are no other remedies 
available under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. 
To address the challenges arising from drug name errors and regulatory impediments to drug 
name regulation in India, this thesis adopts both doctrinal and non-doctrinal research 
methodologies. The study highlights the legal and regulatory challenges that have hindered 
effective drug name regulation in India, and proposes a policy framework to address these 
issues. 
The reliance on proprietary names for drug identification underscores the need for robust drug 
name regulation in India. This study identifies several challenges that have hindered the 
implementation of an effective drug name regulation framework, including the absence of clear 
legal provisions and a lack of coordination between various regulatory bodies. By analysing 
the legal and regulatory framework for drug name regulation in India, this thesis aims to 
provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and potential solutions in this area. 
Ultimately, the proposed policy framework aims to strengthen drug name regulation in India 
and improve patient safety in the country/s crowded pharmaceutical market. 
Keywords: Trade Marks; Drug Name Regulation; Pharmaceutical Trade Marks;    
 
 
 


An Analysis of Legal and Regulatory Challenges for Pharmaceutical Trade Marks in India

Gupta, Chanchal

Design and Development of a Self-Propelled Chili Pepper Harvester

Ganesh, Pavithra

Microfoundations of Dynamic Capabilities in Indian Service Organizations: Role of Collective Organisational Engagement and Organisational Learning

Kumar, Dinesh

Study of Single and Multijunction Perovskite Solar Cell and Their Recycling Under Ambient Conditions

Gautam, Prakash Chandra

Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Hot-Rolled Mg-3al-0.5ce Alloy

Pati, Ashutosh

A Novel Modeling Framework for Assessing Low Impact Development Strategies in Urban Flood Management under Scantily-Gauged Scenarios

Dutta, Abhisek

Delineating Crustal Structure Beneath Bhutan Himalaya Using Seismic Wave Attenuation

Boda, Somaraju

Electrocardiogram Signal Denoising and Classification for Cardiac Health Monitoring

P S, Lin Prakash

Microstructure and Formability Analyses of Tailor Welded Blanks of Commercially Pure Titanium and Ti6al4v Alloy Sheets

Not a member yet