Open Research Oklahoma (Oklahoma State Univ.)
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Fast CPU RTL verification using FPGA accelerated co-emulation
No full textAs computer systems continue to grow in complexity their verification requirements grow dramatically placing significant strain on how to effectively and efficiently prove the hardware performs the correct set of operations under all possible scenarios. The current start of the art begins with a design verification (DV) plan to establish what needs to be tested, what stimulus to drive into the device under test (DUT), and how to measure the design is actually tested (coverage).
Testing is typically done at the register transfer level (RTL) using simulators, such as Questa or Verilator which execute a few thousand instructions per second significantly limiting the scope of the tests. Specialty hardware costing millions of dollars exists which can run a few million instructions per second but this is only available to large chip developers such as Intel, Apple, and ARM. FPGAs can execute dozens of millions of instructions per second but lack the visibility to measure what is tested or efficiently debug when a problem is found.
State-of-the-art verification runs the DUT in lockstep with a robustly tested reference model which compares all architecture state updates as each instruction commits. Any mismatches immediately halt the simulation indicating where and what caused the bug. Like any RTL simulation, lockstep is slow. This work develops an entirely new methodology for verification called co-emulation that leverages the speed of FPGAs using a reference model in lockstep to overcome the limitations of the FPGA. This work shows a significant speed-up greater than 35 times over RTL simulation using a low-cost FPGA and the robust commercial reference model ImperasDV from Synopsys.
The device under test (DUT) in our setup is the CVW processor, known by its code named Wally. Because Wally is mature, the bugs found are difficult to discover using other testing paradigms, highlighting just how valuable a wide diversity of verification approaches is to the DV plan
Heat of the game: The impacts and perceptions of rising temperatures on college football athletes
No full textAs global temperatures continue to rise, understanding the numerous impacts in which these changes have on society is imperative due to increased vulnerabilities to climate stresses. Heat-related risks can be fatal, and athletes are often disregarded from considerations of vulnerable groups despite their increased exposure with climatic changes, with football being no exception to this. Thus, understanding the risks in which they face is vital in facilitating appropriate practice and management techniques. This study aims to assess the risks that college football athletes are confronting while understanding how these individuals perceive these same risks. Three research questions have been outlined to facilitate this: How have the heat index levels on football game days at two Division One universities in the US changed between 1995 to 2024? Do college football athletes perceive rising temperatures as an increasing risk while playing, and what factors contribute? How can NCAA football programs address rising heat risks? A heat index analysis was used to understand changes in heat risk and athlete surveys and staff interviews were used to comprehend impacts and perceptions of risk alongside knowledge on current management strategies. Data were analyzed via a range of regression analyses and the coding and the identification of themes of qualitative data. Results showed that both university locations are undergoing rises in both temperature and heat index values, overall reducing the number of games being player absent of any risk association. Players have a much better perception of the basic physiological risks associated with playing in extreme and rising temperatures but often fall short of having the same recognition for psychological impacts. Variations between players often stemmed from factors including on-field position, state of birth, the number of years they have played football, and gender stereotypes in sport. Combining the change in risk level with the inconsistency of awareness by players it is clear that action is needed. Thus, it can be suggested that athlete’s education is vital. This must also be accompanied by practices to further reduce unnecessary exposure, including the use of new technology, creating new policies and making changes to facilities
Galois actions on periodic points of quadratic polynomials over finite fields
No full textWe investigate the behavior of periodic points of polynomials f(x) = x² + c in Fₚ[x], where p is prime, and we study the irreducibility of dynatomic polynomials for such polynomials f.
We then relate these statistics of irreducibility to statistics of transitive Galois actions on periodic portraits, and more generally, compare factorization types of dynatomic polynomials to orbit types of cyclic group actions on periodic portraits
Decentralized operations planning of decarbonized chemical plants with renewable-driven transmission systems
No full textAs electrification of industrial process heating becomes common, it is increasingly important to integrate clean energy from power systems into chemical plant processes. However, integrating private chemical plant operations with the public power grid raises privacy concerns.
Decentralizing large-scale unit commitment in power systems and electrified chemical process heating in a mixed-integer problem can maintain this privacy, encouraging stakeholders
to adopt renewable energy use, thereby aiding decarbonization efforts.
In this paper, we present decentralized optimization techniques that implement Alternating
Direction Method of multipliers to reach a consensus. We demonstrate that by limiting the
amount shared information through decentralization, it is possible to satisfy the demand
needs of the chemical plant while maintaining the privacy of its operations. This approach
eliminates the need to move data while considering operational constraints of the power
system and chemical plant, while procuring expected results and retaining the privacy of
operations
Developing reliable multispectral and hyperspectral imagery processing pipelines for winter wheat high-throughput phenotyping
No full textHigh-throughput phenotyping (HTP) using Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)-based imaging has become an essential technique in modern crop breeding programs, offering rapid, non-destructive and scalable plant traits assessment. Despite its benefits, the reliability of this approach of phenotyping is often questioned due to various errors and distortions introduced in the image acquisition and pre-processing steps. This research focuses on developing reliable image processing pipelines for UAS-based multispectral and hyperspectral imagery for winter wheat HTP. In the first study, Multispectral images were processed using two different approaches, a conventional approach where VI is calculated after orthomosaicking and an alternative approach where VI is calculated using individual images before orthomosaicking. The proposed approach showed moderate to high correlations (0.43-0.96) with conventional methods, with high correlation during mid season and low correlation during the start and end of the season. While the proposed approach showed better performance in predicting Stay Green Canopy ratings, both approaches struggled with predicting the Barley Yellow Dwarf disease ratings. The proposed method showed greater similarity to the single-view images indicating its retention of more structural detail from the original data compared to conventional approach. In the second study, three hyperspectral image processing pipelines were developed and evaluated for their reliability in accurate trait extraction. Out of the three approaches, where two approaches (PTS and ETS) involved transect-based orthomosaicking and one of the approaches (POM) involved full-field orthomosaicking. Results from two growing seasons indicated that transect-based approaches (PTS and ETS) consistently outperformed the conventional full-field mosaicking approach (POM). POM exhibited significantly higher within-plot variability and lower correlation with multispectral reference data across all Vegetation Indices (VIs). Together, the workflows identified in both studies of this research enable reliable traits extraction from multispectral and hyperspectral imagery to support wheat HTP
Factors affecting athletic trainers' and therapists' knowledge and confidence in emergency management
No full textIntroduction: Athletic trainers and therapists (ATTs) are healthcare professionals who specialize in the prevention, assessment, and rehabilitation of injuries. Once certified, they are required to maintain their knowledge via continuing education (CE) to maintain proficiency. However, knowledge has been shown to decay in healthcare professionals, including ATTs, at alarming rates. Confidence in actual knowledge (AK) has been shown to remain even when knowledge decays, indicating an overestimation of perceived knowledge (PK) signifying a knowledge gap. Mandatory CE is limited to Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC) or Basic Life Support (BLS) and does not include the wide scope of emergency management used by ATTs. This study aimed to determine factors affecting ATTs’ knowledge and confidence in three content areas of EM.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 315 ATTs in the United States and Canada (age=36.87±9.96, males=135, females=171, other gender=9, ATC=137, CATC=87, dual certified=89). Participants completed demographic information, pre- and post-test confidence measures, and a knowledge assessment surrounding ECC/BLS, patient assessment (Assessment), and airway management with supplemental oxygen (Airway&O2). The survey was validated by a Delphi method and obtained a CVI of 0.99 and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.974. Various non-parametric statistical methods were employed to analyze the data, with an alpha of p=.05.
Results: Results indicate mandatory CE is effective in limiting knowledge decay and AK increases with years certified, with varying significance between content areas. Airway&O2 demonstrated the lowest confidence and competence scores. Higher AK scores were better correlated with more accurate self-assessment. Confidence was not heavily influenced by completing a knowledge assessment; thus, most ATTs were found to be unconsciously incompetent in emergency management. Additionally, a knowledge gap was determined based on the poor correlation between confidence and competence scores throughout.
Conclusions: Mandatory CE works to slow knowledge decay in ATTs and those with more knowledge are better able to self-assess their perceived knowledge and rate their confidence. As such, ATTs should aim to regularly practice self-evaluation to identify areas of weakness, and to seek frequent CE that enhances their knowledge within a variety of content areas to ensure clinical proficiency
Debunking dimorphism: The relationship between social anxiety, executive functioning, and biological sex.
No full textThis study investigated the relationship between social anxiety and executive functioning, and whether sex moderates these effects at behavioral and neural levels. The data was sampled from the (Kraft and Grant 2021) study. Sixty-one participants completed self-report measures of social anxiety, self-imagery manipulation, alongside a go/no-go task during which EEG was recorded to assess executive functioning through event-related potential (ERPs). Results revealed that while sex did not significantly moderate the relationship between social anxiety and self-image. However, ERP analyses indicated significant interactions between sex and social anxiety in response to positive and negative emotional stimuli. These findings suggest that sex-related differences may be indicated in task performance among high social anxiety groups
Misfit missionaries: Global Protestant Americans in the twentieth century
No full textThis dissertation contends that histories of Protestant American missions of the twentieth century do not accurately reflect the diversity and complexity of missionaries. On the one hand, Protestant American missionaries enjoyed a long period of esteem, especially during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were often seen as heroes of the faith – men and women who selflessly sacrificed their comfort (and at times their lives) to reach foreign people with the Christian gospel message. In the mid-twentieth century, especially with the “cultural turn” in American historiography, missionaries faced a backlash for their perspectives and actions. Gone were the days that missionaries were praised; instead, they found themselves labeled as “cultural imperialists.” This study suggests that neither narrative offers the most accurate picture of who or what is a Protestant American missionary of the twentieth century. Missionaries, their theology, their worldview, their politics, and their engagement with the world was as varied as their numbers.
Indeed, tens of thousands – and perhaps hundreds of thousands – of Protestant American missionaries went overseas in the twentieth century. These individuals were part of a large network of denominational mission boards, independent mission agencies, Christian colleges, and para-church organizations. At times, they were connected to avenues of influence and power, including the United States’ State Department, United States military branches, as well as global political and religious leaders. They kept in touch with the happenings at home through letters, periodicals, newspapers, furloughs, fundraising campaigns and, later, telephones and the internet. The contributions they made to American religious practices is not represented well enough in the historiography. This dissertation attempts to begin to correct that void by placing Evangelical, Mainline, and Anabaptist Protestants of the twentieth century in conversation with each other, their denominations, and their background so that we can better understand the extent of American Protestantism of the twentieth century
Statistical cavity characterization using time- and frequency-domain excitation
No full textA measurement campaign is performed to characterize multiple electromagnetic cavity resonators including two small cavities: cylindrical and rectangular shaped. The Smart 80 reverb chamber is also characterized from 50 MHz up to 18 GHz. The study of smaller cavities is motivated by modern-day problems caused by electromagnetic interference that may occur in motor vehicles such as airplanes, cars, or boats in the presence of high-power external sources such as radars.
All of the cavities previously mentioned are initially characterized in the frequency domain using a vector network analyzer to obtain scattering parameters that can be processed into quality factors or transfer functions belonging to the equipment under test. In addition to characterizing the cavities, the transfer function serves the crucial purpose of synthesizing the time-domain response to high-field pulses which shows the ringing effect.
In light of limitations imposed by the frequency domain measurements, time-domain measurements are also performed for external excitation to study the response of the smaller cavities. This research aims to show the differences, agreements, and advantages of each experimental method. Time- and frequency-domain are performed on the smaller cavities for frequencies between 1 GHz and 3.69 GHz
How to trace your daughtering: A collection of poems with a critical introduction
No full textHow to Trace Your Daughtering is a collection of poetry that chronicles grief and longing through forests, down highways, and across state lines, as the speaker remembers and re-constructs their own origin. Broken into three sections of varying lengths, the poems weave together myth and history, family and loneliness, through free-verse, prose poems, and a golden shovel. The poems also look to other voices to create an intertextual representation of self, quoting and referencing figures such as Anne Carson, Sylvia Plath, Megan Thee Stallion, Persephone, and others