Repositorio Digital Ikiam (Univ. Regional Amazónica)
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Caracterización bioquímica y actividad toxicológica del veneno de serpiente Bothriechis Schlegegelii de Ecuador
Get PDFBothriechis schlegelii es una serpiente venenosa muy poco estudiada en el Ecuador y ampliamente distribuida en América Central y el norte de Sudamérica. Además, de su amplia distribución geográfica se conoce que es una especie variable a nivel venómico. Debido a su hábito arborícola generalmente sus mordeduras se reportan en la cabeza, tronco y extremidades superiores, lo cual implica importantes complicaciones clínicas como dolor local, edema, hemorragia y hasta necrosis en casos graves. Dilucidar bioquímicamente el
perfil proteómico y actividades toxicológicas del veneno de B. schlegelii de Ecuador genera un pronóstico clínico después del envenenamiento y proporciona una mejor guía para la producción de un antiveneno eficaz. Las proteínas detectadas en B. schlegelii podrían investigarse selectivamente en busca de potenciales moléculas terapéuticas. En el presente estudio, se identificó que el veneno está conformado en su mayoría principalmente por tres familias de proteínas: fosfolipasas PLA2 en 34.7%, serin proteasas SVSP en 23.35% y
metaloproteinasas SVM P en 19.95%. Los ensayos enzimáticos y toxicológicos corroboraron la presencia de varias de estas familias de proteínas detectadas. Curiosamente, mientras el veneno de B. schlegelii exhibió una actividad letal baja en ratones, mostró una alta actividad fosfolipasa, considerable para SVSP y L-aminoxidasas LAAO, y una actividad proteolítica relativamente baja. En particular, no se observó actividad hemorrágica, pero si una considerable actividad inflamatoria. Estos resultados muestran que el veneno de B.
schlegelii Ecuador a pesar de tener una baja actividad letal sus actividades toxicológicas contribuyen con los síntomas del envenenamiento. Esta caracterización puede ser usada para comprender los efectos fisiopatológicos posteriores al envenenamiento por serpientes B. schlegelii de Ecuador y encaminar a un tratamiento específico. Para futuras investigaciones se recomienda realizar estudios exhaustivos que involucren todo el rango de distribución geográfica de esta especie que abarca América Central y el norte de América del Sur para obtener una comprensión completa de la venómica.Tutora: Carolina del Carmen Proaño Bolaño
Diseño de anteproyecto de una casa comunal en la Amazonía con percepción sensorial
No full textEste proyecto se enfoca en la rehabilitación de la Casa Comunal de la comunidad de San Pedro en Muyuna, Napo, Ecuador. A través de un enfoque de diseño participativo, se busca comprender la percepción sensorial y la cosmovisión cultural de la comunidad, especialmente de los niños. Además, se evalúa el estado actual de uso del espacio comunitario. Las comunidades amazónicas de Ecuador son guardianes de un invaluable
patrimonio cultural y natural debido a su rica herencia cultural, conocimientos ancestrales y biodiversidad, lo que caracteriza a la comunidad San Pedro. El enfoque principal es la creación de un tipo de ludoteca infantil, que forma parte de la primera fase de adaptación del espacio. Este espacio no es simplemente funcional, sino un lugar que enriquece la experiencia de los niños y a la comunidad a través de la arquitectura sensorial. La interacción entre la forma, la luz y el color se explora para generar diversas sensaciones, involucrando a los niños en el diseño y fomentando una interacción enriquecedora con su entorno. Esta iniciativa promueve un espacio participativo que contribuye al desarrollo integral de los niños a través de actividades educativas,
recreativas y culturales. El diseño del anteproyecto de la Casa Comunal en la Amazonía se centra en explorar diversas sensaciones desde la perspectiva de los niños, involucrándolos en la primera fase de ocupación del espacio comunitario, con la visión de que, a lo largo de diferentes fases de uso y ocupación, la comunidad se integre de manera socialmente enriquecedora.Tutor: Pablo Andrés Maita Zambran
Detection of the lethal fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Chytridiomycota) and molecular characterization of cultivable skin bacteria associated with three critically endangered species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ecuador.
Get PDFLa quitridiomicosis es una enfermedad que ha devastado poblaciones de anfibios
alrededor del mundo y es causada por el hongo Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd).
Sin embargo, existen bacterias que habitan la piel de las ranas que son capaces de
inhibir el crecimiento de Bd y evitar sus efectos letales. En esta investigación, se evalúa
la presencia de Bd y las bacterias cutáneas cultivables asociadas a comunidades
nativas de Atelopus balios, A. bomolochos, y A. nanay en los Andes centrales y la costa
sur del Ecuador. Mediante PCR convencional, se detectó la presencia de Bd en el 91.7%
(11/12) de los anfibios muestreados. A través de secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA y
análisis filogenético, se encontró que las bacterias aisladas pertenecen a 10 géneros:
Pseudomonas (31.4%), Stenotrophomonas (14.3%), Acinetobacter (11.4%), Serratia
(11.4%), Aeromonas (5.7%), Brucella (5.7%), Klebsiella (5.7%), Microbacterium (5.7%),
Rhodococcus (5.7%), y Lelliottia (2.9%). Calculando el índice de similitud de Jaccard
(J), se determinó que las comunidades bacterianas se asemejan según el hábitat y la
especie hospedera, pero no por el estado de infección de los especímenes. Además,
los hábitats de tierras bajas mostraron un mayor número de géneros bacterianos en
comparación al páramo. La prevalencia de Bd y la composición bacteriana encontrada
podría estar determinada por reservorios de Bd, la biología de Atelopus, y las
condiciones ambientales intrínsecas de su habitad. Esta investigación puede servir
como base para futuras estrategias integradas de conservación de Atelopus utilizando
consorcios de bacterias cutáneas como herramientas de biocontrol
Machine learning in antibacterial discovery and development: A bibliometric and network analysis of research hotspots and trends
Get PDFMachine learning (ML) methods are used in cheminformatics processes to predict the activity of an unknown drug and thus discover new potential antibacterial drugs. This article conducts a bibliometric study to analyse the contributions of leading authors, universities/organisations and countries in terms of productivity, citations and bibliographic linkage. A sample of 1596 Scopus documents for the period 2006–2022 is the basis of the study. In order to develop the analysis, bibliometrix R-Tool and VOSviewer software were used. We determined essential topics related to the application of ML in the field of antibacterial development (Computer model in antibacterial drug design, and Learning algorithms and systems for forecasting). We identified obsolete and saturated areas of research. At the same time, we proposed emerging topics according to the various analyses carried out on the corpus of published scientific literature (Title, abstract and keywords). Finally, the applied methodology contributed to building a broader and more specific “big picture” of ML research in antibacterial studies for the focus of future projects
Metal bioaccumulation and genotoxicity in Oreochromis niloticus reared in farming pools influenced by mining activities in Napo, in the Ecuadorian Amazonia
Get PDFMining areas may suffer long-term metal contamination and represent harmful remnants of former mining ac tivities. In the northern Amazon of Ecuador, former mining waste pits are used in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile
tilapia) fish farming. Given the high consumption of this species by the local population, we aimed to estimate
human consumption risks by determining Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn tissue bioaccumulation (liver, gills, and muscle)
and genotoxicity (micronucleus essay) in tilapia cultivated in one former mining waste pit (S3) and compare the
findings to tilapias reared in two non-mining areas (S1 and S2); 15 fish total. Tissue metal content was not
significantly higher in S3 than in non-mining areas. Cu and Cd were higher in the gills of tilapias from S1
compared to the other study sites. Higher Cd and Zn were detected in the liver of tilapias from S1 compared to
the other sampling sites. Cu was higher in the liver of fish from S1 and S2, and Cr, in the gills of fish from S1. The
highest frequency of nuclear abnormalities was observed in fish from S3, indicating chronic exposure to metals
Synthesis of Bi4O5I2 microbars for pollutant degradation through a photocatalytic process
Get PDFBi4O5I2 microbars were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and then characterized using a set of instrumental techniques. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the successful preparation of Bi4O5I2 microbars. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the sample were well indexed to the monoclinic phase of Bi4O5I2. The elemental composition was studied by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and it was similar to the theorical formula Bi4O5I2. The synthetized microbars despite of their low visible-light response could degrade up to 92.66% of Bisphenol A under white light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation and mineralization tests showed that Bi4O5I2 microbars could be efficiently used for the degradation of organic chemical pollutants
Multi-level responses of oysters Crassostrea virginica for assessing organochlorine pesticides in a Ramsar coastal lagoon in southern Mexico
Get PDFOrganochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been intensively used without proper regulation and control in Latin America due to the prevalence of diseases and pests, thus posing potential risks to nontarget organisms. Initiatives for ecosystem preservation, such as to designate protected areas, may not be enough to avoid contamination by OCPs, considering that protected areas tend to be permeable to diffuse sources. Here, we investigate multi-level responses of the oyster Crassostrea virginica to OCPs in Laguna de Términos, a RAMSAR coastal lagoon in the southern Gulf of Mexico. For this aim, OCPs occurrence and concentrations in the water, sediment, and in oysters from 3 settlement banks were assessed. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic biochemical biomarkers were quantified in the oysters’ mantle and digestive gland, and the human health risk due to oyster consumption was also evaluated. OCPs in water were below detection limits. Fourteen OCPs were detected in sediments (∑OCPs mean of 49 ngg−1) and 7 in oyster tissues (∑OCPs mean of 121 ngg−1). The occurrence of OCPs was related to the land uses along the watersheds of the rivers that drain into the lagoon. Biochemical responses were correlated with OCPs (∑HCH, ∑DDT, heptachlor and endosulfan) in sediment, and oyster tissues. OCPs in oyster tissues showed a strong association with pro-oxidant forces and oxidative stress responses (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation), and neurotoxicity (Acetylcholinesterase), suggesting that the current OCPs contamination exerts significant stress. Our study also shows that the consumption of oysters from the lagoon increases the potential human health risk. Considering that Laguna de Términos is a protected Ramsar site, we suggest that environmental protection measures should be increased and that a monitoring program for OCPs exposure is necessary to assess the effects on this ecosystem
Landslides Susceptibility Analysis Employing Analytical Hierarchy Process On An Amazonian Roadway In Ecuador
Get PDFThe Puyo-Tena roadway is prone to landslides due to the geodynamics, geomorphology, and geological materials of the area (unstable outcrops and strata). In recent years, this problem has persistently caused the road to be partially or completely disabled on numerous occasions. The objective of the research was to generate a cartographic model of landslides susceptibility based on variables such as slope, geological formations, land cover and land use, as well as distances to faults, road, and rivers. The degree of landslides incidence was estimated as the linear combination of the weighted variables using the analytic hierarchy process. The importance of this semi-quantitative method lies in its ability to break down a complex decision problem into a simpler and more coherent decision model. The resulting cartographic model was classified into five susceptibility categories: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results showed that 17 km out of the 80 km of the Puyo-Tena roadway have a high probability of landslides, which is equivalent to 21.25% of the road. Furthermore, within this percentage, it was determined that there are fifteen regions with a high probability of landslides due to their location in areas with steep slopes, porous and permeable lithology, a
large number of rivers, and agricultural soils. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used for model verification. The verification results showed that the cartographic model for the study area has an accuracy value of 83.7%. The cartographic model of landslide susceptibility will enable relevant decisions to be made to mitigate potential hazards that may endanger transporters, material goods, and residents of the area
Environmental DNA and visual encounter surveys for amphibian biomonitoring in aquatic environments of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Get PDFThe development of anthropogenic activities has generated a decline in aquatic fauna populations, and amphibians have been the most affected. The decline of batrachofauna is concerning, as 41% of all species worldwide are endangered. For this reason, rapid, efficient, and non-invasive biodiversity monitoring techniques are needed, and environmental DNA (eDNA) is one such tool that has been sparsely applied in Ecuador. This technique has allowed scientists generates information on species diversity and amphibian community composition from a water sample. This study applied eDNA-based biomonitoring analyses and visual encounter surveys (VES) as inventory techniques to identify the diversity of aquatic amphibians in the Tena River micro-basin (TRMB).
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