Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Estimation of Genetic Capacity of Simmental Dual Purpose Cattle for Milk and Conformation Traits in High Arid Climate
No full textThe aim of the current research was to estimate the genetic parameters for milk and conformation traits in Simmental dual-purpose cattle breed. Heritability estimates were 21% for milk yield while body type traits were 26, 13, 10, 28, 20, 35, 6 and 33% for BW, BCS, CL, CW, BD, ST, rump and HG, respectively. Repeatability estimates were all moderate and high for FCM 305 day milk yields, body and udder conformational traits. The BW and HG had positive, high and significant genetic correlation with 305 d FCM. The genetic correlation between 305 d FCM and CL was positive, moderate and significant. The Rump and BD had the highest and significant genetic correlation between body type traits. All the udder conformation traits had positive, high and significant genetic correlation with 305 d FCM except of udder clearance. Current results suggest that selection for conformation traits will translate into increased milk in Simmental cattle
Microbial Loads of Beef and Hygienic Practice of Butchers in Jos Municipal Abattoir
No full textThe microbial loads of processed beef in Jos abattoir were investigated in this study, as well as the hygiene practices of butchers. Fresh beef samples were randomly collected from Jos-south abattoir, Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of twenty samples were collected in a separate sample bag. They were kept in cool box filled with ice and transported to the microbiology laboratory of Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology (FCAH&PT), National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria for analyses. Meat samples weighing one gram each were grinded to fine particles using mortar and pestles and mixed with the normal saline solution to make 10 milliliters and diluted serially into ten test tubes. One milliliter of inoculum was taken from the test tube using sterile pipette and poured into sterile Petri dish. 20 milliliters of sterile nutrient agar was poured into each sterile Petri dish, distributed and mixed evenly. The Petri dishes with molten inoculated media were allowed to solidify. All samples inoculated in nutrient agar were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours in order to get the viable bacterial counts. Petri dishes containing 30 - 300 colonies on nutrient agar plate were selected. These were counted using colony counter, enumerated and expressed in CFU/g/ml of meat samples from every location respectively. Incubated nutrient agar plates were examined for yellow and amber growth. Isolates were examined microscopically using Gram staining procedure for Gram- positive cocci in clusters. These suggested the presence of Staphylococcus species. The incubated Eosin Methylene blue agar (EMB Agar) plates were examined for characteristic dark centered greenish and translucent colorless amber growth which suggest the presence of Escherichia coli, and translucent, amber colored or colorless growth which suggest the presence of Salmonella or Shigella species. The isolates were examined microscopically using Gram-staining procedure for Gram-negative straight short rods which suggested the presence of Escherichia coli and Gram-negative long rods which suggests the presence of Salmonella and Shigella species. The growth on Mac-Conkey plates were examined for pink colonies for Escherichia coli which is a lactose fermenter and amber colonies for Salmonella or Shigella species. The incubated Salmonella-Shigella agar plates were examined for colourless colony with black centered growth which suggest the presence of Salmonella species (hydrogen sulphite producing bacteria), pink growth which suggests the presence of Escherichia coli (lactose fermenter) and colorless colony which suggests the presence of Shigella species (non-lactose fermenter and non-hydrogen sulphite producing bacteria). The biochemical characteristics were carried out according to the method described by [14,15]. Escherichia coli had the highest percentage load of 34.1%, Salmonella spp. with 31.8%, Staphylococcus aureus had 20.5% and Shigella spp. had 13.6%. To ascertain the hygiene level of butchers in the abattoir, a total of 50 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to abattoir attendants/butchers in Jos-south Local Government and 43 out of this where retrieved. The response of 86% was considered sufficient for analysis in this study. This study captured the general information on the respondents such as gender, age and educational status. In this case, all the respondents (100%) were males with age range 18-44 years
Antibacterial Potential of Aqueous Neem Leaf Extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on Spermatozoa Quality in Extended Porcine Semen
No full textAim: The present study was investigated to assess the antibacterial potential of aqueous neem leaves extracts (ANLE) on spermatozoa quality in extended porcine semen.
Materials and Methods: Fresh semen was collected from a mature and intact boar (age, breed, body condition score, health status) using the glove-hand technique. The collected semen samples were diluted and allotted to six treatments with three replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design and evaluated at 0, 24 and 48 h of refrigeration at 17°C. Semen quality parameters such as progressive motility (%), viability (%), morphology (%), pH, acrosome integrity (%), and bacteria load (×104 CFU/mL) were evaluated.
Results and Discussion: At 48 h, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in motility was observed across the treatments with Treatment 1 giving the highest mean value (84.67±2.40) and Treatment 6 (100% ANLE) gave the least value (70.00±0.00). At 48 h, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in viability across the treatments. Treatment 2 and Treatment 3 (25% ANLE) though with a significant difference between the means has given the closest mean value (79.67±0.33 and 76.67±0.67 respectively) to Treatment 1 (80.00±0.00). At 48 h, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in morphology was also observed across the treatments. Treatment 2 and Treatment 3 (25% ANLE), though with a significant difference between the means has given the closest mean values (81.33±0.67 and 79.33±0.33 respectively) to Treatment 1 (82.00±1.00). At 48 h, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in acrosome integrity, as well as pH, was also observed across the treatments. The general trend for bacteria load is a decline as the level of ANLE increases across the treatments at 48 h of refrigeration.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that 25% of ANLE can be used in boar semen extension up to 48 h of storage at 17°C
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infestation of Calf at Sylhet Government Dairy Farm (SGDF), Bangladesh
No full textTo investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infestation (GIT) of calves, 35 fecal samples were collected from District Dairy Farm, Sylhet of Bangladesh. Fecal samples of two different genotypes were examined for GIT parasites. The results of the fecal examination revealed that 57.14% calves were infected with some of the parasites. The highest prevalence of parasitic infestation was by Oesophagostomum radiatum (25.71%) followed by Trichuris trichuris (20.00%), Toxocara vitulorum (14.29%), Haemonchus contortus (11.43%), Moniezia expansa and Fasciola gigantica (8.57%) and infestation with Trichostrongylus axei, Strongyloides papillosus, Moniezia benedeni and Bunostomum phlebotomum was the lowest (2.86%). Prevalence of GIT parasitic infestation in Shahiwal and Holstein Frisian was 60% and 40% respectively. The prevalence GIT parasites in calves were high at above one year age (57.14 %) and lowest in below one year age (40.00%). The age and genotype of the calves and the locality of investigations might have influenced the prevalence of the parasitic infections
Hematology and Blood Serum Chemistry of Albino Rat Fed Variously Processed False Yam (Icacina trichantha) Root Tuber at Varying Replacement Levels for Maize
No full textThe experiment was conducted at the Animal science laboratory, Teaching and Research Farm, Ambrose Alli University to evaluate the effect of feeding differently processed false yam tuber meal on the hematology and blood serum chemistry of Albino rats. Fresh tubers of Icacina trichantha were collected from Ekpoma environ. The tubers were washed then chopped and were differently processed by oven drying, sun drying as well as parboiling and sun drying. All processed tubers were then milled and an aliquot was collected and labeled before taken to the laboratory. 36 unsexed albino rats of an average age of 6 weeks were randomly allotted to four treatment namely: Corn starch-egg mixture as the control while diet 2, 3 and 4 were Oven dried, Sun dried and parboiled-sun dried Icacina tricantha in a completely Randomized Design with three replicates. The result on the hematology showed that Hb and PCV were higher (P<0.05) among rats fed oven dried false yam. WBC was higher (P<0.05) among rats fed parboiled sundried false yam comparable to control. MCH, MCHC, and RDW were higher (P<0.05) in that fed oven dried false yam. Platelet value was higher (P<0.05) in those fed sun-dried false yam. MPV, PWD, and neutrophil values were higher (P<0.05) among rats fed parboiled sundried false yam. lymphocyte was higher among those fed diet 3. Serum chemistry showed that globulin, urea, and creatinine were significantly affected. It is concluded therefore that the inclusion of oven dried false yam meal as the substitute for maize in the diet enhances the blood quality of Albino rats
Occurrence of Multi Drug Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli in Apparently Healthy Lambs and Kids from Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria
No full textAim: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of multi-drugs resistant commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) in apparently healthy kids and lambs from Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria.
Study Design: A cross sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling method.
Methodology: In all, 200 fecal samples were collected from apparently healthy lambs and kids using sterile swaps (100 samples each). The lambs and kids were grouped into 3 categories based on age which include 0 to ≤ 1 month, >1 to ≤ 2 months and >2 to ≤ 3 months. A total of 90 (45%) commensal E. coli isolates were detected using Standard bacteriological and biochemical tests. Kids had significantly (P<0.05) higher isolation rate (70%) compared to lambs (20%). A significant association and linear trend in the proportions of commensal E. coli isolates between the age categories was observed. Lambs and kids up to 1 month old 12 (13.3%) had lower isolation rate compared to the other age groups 2 months old 39 (83%) and 3 months old 39 (56.5%). Antibiogram pattern of the isolated commensal E. coli was evaluated against 10 antibiotics which showed high resistance against Pefloxacin (100%), Amoxicillin (97.7%), Chloramphenicol (94.4%), Ceftriaxone (93.3%), Cefuroxime (92.2%), Nitrofurantoin (67.8%) and Streptomycin (51.1%). The isolates were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (95.5%) and Ofloxacin (95.5%). All isolates of the commensal E. coli90 (100%) showed varying multiple drugs resistance patterns ranging from 3 to 8 antibiotics.
Conclusion: These results indicated that commensal E. coli can be potential reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes and there may be possibility of horizontal transmission to animals and humans. Using only effective antibiotics in management of E. coli infections is strongly recommended. Laws regulating prescriptions and dispensing of veterinary drugs ought to be fully implemented and there is need to create public awareness on dangers of indiscriminate use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed
A Baseline Study for Cadmium Concentrations in Blood of Goats in Some Communities of Bade, Northern Yobe, Nigeria
No full textAim: This study was carried out to evaluate levels of Cadmium (Cd) in goats as sentinels for Cd pollution in some farming communities in Bade Northern Yobe, Nigeria.
Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study.
Methodology: A total of 356 blood samples were collected from semi-intensively managed goats from 5 randomly selected wards in the study area. A total of 55 goats were sampled from Dagona, 72 from Katuzu, 78 from each of Lawan Musa and Sabon Gari and 73 from Usur/Dawayo wards. Sexes of the animals were noted during sampling. Concentration of blood cadmium was assayed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GFAAS). The samples were digested using NH2:H2O2 wet digestion technique. Mean (±SEM) blood Cd concentrations of the sampled goats were 7.677±0.53, 3.835±0.47, 3.996±0.45, 2.810±0.45, and 3.314±0.46 µg/L for Dagona, Katuzu, Lawan Musa, Sabon Gari and Usur/Dawayo wards respectively. Goats from Dagona ward had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean blood Cd concentrations compared to other locations but there was no statistically significant difference in mean blood Cd levels between males and females.
Conclusion: The detection of Cd in the blood of most of the animals (99.4%) is suggestive of how widely distributed Cd is in the area and presence of Cd in blood of 349 (98.6%) goats at concentrations above the recommended normal levels of 0.185 µg/L by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is worrisome. There is need to identify possible Cd emission sources in the study area in order to control contamination of the environment and hence minimize humans’ and animals’ exposure to the nephrotoxic metal
Comparison of the Immunogenicity and Pathogenicity of a Genetically Engineered Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Vaccine and Two Commercial Live Vaccines in Chickens with Maternal Antibodies
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of an experimental infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) live vaccine, BD3-tc, derived by genetic engineering from a Bangladeshi very virulent IBDV strain. Two commercial live IBDV vaccines, D-78 and 228E, were included for comparison. Two-hundred 1-day-old commercial layer chickens were raised in relative isolation and at 14 days of age the chickens were divided into 4 groups in 4 separate houses. Three groups were vaccinated intraocularly with the BD3-tc or D-78 or 228E at 14 and 21 days of age and the fourth group served as an unvaccinated control. At 21, 28, and 35 days of age, chickens were individually weighed, bled, and necropsied. The bursa of Fabricius (BF) from each chicken was collected, weighed, formalin fixed, and examined histologically. The immunogenicity was evaluated by serum antibody titer to IBDV as measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The pathogenicity was analyzed by bursa/body-weight (B/Bw) ratio and gross and histopathological lesions in BF. The chickens were found to have high maternal antibody (mAb) titers (mean titer = 7324 on day 3). Following primary vaccination, no significant level of acquired antibody was observed in any of the vaccine groups. However, on day 35, two weeks after booster, the 228E group had nearly unchanged and the BD3-tc group had a slight increase of antibody titer. In contrast, antibody level in the D-78 group continued to decline. No significant changes in B/Bw ratios and bursal lesion scores were observed in any of the vaccine groups. Together, these findings show that high mAb titers in chicks can interfere with the take of IBDV vaccines, however, the 228E and BD3-tc vaccines are capable of breaking through the mAb at a relatively higher level as compared to the D-78
Utilization of Enzyme Supplemented Cowpea Testa Meal by Broiler Chickens 1: Effect on Growth Performance and Cost of Production
No full textAims: To evaluate the utilization of cowpea testa meal supplemented with or without enzyme maxigrain® on broiler chicken growth performance.
Study Design: Completely randomized design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at a Commercial Poultry Farm in Yola, Nigeria between the months of October and December 2016.
Methodology: Experimental diets were compounded using Cowpea testa meal (CTM). The CTM replaced wheat offal at 0, 25, 50, 70 and 100%. 0.20 g/kg enzyme maxigrain® was supplemented at two levels (with and without). Four hundred (400) unsexed day old Anak 2000 were used, the birds were brooded for two weeks on commercial starter diet and then randomly assigned to dietary treatments of four replicates with ten birds per replicate in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each replicate was housed in 3 × 3m deep litter pens fitted with wood shavings, feeders and drinkers.
Results: Birds fed replacement levels of CTM without enzyme supplementation showed significantly decrease (P<0.05) in average final body weight and daily weight gain as the levels of replacement in the diets, while average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost and feed cost per kg weight gain increased. Enzyme supplemented CTM showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in average daily weight gain, final body weight gain and a decrease in feed intake, feed cost and feed cost per kg weight gain over non-supplemented birds.
Conclusion: It was concluded that CTM can replace wheat offal 100% with 0.20g/kg Maxagrain® in broiler chicken diets
Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Baobab, Amaranthus and Tiger Nut during a Hot-dry Season
No full textThis study investigated effects of baobab pulp (Adansonia digitata), Amaranthus hybridus and tiger nut (Cyperus esculenthus) on growth performance, cost-benefit indices and nutrient retention of heat-stressed broilers. The test ingredients were crude sources of vitamins A, C and E functioning as anti-stress for broilers during a hot-dry season. A total of 240 unsexed broiler chicks were used for the study in a completely randomized design (CRD), which lasted for 8 weeks. The birds were allotted to six treatments (each contained 40 chicks) of four replicates each. Test ingredients were included in the starter and finisher diets at 1%. Diet 1 (T1) served as the control. T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained synthetic vitamin C, baobab pulp, amaranthus and tiger nut seed respectively. T6 contained 0.3% each of baobab, amaranthus and tiger nut. Results from the study revealed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the performance indices and the nutrient retained by the birds. Broiler chickens fed baobab pulp (crude source of vitamin C, T3) had significantly more profit (P<0.05), better final body weight (P<0.05) and crude protein retention (P<0.05) than those fed amaranthus (T4), tiger nut (T5) and the mixture of the test ingredients (T6). Feed conversion ratio was at the best (1.58) in T3 while T5 gave the worst (1.64) at 4th week. Birds fed T1 gave the best (1.07) feed conversion ratio while T4 had the worst (1.26) at 8th week. T2, T3 and T5 had the least (10%) mortality compared with those fed control diet (T1), amaranthus (T4) and the mixture (T6). In conclusion, the study showed that baobab pulp could replace synthetic vitamin C as antioxidant based on growth performance of broilers and its accrued profitability during a hot-dry season in the tropics