Repositorio Digital Ikiam (Univ. Regional Amazónica)
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    First ESR dating of quaternary sediments in Mérida Andes, Western Venezuela

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    The main objective of this study is to demonstrate that Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating of Quaternary sediments can be performed at Venezuelan Laboratory (Laboratorio de Física de la Materia Condensada – Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas). The dating was carried out using quartz samples extracted from sedimentary Quaternary fill of three alluvial terraces (Qt12, Qt9 and Qt7) located along the Santo Domingo River (Mérida Andes, Western Venezuela), that have been previously studied and dated by Terrestrial Cosmogenic Isotope (10Be). The sedimentological characteristics of the Qt9 terrace fill indicate that the transport and sedimentation process of the sediments was under stable and high energy conditions. Our ESR dating suggest a maximum age of 85 ± 16 ka for this terrace, which is consistent with the 10Be ages previously published. In the case of the Qt12 and Qt7 terraces, field observations suggest a sediment transport process by debris flows, with rapid deposition. In this case, our ESR ages (228 ± 93 ka, 108 ± 33 ka, for Qt12 and Qt7, respectively) seem to be overestimated compared with the 10Be ages reported in previous studies. These results confirm that the sedimentary material to be used for dating through this technique must be deposited under stable conditions involving long-term sediment transport processes. This will allow the “optical bleaching” of paramagnetic centers to occur before the material is buried, as seems to have happened with the Qt9 terrace sample. The results discussed in this work support the existence of the technological and human resources necessary to carry out numerical dating of Quaternary sediments in Venezuela

    Effect of passive restoration on soil bacterial communities and factors associated in the major terrestrial biomes

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    Passive restauration is a common strategy for the recovery of the structure and functionality of forests throughout the world. The degree to which this has occurred is usually evaluated through the study of the plant and animal species present, and soil properties, while little attention has been paid to changes in the communities of soil microorganisms. In order to elucidate the influence of passive restoration in different terrestrial biomes on soil bacteria communities, microbial biomass, and the physical and chemical properties of soil, the present study undertook a meta-analysis of 82 articles to answer the following questions: (i) Does the resilience of soil microbiota and the physical and chemical properties of the soil after of a passive restoration process vary among terrestrial biomes? (ii) What are the levels of soil microbiota and the physical-chemical properties of restored forest compared with primary forest, within the different biomes? (iii) What are the most important soil properties contributing to the change on soil microbial biomass abundance in the passive restoration process? Our results showed that, in some biomes, the levels of soil properties, microbial biomass, and bacterial communities increased during the passive restoration process, but, even if the factors driving forest degradation are removed, the soil may not return to its original state. Moreover, we found that there are only moderate correlations between microbial C and N response ratios (RR) and SOC RR, in this restoration process

    Croton lechleriExtracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors ofAdmiralty Brass in Hydrochloric Acid

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    moleculesArticleCroton lechleriExtracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors ofAdmiralty Brass in Hydrochloric AcidCarlos Cevallos-Morillo1, Pablo Cisneros-Pérez2, Roxana Llive2, Marvin Ricaurte3, Carlos Reinoso4,Miguel Angel Meneses5, Maria del Cisne Guamán5and Alex Palma-Cando3,* Citation:Cevallos-Morillo, C.;Cisneros-Pérez, P.; Llive, R.; Ricaurte,M.; Reinoso, C.; Meneses, M.A.;Guamán, M.d.C.; Palma-Cando, A.Croton lechleriExtracts as GreenCorrosion Inhibitors of AdmiraltyBrass in Hydrochloric Acid.Molecules2021,26, 7417. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247417Academic Editors: Soumen Mandal,Han-Seung Lee and JitendraKumar SinghReceived: 17 November 2021Accepted: 3 December 2021Published: 7 December 2021Publisher’s Note:MDPI stays neutralwith regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affil-iations.Copyright:© 2021 by the authors.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).1Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Francisco Viteri s/n y Gato Sobral,Quito 170129, Ecuador; [email protected] Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 150102, Ecuador; [email protected] (P.C.-P.);[email protected] (R.L.)3Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences andEngineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San Josés/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuquí100119, Ecuador;[email protected] of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San Josés/n y ProyectoYachay, Urcuquí100119, Ecuador; [email protected] de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110150, Ecuador;[email protected] (M.A.M.); [email protected] (M.d.C.G.)*Correspondence: [email protected]:Croton lechleri,commonly known as Dragon’s blood, is a tree cultivated in the northwestAmazon rainforest of Ecuador and Peru. This tree produces a deep red latex which is composedof different natural products such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and others. The chemicalstructures of these natural products found inC. lechlerilatex are promising corrosion inhibitors ofadmiralty brass (AB), due to the number of heteroatoms andπstructures. In this work, three differentextracts ofC. lechlerilatex were obtained, characterized phytochemically, and employed as novel greencorrosion inhibitors of AB. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) was determined in an aqueous0.5 M HCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel plots) and electrochemical impedancespectroscopy, measuring current density and charge transfer resistance, respectively. In addition,surface characterization of AB was performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Chloroform alkaloid-richextracts resulted in IE% of 57% at 50 ppm, attributed to the formation of a layer of organic compoundson the AB surface that hindered the dezincification process. The formulation of corrosion inhibitorsfromC. lechlerilatex allows for the valorization of non-edible natural sources and the diversificationof the offer of green corrosion inhibitors for the chemical treatment of heat exchangers

    Biología reproductiva de la palma Socratea rostrata Burret en la Reserva Biológica Colonso Chalupas, Napo- Ecuador

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    Socratea rostrata es una palma de piedemonte que ofrece frutos y materia prima a las comunidades humanas locales, con pocos estudios acerca de su ecología reproductiva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar aspectos de la biología reproductiva de S. rostrata, como morfología de flores y frutos, fenología reproductiva y visitantes florales; por lo tanto se observó la morfología y mensualmente la fenología y visitantes florales de 90 individuos en la Reserva Biológica Colonso Chalupas, entre marzo del 2019 y septiembre del 2020. Los visitantes florales fueron colectados durante la apertura de las inflorescencias y colocados en fundas de plástico con alcohol al 96% para su clasificación en el laboratorio. La floración fue sincrónica (71.1%), entre agosto y noviembre mostrando una relación con la época más seca del año 2020. Hubo una producción de 360 inflorescencias y 327 infrutescencias durante el muestreo. La formación de frutos duró entre cinco y seis meses. Con respecto al número de visitantes florales, S. rostrata presentó 30 morfotipos pertenecientes a cuatro ordenes de insectos: Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera e Hymenoptera. El 67% de los morfotipos son coleópteros pertenecientes a las familias Nitidulidae y Curculionidae, por lo que posiblemente son los principales polinizadores de esta palma. La relación mostrada entre la floración y la temperatura es importante dentro del contexto de cambio global, puesto que alteraciones en esta variable podría conllevar un cambio en esta relación con los polinizadores y generar cambios poblacionales alterando la estructura y funcionamiento del bosque. La información es un aporte al conocimiento de la diversidad del país, además de ser útil en la elaboración de planes de manejo para la protección de la palma y las especies asociadas

    Visitantes florales asociados a palmas del género Geonoma en la provincia de Napo

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    El género Geonoma es de los más diversos entre las palmas. En Ecuador están registradas 32 especies que representan el 30% de palmas en el país y el 47% de todo el género. Son parte importante de la estructura del sotobosque de los bosques neotropicales de piedemonte, pero a la vez son muy vulnerables a los disturbios y cambios de uso del suelo. En la provincia de Napo se encuentra la mayoría de registros del género realizados hace más de 20 años. A pesar de la riqueza y la importancia de las especies existe poco conocimiento ecológico de la mayoría de éstas. Con el fin de conocer las interacciones de estas especies de palmas con artrópodos se recolectó los visitantes florales de Geonomas en la provincia. Entre enero-marzo de 2020, y octubre 2020-febrero de 2021, se recolectó inflorescencias de diez especies, una morfoespecie y una subespecie. Los insectos de las inflorescencias fueron separados por morfotipos, contados y fotografiados. Posteriormente, se generó una red de interacción entre especies de palmas y sus visitantes florales para ver cuales de estos son compartidos y tienen mayor o menor interacción con las diferentes especies. Se encontraron 87 morfoespecies de artrópodos, en orden de riqueza y abundancia a coleópteros (37 morfoespecies), dípteros (18) e himenópteros (14). Este es el primer estudio que arroja información acerca de los visitantes florales de G. hollinensis y G. longepedunculata y contribuye a extender la lista de registros de visitantes florales de G. deversa, G. macrostachys morf. atrovirens y G. stricta subsp. arundinacea

    Identificación morfológica y molecular de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares asociados a las plantas de guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) de la comunidad San Salvador del cantón Tena, Ecuador

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    Los productos derivados de la planta de guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) experimentan una creciente demanda en el mercado debido a los compuestos bioactivos que albergan sus hojas. Tomando en cuenta la baja fertilidad natural de los suelos amazónicos, uno de los grandes desafíos es explorar nuevas alternativas agroecológicas que busquen mejorar la nutrición y el rendimiento de los cultivos de guayusa, manteniendo los criterios agroecológicos que actualmente se aplican en los sistemas agroforestales en donde la guayusa es cultivada. En este sentido, los Hongos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (HMA) cumplen un rol preponderante en la funcionalidad de los ecosistemas ya que mejoran la nutrición de las plantas que colonizan a cambio de carbohidratos y lípidos. En el presente trabajo, se describe por primera vez la colonización de los HMA en I. guayusa. Se identificó el morfotipo de colonización intermedio y la frecuente presencia de arbúsculos (>45%), mientras que la identificación taxonómica clásica de esporas y la secuenciación NGS de la región ITS-2 revelaron que sólo los HMA de la familia Glomeraceae estuvieron presentes en la rizósfera (70.4%) y en el interior de las raíces de la guayusa (97.6%). Probablemente, todas las familias de HMA que habitan en la rizósfera de I. guayusa no siempre colonizan el interior de sus raicillas, a pesar de las limitaciones en la identificación taxonómica clásica y el potencial sesgo de la secuenciación ITS-2 hacia la familia Glomearceae. En conjunto, estos resultados constituyen el primer paso hacia la producción de biofertilizantes basados en propágulos autóctonos de HMA para I. guayusa

    Co-design of a Nature-Based Solutions Ecosystem for Reactivating a Peri-Urban District in Quito, Ecuador

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    In Quito, climate change has shifted average temperatures, increased flooding during the rainy season, and intensified fires during the dry season. The city of Quito is committed to reducing its emissions at a 5% annual rate until 2025. For this purpose, Quito has developed specific plans like the “Vision 2040” and the “Resilience Strategy.” The present paper results from an award-winning proposal to the “Mi barrio ejemplar y sostenible” [My exemplary and sustainable neighborhood] urban competition and is based on developing the “Vision 2040” for San Enrique de Velasco, a typical peri-urban district of Quito. This proposal was developed considering a co-design process using both traditional methodologies and an innovative tool based on collaborative urbanism. Against a deprived and segregated district, where the lack of green areas and access to nature is now affecting the daily life of residents, the proposal considers using nature-based solutions (NBS) as a main driver for rehabilitating pride and a cohesive spirit among neighbors, developing the local economy, recovering the important natural assets of the area, solving issues like stormwater management and lack of comfort in public areas with ecological means, and developing a new landscape

    Multi-taxa ecological responses to habitat loss and fragmentation in western Amazonia as revealed by RAPELD biodiversity surveys

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    La pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat causada por la deforestación es un importante impulsor antropogénico de cambios sobre la biodiversidad en la selva amazónica. Sin embargo, la magnitud y dirección de los efectos sobre la composición y distribución de las especies aún es incomprendida. Evaluamos las respuestas de cuatro grupos taxonómicos - aves, anbios, abejas de orquídeas y escarabajos peloteros - a la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat, tanto a nivel de especies como de ensamblaje, en la Amazonía norte ecuatoriana. Tomamos muestras de quince parcelas de 250 m de largo en remanentes de bosque de tierra rme. Calculamos un índice de fragmentación del paisaje (fragindex), que considera la cobertura forestal continua, densidad del borde y el aislamiento en el paisaje, y nueve métricas de conguración del paisaje para analizar las respuestas de especies y ensamblajes. Más del 80% de las especies de aves, anbios o abejas de orquídeas y el 60% de los escarabajos peloteros se vieron afectados negativamente por la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat. La composición por especies se vio signicativamente afectada por las diferencias en la cobertura forestal y la conectividad, mientras que la forma y el área de los parches de bosque determinaron la magnitud y la dirección del efecto en las respuestas de las especies. Por lo tanto, los cambios en la conguración del paisaje de la Amazonía ecuatoriana deben minimizarse para disminuir los efectos de la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat sobre la presencia de especies y la composición de los ensambles

    Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests (Nature Communications, (2020), 11, 1, (5515), 10.1038/s41467-020-18996-3)

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    The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted-modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth-survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality

    Evolutionary and ecological processes influencing chemical defense variation in an aposematic and mimetic Heliconius butterfly

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    Chemical defences against predators underlie the evolution of aposematic coloration and mimicry, which are classic examples of adaptive evolution. Surprisingly little is known about the roles of ecological and evolutionary processes maintaining defence variation, and how they may feedback to shape the evolutionary dynamics of species. Cyanogenic Heliconius butterflies exhibit diverse warning color patterns and mimicry, thus providing a useful framework for investigating these questions. We studied intraspecific variation in de novo biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity and its potential ecological and evolutionary sources in wild populations of Heliconius erato along environmental gradients, in common-garden broods and with feeding treatments. Our results demonstrate substantial intraspecific variation, including detectable variation among broods reared in a common garden. The latter estimate suggests considerable evolutionary potential in this trait, although predicting the response to selection is likely complicated due to the observed skewed distribution of toxicity values and the signatures of maternal contributions to the inheritance of toxicity. Larval diet contributed little to toxicity variation. Furthermore, toxicity profiles were similar along steep rainfall and altitudinal gradients, providing little evidence for these factors explaining variation in biosynthesized toxicity in natural populations. In contrast, there were striking differences in the chemical profiles of H. erato from geographically distant populations, implying potential local adaptation in the acquisition mechanisms and levels of defensive compounds. The results highlight the extensive variation and potential for adaptive evolution in defense traits for aposematic and mimetic species, which may contribute to the high diversity often found in these systems

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