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A noble task: testing an operational model of clergy occupational health
Get PDFIn many ways, clergy and religious leaders are an ignored yet high-risk population. A clergy member unable to cope with challenges in his or her own life may be ineffective at helping church members to cope with their stress. The purpose of the present study was to develop and test an operational model of clergy holistic health, including occupational demands, and personal and job-related resources. Data were collected from clergy (N = 418) and analyzed using correlational and regression based techniques. Results from the present study provided support for the demands-control-support model (Johnson & Hall, 1988). Specifically, clergy mental health may be improved by (a) an increase in the work-related social support needed to take advantage of job control followed by (b) an increase in job control
Accounting for intraspecific variation transforms our understanding of artiodactyl social evolution
Get PDFA major goal in the study of mammalian social systems has been to explain evolutionary transitions in social traits. Recent comparative analyses have used phylogenetic reconstructions to determine the evolution of social traits but have omitted intraspecific variation in social organization (IVSO) and mating systems (IVMS). My objectives were to (i) summarize the extent of IVSO and IVMS in Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla and (ii) determine the ancestral social organization and mating system for Artiodactyla. Eighty-two percent of artiodactyls showed IVSO, whereas 31% exhibited IVMS. Eighty percent of perissodactyls had variable social organization and only one species showed IVMS. The ancestral population of Artiodactyla was predicted to have variable social organization (84%) rather than solitary or group-living. A clear ancestral mating system for Artiodactyla, however, could not be resolved. These results show that intraspecific variation is common in artiodactyls and perissodactyls, and suggest a variable ancestral social organization for Artiodactyla
Conditional reasoning test for impression management
Get PDFIndividuals engage in impression management behaviors in most social situations. However, one of the most prone settings to impression management is the work context. Even though the extent to which an individual performs impression management behaviors is influenced by situational factors, it is also plausible that there is a dispositional component involved. Therefore, it is important to be able to measure the extent to which individuals are likely to engage in impression management. In this study, an innovative approach to the measurement of impression management is proposed. Specifically, a conditional reasoning test (CRT) is developed to measure impression management propensity. Using 40 CRT items, data were collected from a sample of college students. While some initial evidence of validity is obtained, the items are in need of further refinement. Accordingly, a second round of data collection will be conducted in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the measure
Training Employees to Stay: T&D in Retaining Talent
Get PDFThe employee-driven market and “war for talent” demand organizations be increasingly competitive in maintaining the best workforce possible. Furthermore, factors such as millennial “job hopping,” employees leaving because of fears of layoffs and downsizing, and exiting the company without documenting valuable knowledge are all reasons to seek methods to decrease turnover. Organizations can use strategic and evidence-based training and development (T&D) practices to retain talent and prevent the loss of institutional knowledge. This session will discuss how T&D can be used to reduce involuntary turnover in organizations and cover how self-paced training, error management training (EMT), and the use of feedback and self-assessments can be used to enhance training outcomes. Ways that these T&D designs and methods may apply to millennials and tenured employees to best reduce turnover and prevent the loss of institutional knowledge will also be covered. By understanding the connections between T&D and the varied workforce, employers can have an the advantage in the ongoing “war for talent.” During this session, you will learn: - About evidence-based practices and how evidence-based T&D can improve employee retention. - How self-paced training, error management training, and feedback and assessment improve training outcomes. - Why different employees respond to different T&D techniques and which T&D methods to use with various employee groups
Input Adjustment Between and Within Equity Sensitivity Groups
Get PDFPrevious research on Equity Sensitivity have focused on each type’s (Entitled, Benevolents, and Equity Sensitives) reaction to inequity based on preferences for input/output ratios in comparison to a referent other and sensitivity to the norm of reciprocity (Huseman et al., 1987). The purpose of this study is to better understand how individuals in each of the Equity Sensitivity categories act on their preferences for input/output ratios when paired with referents from the same or different ES categories. We will examine whether the individual will react in the expected manner regardless of the category to which the referent belongs, or whether social comparison or social desirability impact their behavior. Participants’ levels of equity sensitivity will be measured using the Equity Sensitivity Instrument (ESI, Huseman et al., 1985, 1987). They will then be presented with three hypothetical situations that pair them with an individual from one of the Equity Sensitivity categories. The participant will then be asked how much work (input) they will put into the task and how satisfied they would be working with that individual. Results could provide insight into how levels of Equity Sensitivity in dyadic relationships impact the level of effort an individual is willing to put into a collaborative task, and ultimately whether, and potentially why, ES impacts performance
Political Skill as a Predictor of Performance and Work Relationship Quality
Get PDFThis study investigates the relationship between political skill and multi-faceted job performance as well as work relationship quality. Political skill is “the ability to effectively understand others at work and to use such knowledge to influence others to act in ways that enhance one’s personal and/or organizational objectives” (Ferris, 2005, p. 127). Ferris (2005) specifically provided four underlying dimensions of political skill: networking ability, apparent sincerity, social astuteness, and interpersonal influence. Prior meta-analytic evidence supports a significant positive correlation between political skill and task performance (r = .26; Munyon et al., 2015). While the relationship with job performance has received a good deal of research attention, less is known about how political skill may impact interpersonal relationships at work. Some evidence suggests that political skill can relate to interpersonal citizenship behavior (Andrews, Kacmar, & Harris, 2009), but specific relationship quality has not been sufficiently examined. The present study tested the relationship between political skill and performance in a diverse employee sample (N = 752) that was recruited via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. In addition, we examined political skill as a predictor of relationship quality with both coworkers and supervisors. We examined these relationships using a longitudinal design, with political skill measured at Time 1 and performance and relationship quality measured two months later at Time 2. Using a series of regression analyses, we found support that political skill was positively related to performance, assessed as task performance, co-worker support, and teamwork, and positively related to both supervisor and co-worker relationship quality. When examined at the subscale level, there were some nuances in which aspects of political skill related to performance domain and relationship quality. We expect that our results could have implications for Industrial-Organizational psychology, in clarifying the literature on the outcomes of political skill. In addition, our results could have practical implications for the development of interpersonal skills training and leadership development
A comparative look of sentencing outcomes based on the defendant\u27s country of citizenship
Get PDFIn the wake of negative stereotypes of immigrants from lower status countries, this study used federal sentencing data for 2015 to examine the effects of the defendant’s country of citizenship on sentence outcomes. Although the United States Sentencing Commission has long stipulated that national origin isn’t a relevant factor in determining sentence, a growing body of sentencing research has found evidence that a defendant’s country of citizenship continues to influence sentence outcome. Findings of the current study revealed partial support that national origins do matter. Specifically, after controlling for a number of legally relevant, case processing and extralegal factors, defendants from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and Middle-East/North Africa were found to receive more favorable sentences than those given to their Mexican counterparts. However, a second model that compared the Mexican region to all other regions failed to reach statistical significance. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed
Community strain and familial dysfunction: the influence of county characteristics on child maltreatment
Get PDFChild maltreatment does not happen equally across communities. Instead, in some places it is nearly non-existent (less than 1 out of every 11000 children) while in others it is experienced by nearly 10% of the population. This research examined how demographic factors relate to the rate of child abuse and neglect at the county level and found that a decline in economic stability, lack of post-secondary education, an inability to reach financial stability, and the rate of drug usage in a county significantly contributed to the child maltreatment rate. Durkheim’s Theory of Anomie and Merton and Agnew’s Strain Theories were used to describe how these four community factors cause individuals to experience strain, and eventually anomie and dysfunction which can lead to familial abuse or neglect. When these four factors, which inhibit individuals to adhere to culturally defined goals and expectations, are concentrated in a community, as opposed to being experienced by a handful of families within a community in which they are not present, then social strain within the community increases, social support decreases, and child maltreatment is more prevalent
Rhetoric in financial reporting: evaluation of ISA 720
Get PDFPrior research show that many investors rely on other information appearing alongside the audited financial statements in companies’ annual reports to make their economic decisions and falsely assume that the unaudited other information is also audited. Additionally, company management utilizes rhetorical strategies in other information to offer explanations and opinions conveying positive messages about the company value which audited financial data may not indicate. The expectation gap of investors on audit over other information and the concern of management manipulation incentivized the proposal of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to establish a standard to extend auditors’ responsibility over the other information. Similarly, the International Foundation of Accountants (IFCA) revised the auditing standard ISA 720, effective for the years ending on or after December 15, 2016, that “requires the auditor to read and consider the other information.” This study addresses the question of how the revised ISA 720 would impact this use of rhetoric in financial reporting, or more specifically, how the increased auditors’ responsibilities over other information, internationally enacted by the revised ISA 720, would decrease management’s positive massaging as a rhetorical strategy used in those texts. This study serves as a starting point for discussing the fundamental question of how rhetoric in financial reporting should and could be regulated and provides some evidence for PCAOB on whether additional regulation of other information is worth compliance costs to the company
Evaluation of blight resistance in chestnut f2 half-sibling and full-sibling families via small stem assay
Get PDFIn 1904, Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent for chestnut blight, was imported into North America on chestnut nursery stock from China. Fifty-five years later, nearly all full-grown wild American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were dead. A century of work has been put into restoring the American chestnut to its rightful place among the forest canopy. Since the 1980s, The American Chestnut Foundation has pursued backcross breeding to introgress blight resistance into C. dentata from the resistant Chinese species (C. mollissima), and has used progeny testing to make predictions about parental resistance in B3F2 chestnuts. We performed a small stem assay on first year and one-year-old seedlings to measure variation of resistance within and among hybrid progeny of five cross types (F1, B1, BB1, F2, B3F2), and to eliminate blight-susceptible seedlings before they are planted in the field. We inoculated over 1,100 seedlings with C. parasitica. The small stem assay did not prove to be a reliable method of differentiating between generational resistance. Although there was significant difference in canker length in the American and Chinese control groups, hybrid crosses and the American control did not exhibit canker length averages inferred from their generation types, and all of the canker length means of the interspecific crosses didn’t significantly differ from the American control, as shown by Duncan’s multiple range test