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Political attitudes of the young electorate in the 2016 presidential election and parental influences on political identity formation.
Get PDFWe examined the political attitudes of college-aged students and the political identities of their parents to better understand the role that both parent-child political socialization and the liberal university environment play in political identity formation. We compared students explicit and implicit political attitudes and examined the relationships of these attitudes to the political identities of their parents. We also explored the uniqueness of two candidates, Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election. Our results supported the existing notion of parental influences on political identity formation and revealed that the university environment may not play as large of a role in shifting first and second year university students away from political identities established at home. However, data revealed greater support for the non-traditional candidate in our left-leaning participants, suggesting that factors other than parent influence could be at play in forming the political identities of the youth
Challenge, Hindrance, and Threat Stressors: A Within- and Between-Persons Examination of General and Specific Stressor Appraisal Tendencies and A Priori Categorizations
Get PDFWithin the occupational stress literature, researchers have often identified stressors as being inherently challenging or hindering, based on previous classifications or on the outcomes usually associated with each. Although the challenge-hindrance model is based on the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), which emphasizes the importance of an individual’s cognitive appraisal of stimuli, much of the research on this framework has failed to measure an individual’s direct appraisal of stimuli in the environment as challenging, hindering, and threatening, which can be problematic when attempting to understand and predict occupational stress. In the present study we identify and share a taxonomy of common workplace stressors, contrast actual appraisal patterns with how researchers in this area tend to position each stressor, and reveal the pattern of appraisal tendencies associated with each of the 17 stressors. The results indicate that a priori classifications of stressors are not always accurate between or within individuals. We discuss implications for future research, which include re-evaluating a priori classifications, measuring appraisals, understanding complex stressors, and the possibility of appraisal tendencies.https://scholar.utc.edu/iopsy/1003/thumbnail.jp
How your I-O psychology training has prepared you handle the big, complex, and scary world of data analytics
Get PDFOrganizations, looking for new ways to collect and harness big data, are scouring the Internet in search of untapped outlets of information about job applicants and are using analytics on their internal big data generated by internal HRIS and processes. Despite being experts in organizational systems, quantitative and research methodologies, human behavior, and organizational change, human resource professionals are often intimidated by big data and analytics and are left out of critical analytic business planning, implementation, and evaluation conversations. While it is undeniable that technology has the capability to enhance human resource decision-making, the strong emphasis on technology also highlights the importance of asking the right questions, having the right measures, using the proper analyses, correctly interpreting the results, and knowing social, business, and legal environment in which results will be used. This presentation will illustrate how the training in industrial–organizational psychology and the knowledge and expertise that human resource professionals have make them perfectly poised to partner with technology experts and shape the future use of technology, data, and analytics in human resource management
Employer Perceptions of Addiction Recovery and Hiring Decisions
Get PDFAbstract Addiction to drugs and alcohol is a widespread, and ever-growing problem in American society today. Individuals who undergo treatment for their addiction often find it difficult to gain employment due to employers\u27 negative perceptions of addiction. Previous research has found that many employers have a stigma of those in addiction recovery. However, little research has been done to determine if these stigmas affect hiring decisions. Drug and alcohol misuse are prominent in the Appalachian area, which presents an issue for employers in the area who maintain a drug-free work place or who have a stigma of those in addiction recovery. The proposed study will assess employers’ attitudes towards applicants who have a history of substance misuse and/or are in treatment for substance misuse, with specific focus on self-reported likelihood of hiring an applicant who is in recovery. We hypothesize that employers will report a decreased likelihood of hiring individuals who are in recovery for substance misuse. Participants who are at least eighteen years of age and English-speaking will complete a survey on the REDCap web platform that includes a subset of questions from the Addiction Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (AABS). Items that will be used to assess employers’ attitudes were adapted from the Substance Use Stigma Mechanisms Scale (SU-SMS) and the Perceived Stigma Addiction Scale (PSAS). The proposed study is part of a larger study that is assessing attitudes and beliefs toward addiction among employers and within faith communities, as well as perceived stigmas experienced by those who are living with addiction or have a history of substance misuse, with particular emphasis on attitudes within the Appalachian Highlands community. Possible limitations of this proposed study include the lack of generalizability since employers in the Appalachian area may not be representative of the overall population. Another possible limitation is the use of self-report measures. Participants may not be willing to report accurately due to the sensitivity of the topic. If results of the proposed study support our hypothesis, further research should look at ways to reduce stigma and support employers in hiring those in addiction recovery. Existing research suggests that employment is vital for addiction treatment success and is associated with a decreased likelihood of relapse, making the need for the amelioration of this stigma imperative in dealing with the addiction crisis
Applying the Learning-by-Teaching Method in a Classroom Setting
Get PDFIt has been determined that there are many different ways to learn. Learning-by-teaching is a generative learning strategy and will be the main topic for the current research. The learning-by-teaching literature is very scattered in its approach. Some of the research has focused on showing the effect in a lab setting (e.g., Annis, 1983; Bargh & Schul, 1980; Fiorella & Mayer, 2013; Fiorella & Mayer, 2014; Hoogerheide et al., 2016; Hoogerheide et al., 2014; Herberg, Levin, & Saylor, 2012; Nestoiko, et al., 2014), while other research has focused on determining if teaching TAs using computer software can produce increased learning gains (Biswas et al., 2005; Chase et al., 2009; Okita & Schwartz, 2013), and others have taken it a step further to focus on finding learning-by-teaching in the workplace (Gregory et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2014, Tang et al., 2004). There are mixed results within the learning-by-teaching literature (Annis, 1983; Bargh & Schul, 1980; Hoogerheide et al., 2016; Herberg, Levin, & Saylor, 2012) . The goal of the present research will be to determine if isolating the learning-by-teaching method in the classroom can produce positive learning results. The participants for the current study will be students from the Fall 2019 Introduction to Industrial-Organizational Psychology class, at Middle Tennessee State University. Students will complete a homework assignment on both Taylor Russell tables and Training ROI. They will then have a test on this material. Students will then be randomly assigned to one of two conditions; Taylor Russell tables or Training ROI. Students will be given approximately three weeks to complete the homework assignment of creating a video of them teaching the material they were assigned. Approximately 5 weeks after the first exam students will then be given a second exam that will include questions on both Taylor Russel tables and Training ROI. The researchers anticipate that students will perform better on the test questions on the subject that they were required to teach. Students who create higher quality videos are likely to have higher learning gains on the topic they taught. Finally, the researchers anticipate that students who spend more time creating their videos will exhibit higher learning gains
Influence of Culture (US and Turkey) on Reactions to Social Network Screening
Get PDFAbstract Social Media has impacted every facet of society. One implication of Social Media concerns hiring practices. The ubiquity, easy-access, and wealth of information offered by Social Media have caught the eyes of recruiters. A survey by Careerbuilder (2018), which suggests 7 in 10 US employers use Social Media to research job candidates, captures this growing trend. HR departments in favor of Social Network Screening (SNS) argue that it helps avoid negligent hiring, attracts passive job-seekers, and investigates beneficial personality traits. But comparable issues, like lack of validity, legality, and privacy, also accompany it (e.g., Van Iddekinge, Lanivich, Roth, & Junco, 2016). With the advent of globalization, familiarity with international applicant reactions to selection methods becomes paramount for retention. These concerns are heightened amidst the global “war for talent” (Michaels, Handfield-Jones, & Axelrod, 2001). As business expand globally and SNS hiring methods proliferate, an examination of how culture influences applicant reactions to SNS screening becomes exigent. However, while research has explored applicant reactions to SNS (e.g., Stoughton, Thompson, & Meade, 2015), little research has explored cross-cultural reactions to this practice. According to Black, Stone, & Johnson, (2015), applicant reactions are influenced by Socio-Cultural Factors, which includes Power Distance Index, Individualism/Collectivism and cultural specific norms of privacy(Hofstede & Bond, 1984). Accordingly, this study uses the privacy model of Black et al. (2015) and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede & Bond, 1984) to measure the differences in reactions to Facebook screening between US and Turkish applicants
A Systematic Narrative Review of Training Programs for Prisoners in the United States
Get PDFEvery year in the United States, a large number of ex-offenders are convicted of a new crime after their initial release. Although the national statistic for prison recidivism is debated, a study published in 2018 by the U.S Department of Justice reported that 83% of state prisoners released in 2005 across 30 states were arrested again at least once after their release (Alper, et al., 2018). Research exists on the cause of recidivism as well as strategies to reduce it (Schmitt, Warner, & Gupta, 2010; Koschman and Peterson, 2013). One factor that contributes to this high rate of recidivism is that many ex-inmates lack the career- and job-related skills needed to integrate back into society and obtain stable employment (Petersilia 2004). This suggests that there may be utility in providing a variety of skills-based training programs either during time in prison or immediately after release. However, currently there is limited cumulative knowledge about the types of training programs that exist for prisoners or the extent to which such programs are effective. Our research project aims to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the empirical research on training programs for prisoners in the United States. Findings will be informed by the results of the review and will include and overview of the type of job training offered (e.g., trade skills, interpersonal skills, resume building, job-related skills such as math, reading and writing), the extent to which such training programs have demonstrated positive effects, and the populations targeted (e.g., men, women, individuals in recovery from substance abuse). We will also examine if multi-component programs are associated with more positive outcomes and if program effectiveness varies by prisoner age, sex, type of offense and point in the correctional process that the training is administered (pre-prison, during prison, probation). We are currently in the process of conducting a systematic literature review focusing on peer-reviewed empirical articles that focus on the effectiveness of career- and job-related training for working age prisoners in the United States. To be included in the review, articles must include the evaluation of a training program designed for and delivered to prisoners in the United States. Through this literature review, we hope to inform future research and identify areas of high priority for improvement
Perceptions of juvenile confessions as a function of police report and questioning quality
Get PDFRecent research has shown that mock jurors are sensitive to interrogation coerciveness and its relation to risk of false confessions in adults if they can see interrogation tactics used, but not if provided with a police report that omits these tactics (Kassin et al., 2017). The present study was designed to extend these findings to a juvenile confession case. The current study analyzed the effects of interrogation quality and type of evidence presented on mock jurors\u27 perceptions of a juvenile confession. Participants (N= 602) read a case in which coerciveness (highly vs slightly), police report type (accurate vs inaccurate vs no report), and interrogation transcript presence (present vs. not present) were manipulated. Regardless of coercion level or accuracy, police report presence led to more guilty verdicts. Consistent with prior studies of adult interrogations, results indicate that reading a police report significantly diminishes mock jurors’ capacity to critically analyze juvenile confessions
Active colloid behavior exhibiting soft-sphere characteristics for non-Newtonian solvent
Get PDFThe purpose of analyzing soft-sphere Brownian particles with varying velocities and densities is to be able to predict their interaction behavior once a force has been applied. The particles portray different behaviors depending on if the particles are passive or active Brownian particles. The data studied was collected from simulations, and there are no attractive forces involved in the particles’ interactions. Mean square displacement graphs, radial distribution graphs, structure factor graphs, and viscosity as a function of density and velocity were used to examine and compare the data generated. Experimental data was analyzed by a program to be interpreted into a mean square displacement graph. It has been determined that once particles form into clusters, the clusters do not remain static, but they interact as a dynamic system. For the analysis of viscosity, it has been determined that an increase in density always results in shear thickening. However, an increase in velocity creates an overall shear thickening trend, but an increased velocity of the particles results in clusters splitting into two small clusters leading to a shear thinning effect. These results allow for a better understanding of Brownian particle behavior given different environmental factors such as magnitude of force
The Vietnam War at home and abroad: soldiers, military leadership, and the antiwar movement
Get PDFDuring the 1960s and 1970s, youth activism and culture shaped American society. Pre- and college-age youth participated in the civil rights movement, engaged in politics to improve their education and equality, and called for a true democracy in American culture. The youth were passionately standing up for what they believed in, shaping the mold of America’s future. One of the most remembered youth protests of the 1970s was the antiwar movements. What began as peaceful demonstrations in 1964, quickly turned into draft card burnings, antiwar music recordings, and even went as far as torching ROTC buildings. The Kent State shooting and Woodstock define the American collective memory of the Vietnam War and antiwar movements. The youth, for the first time, were not accepting traditional norms of American society. They organized protests that inspired older generation’s harsh criticism. Students demanded an end to the war, and a political agenda that reflected true equality and democracy. Growing violence and tensions at home resonated among soldiers in Vietnam who started to question military involvement abroad because of increasing domestic disputes and a prolonged war. Many soldiers joined the antiwar movement by producing underground newspapers and holding strategic meetings in coffeehouses. Letters from soldiers abroad often described confusion and guilt about their military service. Other soldiers expressed feelings of betrayal by their own country. They asserted that soldiers deserved more support since they were dying for the idea of freedom and doing their duty as Americans. Divisions at home corresponded with growing tensions in the armed forces. What caused soldiers’ disillusionment? How did antiwar movements shape soldiers’ perceptions abroad? How might the fiery protests that targeted the U.S. Armed Forces have affected soldiers’ morale in Vietnam? Did the protests affect the outcome of the war? There is no question that the American public influenced political and military decision making, but this paper will examine how antiwar movements uniquely affected soldiers on the front lines. During WWII, many Americans supported war efforts; soldiers emerged as heroes receiving economic benefits with the GI Bill. During the Vietnam War, however, growing public opposition against the war far outnumbered its supporters; soldiers became a target of war protestors. This honors thesis argues that antiwar movements and failing political leadership shaped the general morale among soldiers and outcome of the Vietnam War