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The Role of Personality, Coaching, and Group Preference in Relation to Leadership Effectiveness
No full textWe investigate the subject’s personality in relation to leadership, leadership performance before and after coaching, and the relation of group preference to how a group ultimately selects its leader. The natural assumption is that most extroverted people are the automatic choice for a leader. Or perhaps the best choice is someone with the most leadership experience. In fact, only some leader-like people ever voluntarily elect themselves to be the leader. We observe the role of the leader to better understand how their personality affects their perceived leadership communication style (PLC) and how individual preference affects group alignment. In this study, 109 participants where they were asked to assign themselves roles in a group project. Each group has 3-4 members. Participants are asked to complete a structure with-in a given amount of time. After the first structure is complete, they are asked to complete the project a second time. Coaching conditions are set prior so that we can observe significant changes in a leader’s performance. IPIP-NEO personality tests are taken subsequent to the experiment for qualitative purposes. In addition, Transactive Memory, Leadership Communication Questionnaire, and Group Preference Questionnaire were also included. The results for the experiment are as follows. Leader communication was more effective after group coaching as opposed to individual leader coaching. Individuals that exhibited high degrees of extraversion were more likely to emerge as a leader; but this had no correlation with conscientiousness or agreeableness. A leader’s perceived communication style was shown to be more effective when leaders exhibited the traits of extraversion and agreeableness, but not conscientiousness. We have found a number of cases where a more dominant communicator takes over the lead of the project and overshadows the presence of the selected leader. To account for this, a secondary leader is recorded to see how they might influence the effectiveness of the group dynamic. Though our research primarily focuses on the selected leader and their effectiveness, future research could expand upon the implication of identifying the secondary leader and observing them in more detail. This could be done by asking them more questions, coaching them, or having them swap roles
Examining the Relationship between Applicant Reactions and Selection Test Performance: Is the Relationship Curvilinear?
Get PDFThere is evidence in the literature that negative reactions to employee selection procedures such as high anxiety and low motivation are related to poor performance by job applicants on a selection test (McCarthy, Van Iddekinge, Lievens, Kung, Sinar, Campion, 2013). However, to date the studies examining this relationship were correlational, meaning that no causal relationship could be established. This implies that while it is possible that negative reactions predict low test performance, it is also plausible that the reverse is true (i.e., poor performance at the early stages of a selection test leads to high anxiety and low motivation) or a third variable is responsible for the observed relationship. In addition, there is evidence that the relationship between stress and performance is not linear but in the shape of an inverse U (Muse, Harris, & Field, 2003; Srivastava & Krishna, 1991), suggesting that extremely negative and extremely positive reactions lead to lower levels of performance while test performance is maximized at moderate levels of positive or negative reactions Accordingly, the proposed study will examine the relationship between applicant anxiety and performance on a selection test. We hypothesize that there will be a curvilinear relationship between applicant anxiety and performance that is mediated by self-regulatory processing and off-task cognition. In order to establish causality, an experimental design will be utilized such that the level of anxiety participants face during the study will be manipulated. After manipulating anxiety, participants will then complete a selection test. Random assignment to these anxiety conditions and a low level of test difficulty will ensure that the level of ability and self-efficacy on the task will be controlled for. The results of this study will allow for a more robust test of the relationship between applicant anxiety during selection procedures and test performance, and hence provide theoretical and practical implications for staffing researchers and practitioners
Automatic mesh representation of urban environments
Get PDFA robust watertight mesh generation framework for urban cityscape and waterscape is proposed. The framework, consisting of a set of algorithms implemented in MATLAB, uses geospatial data available from OpenStreetMap and United States Geological Survey repositories, and incorporates Triangle - a popular two-dimensional Delaunay triangulation software - to develop the mesh. For the cityscape component, the facades of the buildings are meshed as structured triangular grids while the roofs and terrains are meshed as unstructured triangular grids using Triangle. For the waterscape component, quadrilateral cells are created based on the requirements of Environmental Fluids Dynamics Code (EFDC) model – a popular modeling platform for environmental fluid flow analysis. The resulting mesh generated is watertight with little human intervention and can serve as a significant preprocessing tool in environmental computational fluid dynamics. Although, there are a few existing methodologies in the literature, most are limited in capacity and are difficult to implement
Using local primary sources to explore the movement of people from rural to urban areas
Get PDFhttps://scholar.utc.edu/primary-source-instructional-materials/1001/thumbnail.jp
Seeing you from your point of view: perspective-taking and first impression accuracy
Get PDFThis study assessed whether perspective-taking (considering another’s perspective, thoughts, and feelings; Davis, 1983) causes greater distinctive accuracy (judging another’s unique traits), normative accuracy (judging another as similar to the average person and positively), and distinctive assumed similarity (judging another’s personality as similar to one’s own personality) in first impressions of personality. College students (N = 429) received either perspective-taking instructions or no specific instructions before watching videos of seven individuals (targets) answering getting-to-know-you questions. Participants then rated each target’s personality. Taking the targets’ perspectives did not improve distinctive accuracy or distinctive assumed similarity. However, participants who reported actively trying or being able to take the targets’ perspectives rated those targets more positively (with greater normative accuracy). Thus, perspective-taking does not result in more accurate impressions or greater perceived similarity, but it may lead to more positive impressions for those who try or are able to take another’s perspective
Potential relationships between lower extremity structural alignment and toe angle during static and dynamic activities
Get PDFBackground: The influence of lower extremity structural alignment on foot progression angle (FPA) and toe-out angle (TOA) has been measured, however foot structure has not been included in this analysis. No studies to our knowledge have assessed the influence of lower quarter structure on standing toe-out angle or during dynamic tasks such as squatting. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the potential influence of longitudinal arch angle (LAA) and weight-bearing dorsiflexion in addition to passive hip internal rotation (HIR) and thigh foot angle (TFA) on the following activities: standing TOA, FPA (walking TOA), forward arm squat TOA, and barbell back squat TOA. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 participants (19 male; 18 female) who lacked a history of lower extremity injury were recruited from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Each participant reported a score of seven or greater on the Tegner activity scale and had previous experience with squatting tasks. The following measurements were taken for each participant: height, weight, hip internal rotation, thigh foot angle, longitudinal arch angle, weight-bearing dorsiflexion, hip width, static toe-out angle and stance width; toe-out angle, stance width and squat depth during a forward arm squat; toe-out angle, stance width and squat depth during a barbell back squat; standing hip height, and foot progression angle. Results: HIR exhibited a significant correlation with TOA/FPA in each of the four models: static stance TOA, FPA, forward arm squat TOA, and barbell back squat TOA. HIR alone explained 15% and 24% of the variance associated with standing TOA and FPA, respectively. HIR and TFA explained 25% of the variance associated with TOA in a forward arm squat. HIR, TFA, and LAA explained 43% of the variance associated with TOA in a barbell back squat. On average, participants exhibited a positive TOA and FPA. Furthermore, average stance width and TOA increased from standing TOA to forward arm squat TOA to barbell back squat TOA. Conclusion: HIR was the most consistent structural predictor for TOA and FPA. Thigh foot angle was influential during a forward arm and barbell back squat. LAA was only associated with TOA during a barbell back squat which may be explained by participants naturally preparing for a loaded movement. Ankle dorsiflexion does not appear to influence TOA/FPA. Clinical Relevance: This study provides data on a specific population of young adult athletes. It shows that a positive TOA and FPA is widely preferred among participants, and stance width and TOA adapts to the task performed. Foot arch height is not a predictor of TOA or FPA and does not need to be included in an analysis of FPA. Finally, due to the overwhelming preference of a positive TOA during squatting tasks, clinicians and researchers alike should consider having participants squat in a natural, preferred stance
The need to believe: belief in science & religious belief examined as more general components of positive psychological functioning
Get PDFFurthered by the spectacular innovations of technological advancement over the recent centuries, empirical science has yielded a depth of knowledge about the universe that early naturalistic philosophers could not imagine. Present-day scientists seem to have a much stronger motivation to espouse naturalistic worldviews than do early philosophers – the explanatory power of science appears to render null the need for explanations via numinous religious beliefs. Why do so many people maintain religious beliefs, then? A large body of literature suggests that religious belief is strongly associated with positive psychological functioning. However, other research suggests that religious belief is sometimes associated with negative psychological functioning. More recently though, and perhaps more accurately, findings indicate that religious belief is not unique in providing people with positive psychological functioning. In fact, a growing body of literature suggests that belief in science functions in similar ways to religious belief in providing individuals with positive psychological functioning. The following work compares and contrasts religious belief and belief in science, as related to mental health. Theoretical implications are discussed, and direction for future research is suggested
Does personality affect competition, social organization, and fitness? a study using a small social mammal, Octodon degus
Get PDFAnimal personality represents consistent variation among individual behaviors that are repeatable across time and contexts. Recent research in behavioral ecology has revealed that animal personality influences ecological and evolutionary processes, and a growing number of studies demonstrate that personality can play a large role in the interactions among group-living animals. I studied the common degu (Octodon degus), a social and group-living rodent, to evaluate whether three personality traits (aggression, boldness, and activity level) play a role in shaping competitive interactions and composition of social groups, and whether these interactions influence the fitness of individuals in groups. Aggression was the only repeatable trait in the population, and I did not find personality traits to influence competitive outcome or group composition. Personality also did not affect fitness of individuals in groups. I discuss ecological and social contexts that might have influenced this population of degus and provide direction for future personality studies
On estimating the reliability in a multicomponent system based on progressively-censored data from Chen distribution
Get PDFThis research deals with classical, Bayesian, and generalized estimation of stress-strength reliability parameter, Rs;k = Pr(at least s of (X1;X2; :::;Xk) exceed Y) = Pr(Xks+1:k \u3eY) of an s-out-of-k : G multicomponent system, based on progressively type-II right-censored samples with random removals when stress and strength are two independent Chen random variables. Under squared-error and LINEX loss functions, Bayes estimates are developed by using Lindley’s approximation and Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Generalized estimates are developed using generalized variable method while classical estimates - the maximum likelihood estimators, their asymptotic distributions, asymptotic confidence intervals, bootstrap-based confidence intervals - are also developed. A simulation study and a real-world data analysis are provided to illustrate the proposed procedures. The size of the test, adjusted and unadjusted power of the test, coverage probability and expected lengths of the confidence intervals, and biases of the estimators are also computed, compared and contrasted
Redemption or contamination: reviewing the illness narratives of the chronically sick and their support systems
Get PDFChronically sick individuals deal with pain on a daily basis, which can lower their quality of life and make it more difficult. Illness narratives or “sickness stories” have been known to help people place illness in their lives. Support systems are a factor that could influence individuals’ illness narratives to lead them towards a redemption or contamination sequence. In this study, I interviewed twenty-five women with endometriosis and asked them questions regarding their health status, illness narratives, and support systems. The interviews were reviewed and categorized between redemptive and contamination sequences.The support systems influence on the sequence were also reviewed to determine how helpful they are at helping the sick cope. I argue that support systems are necessary for reaching a redemptive sequence and that the quality of support is more beneficial than the quantity. The individuals that did not utilize their support systems led to contamination sequences. In order for an individual to reach a redemption sequence, they must have at least one form of quality support and utilize the support to benefit from it