University Knowledge Digital Repository UPLB (University of the Philippines Los Baños)
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Can We Address Congestion at the Root? Status and Areas for Improvement of Transport Demand Management in Metro Manila
No full textMetro Manila\u27s traffic congestion has grown progressively worse over the decades to the point that it now costs the country billions of pesos daily (JICA, 2022). With the metropolitan area recently being named as the slowest in the world. (TomTom, 2024), The Philippine government is under pressure to find solutions. One internationally recognized approach to reducing congestion is called transport demand management (TDM), the art of modifying travel behavior. While other studies have described particular instances of or prescribed TDM interventions for Metro Manila, none in recent years have taken stock of the range of TDM measures being applied to the area. This study sought to describe the range of applications of TDM to Metro Manila according to the model put forth by Broaddus et al. (2009). It found that currently, the government is increasing its efforts to improve mobility options, especially active transport and public transit. However, economic measures that would incentivize better transport choices are not much in conscious use and land use policies that would promote more sustainable transport demand are not firmly enforced. If the government is serious about reducing traffic congestion. it should prepare a more comprehensive TDM strategy mix as part of its overall transport management strategy. Besides this, the study also sought to describe the capability maturity of Metro Manila\u27s transport governance agencies in doing TDM based on the criteria provided by Federal Highway Association (FHWA, 2012). It found that the TDM planning activities of many government agencies can be described as performed on an ad hoc basis. Specific recommendations to expand TDM strategies pursued and improve the TDM planning process are suggested
Beyond Campus Gates: Investigating Customer Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions among Undergraduate UPLB Students in Off-Campus Coffee Shops and Co-Working Spaces
No full textThis study attempts to investigate the factors that influence customer satisfaction among undergraduate students at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) in off-campus coffee shops and co-working spaces. It then attempts to analyze the relationship between the undergraduate students’ satisfaction levels with their intentions to revisit the mentioned establishments. Using Ordinary Logistic Regression for Customer Satisfaction, it was revealed that product quality, service quality, price, operating hours, and amenities yielded to be significant in influencing customer satisfaction levels towards coffee shops. On the other hand, product quality, service quality, price, promotions, operating hours, and amenities were found to be significant factors of customer satisfaction levels towards co-working spaces. With the use of Binary Logistic Regression for the analysis of the relationship between customer satisfaction and revisit intention, findings reveal a significant relationship between the two with satisfied customers being 3.69 times more likely to revisit coffee shops and 3.13 times more likely to return to co-working spaces compared to dissatisfied ones.
The study also highlights external factors such as unreliable Wi-Fi and uncomfortable study conditions in dormitories emerging as motivators for the undergraduate students in choosing coffee shops and co-working spaces. Additionally, the decision of the students to revisit the establishments relies on when the combination of these factors and previous experiences align with their resources such as time and money and previous experiences. From the results, it can be suggested for coffee shops and co-working spaces to focus on efforts in enhancing the qualities of their existing products and services, fostering a welcoming and productive environment, and ensuring reliable amenities to meet or exceed customer expectations
An Empirical Study of the Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies in the University of the Philippines Los Baños
No full textThis study explored consumer ethnocentric tendencies among students and staff at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). Using a survey-based methodology, a questionnaire with demographic questions and the Consumer Ethnocentric Scale (CETSCALE) to measure ethnocentrism levels was administered to 237 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression to assess the impact of age, sex, income, and education on consumer ethnocentric behavior. The findings revealed distinct patterns in consumer behavior. Females exhibited slightly higher levels of ethnocentrism compared to males. Generation Z respondents showed moderate to low ethnocentrism, likely influenced by their exposure to global cultures through digital media and technology. In contrast, older generations, who grew up in less globally connected environments, displayed more moderate and stable ethnocentrism levels. Higher educational attainment was linked to lower ethnocentrism. Finally, income was found to be a significant factor in consumer ethnocentrism. Higher income levels were associated with lower ethnocentrism, suggesting that individuals with greater economic stability are more open to purchasing foreign products
Micro Financial Literacy and Accessibility: Effect on the Income Generation of Fishing Micro Enterprises in Brgy. Sampiruhan, Calamba, Laguna
No full textThe micro financial model has emerged in the Philippines during the 1960s originally offered by rural banks and cooperatives to finance agricultural related undertakings. NGO\u27s developed a new scheme or model that aimed to cater to the struggling entrepreneurs who were experiencing low income. This scheme involved micro-financing institutions offered social services in the form of group or cooperative formations, financial literacy training and the building of management skills (Rapisura, 2019). Micro-financial services were offered with interest rates lower than banks in order to provide financial assistance that would cater to the poor and vulnerable in terms of fluctuations in income and inflation (Ramon Aboitiz Foundation, 2022). A barangay named Sampiruhan in Calamba, Laguna, was part of a recent study from Rosalina Palanca-Tan that aimed to assess the economic vulnerability of the fishing dependent households in the community, which referred to households that depend on their aquaculture enterprises for their household income. These households were found to be generating low levels of income, capital and savings (Palanca-Tan, 2020). Additionally, through further research it was determined that there were nearby micro financial institutions and that the community was also a part of literacy programs that aimed to cater to rural communities, one being the Migrants\u27 Role in Alleviating Rural Poverty through Microfinance in Philippines (LPAD, 2012). Despite having nearby micro financial institutions, cooperatives and rural banks, and being a part of rural literacy programs, recent studies show that fishing enterprises in barangay Sampiruhan Calamba, Laguna are still experiencing low-income generation.
This led the researcher to conduct an assessment in terms of measuring the level of micro-financial literacy and accessibility of low-income fishing enterprises in Sampiruhan Calamba, Laguna and correlate these measures to their low-income generation. Specifically, the study aimed to (a) Identify the key players of this study such as the low-income generating fishing dependent household enterprises and the available micro financing institutions nearby Sampiruhan; (b) Explain the relationship of these institutions to income generation in low-income fishing dependent household enterprises; (c) Investigate the current level of micro financial literacy and accessibility of the low income fishing dependent household enterprises in Sampiruhan; (d) Analyze the effectiveness and limitations of micro financing being used for enhancing income generation; and (e) Develop further recommendations for the relationship between micro financing and low income fishing dependent household enterprises.
This research utilized a mix between a qualitative and quantitative approach in gathering data with the main objective of determining the correlation of micro financial literacy level and micro financial accessibility towards the income generation of the fishing enterprises. A questionnaire was crafted based on the objectives of the study that mainly focuses on measuring the level of micro financial literacy and accessibility of the respondents through the use of likert scale questions, dichotomous questions and open- ended questions. This questionnaire was administered through a guided interview setup and gathered data about the business profiles of the respondents and the level of their knowledge when it comes to micro financial literacy and how accessible micro financial institutions are in their area. Secondary data was taken from related journals, news articles, and websites on how micro-financing improves the income generating capabilities of a business. The researcher also managed to gather relevant information from undergraduate special problems, such as relevant data and possible methods of data collection. The primary tool used for data analysis was the pearson correlation test between income generation and micro financial literacy level and income generation and their level of micro financial accessibility which was followed by a percentage distribution of the answers of the respondents from the likert scale questions. This determined the level of micro financial literacy and accessibilty of the target population per category of income level. Finally, the researcher had provided a Gap analysis for the fishing community in Sampiruhan based on the responses of the enterprises, to develop strategic recommendation.
Proceeding the data gathering procedure, the results showed that the fishing community showed low levels of Micro financial literacy and low levels of perception towards accessing Micro Financial institutions. The results also showed that (1) micro financial literacy levels of the respondents are moderately positively correlated towards their income generation level while (2) micro financial accessibilty is weakly positively correlated towards income generation levels of the respondents. This meant that both variables contribute towards the income generating capabilities of the fishing enterprises however, their level of micro financial literacy contributes more than their level of perception towards accessing micro financial institutions and services.
These results was further strengthened by the results of the percentage distribution of non-likert scale questions such as, only 11.43% of the respondents approached formal institutions such as the CARD bank for financial services which is relevant considering that a study from the review of related literature, for the same population back in 2020, only 11% of Ms. Palanca-Tan\u27s respondents also opted to approach formal institutions. This was considered as a sign of the fishing enterprise\u27s low level of micro financial literacy and accessibility. Answers to open-ended questions also support the results of the study, since their answers vary from being hindered by the penalty of non-repayment of micro loans, the time constraint of paying back micro loans, being more confident in borrowing from informal lenders, their level of understanding about how interest works, their amount of knowledge about micro financial institutions, and their amount of current savings. Another significant trend that was identified after data gathering that those who were not part of the TUPAD Pangarap Multi-purpose Cooperative was exhibiting lower micro financial literacy and accessibility than those who were a part of it, identifying the possible role of the cooperative for the financial inclusion of the community.
Based on these conclusions, the final recommendations for developing a better connection between the community and micro finance was for the different stakeholders to play their role in bridging the gap. For the cooperative it is recommended that they should entice the registered fishing enterprises in the community whom are still non- members to join by restructuring their incentives for joining, scheduling community- wide regular micro financial literacy programs, provide information about their current linkages towards MFIs, and inviting non-members to experience their meetings as a cooperative first hand. For the barangay heads, it is recommended that they reach out to the government or outside organizations for regular micro financial literacy education while providing evidences that their community is in need of it. It is also recommended for them to reach out towards the CARD bank or other micro financial institutions near them to implement awareness campaigns for the fishing enterprises about the products and services that they can offer and information about how to use them for a business, this would be both beneficial for the community and the micro financial institutions.
For further recommendations, the researcher recommends further research about this topic to include other micro financial services to be considered for study, specifically, micro investments and micro insurances, to widen the scope of results in measuring overall micro financial literacy. The researcher also recommends to study neighboring fishing communities on what models they use to operate their enterprises as a basis of comparison. Lastly would be to explore other external factors aside from micro financial literacy and accessibility that may be affecting the income generation of the enterprises
Awareness, Attitudes, and Intentions of Farmer Association Members Towards Establishing an Agricultural Cooperative
No full textAttitudes pertain to a way of thinking of a person about a specific concern. Awareness relates to one’s knowledge or perception of a situation. From that, attitudes and awareness shapes an individual’s intention on a given interest. So, understanding and evaluating the attitudes, awareness and intentions of the farmer association members on agricultural cooperatives is important as agricultural cooperatives are enterprises that empower small-scale groups such as farmers driving them towards development.
Moreover, the study site is Municipality of Rizal, Laguna, a fifth-class town and one of the poorest towns in the province of Laguna, despite being a predominantly agricultural municipality. Despite the importance of agriculture in the municipality, there is a lack of comprehensive research or documentation addressing its current status. So, this study is intended to contribute to the current gap and provide relevant findings to help the agricultural community of Rizal.
The general objective of this study was to assess the attitudes, awareness and intentions of farmer association members establishing an agricultural cooperative. Specifically, this study aimed to (1) present the socio-demographic and farm profiles of the members of the farmer associations; (2) describe the the level of awareness of the farmer association members on cooperatives; (3) assess the attitudes of the farmer association members towards their farmer associations and the agency problems of the farmer association within their organization; (4) evaluate the intentions of the farmer association members on joining a cooperative; (5) determine the factors affecting the level of awareness of the farmer association members towards cooperatives; (6) and formulate recommendations to improve the attitudes and awareness of the farmer association members.
In this study, the researcher conducted on-site interviews with 63 respondents that were selected using convenience sampling, and were interviewed one-on-one to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data. Spearman\u27s rank correlation was used to analyze the quantitative data to determine the association between the level of awareness of the farmer association members and their socio-demographic characteristics. Meanwhile, content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data that was obtained through one-on-one interviews with the representatives of the five farmer associations regarding the members\u27 attitudes towards farmer associations and the agency problems within their associations.
The socio-demographic characteristics of the farmer association members have approximately balanced distributions in the proportion of male and female farmers.In addition, Farmers aging from 31 to 40 had the highest frequency, accounting for 28.6% of the total population. Majority of the respondents are highschool graduates, had no other sources of income except for the farm income and, currently have four (4) members per household.
In terms of farm profile, the average farming experience of the respondents is 24.31 years. A significant number of respondents have less than or equal to 1 hectare of land from which more than half of the respondents are tenants or lessees only. The most common support that the farmers receive from the LGU is free supply of input, seminars and supplemental knowledge about their crops.
Moving on, the survey revealed that farmers generally have awareness of cooperatives and their key components such as purpose, service, and membership. While some were unfamiliar with the various types of cooperatives, the majority showed a positive perception of cooperatives. Most respondents expressed interest in joining cooperatives and would recommend them to others, although a few cited lack of knowledge and financial capability as barriers to participation. Overall, the findings suggest that farmers possess a favorable level of knowledge and intention towards cooperatives.
The results from Spearman’s rank correlation with regards to factors associated with the level of awareness of the farmer association members towards the three components of cooperatives (purpose, service, and membership) had statistically manifested several factors. Educational attainment and membership in the association were proven to be associated with the awareness of the members in terms of the purpose of cooperatives and the services offered by the cooperatives. Meanwhile, other sources of income, farmland size, and membership in the association were found to be associated with the members’ awareness of cooperatives in terms of membership in the cooperatives.
On the other hand, members’ attitude towards their respective farmer associations, the majority of the farmer associations were established to serve the needs of the farmers. These farmer associations consisted of farmers who reside in the same barangay, who are commonly blood-related, neighbors and acquainted with each other. With that, the members, along with the officers, work together to effectively serve the interest of the farmers. With regards to commitment to the association, all of the farmer associations emphasized that the members have the largest influence on decisions within their group. From then, this democratic process positively impacts their economic situations in a way that the farmers can maximize their input and knowledge that they gain from collaborating with their co-farmers or co-members of association. Generally, the associations conduct formal elections for them to have people that will lead and manage the organization. But for some, due to the limited number of members, the set of officers were just appointed to their position. In order to strengthen the sense of community among the members of the associations, the administration exerts its best effort to serve the ideals and foster camaraderie among its members. Moreover, in terms of trust within the association, the administrations put utmost importance to the inputs and concerns of the members in decision making. It also highlighted the importance of transparency and accountability with regards to the actions and decisions of the association. In line with this, it also pointed out the significance of being unbiased and not granting special treatment to members to avoid misunderstandings.
In terms of agency problems within the farmer associations, the farmer associations pointed out several concerns regarding the operation of the association as a whole. First, absenteeism due to other obligations is one of the common problems of the associations, it was implied that participation of the members are encouraged to strengthen the democratic process of the group, however, there are instances where they cannot avoid encountering absenteeism among its members. Male dominance in officer roles burdens female officers is another issue, and in line with that, disobedient members are also one of the association’s concerns. Fortunately, some of the associations do not have any problem within the organizations and their operations are smooth as its members fully cooperate with their leaders.
Moreover, with regards to the intention of the farmer association members on joining a cooperative, majority of the respondents agreed that they view cooperatives favorably and if given a chance, they are willing to join a cooperative. Also, a significant portion of the members responded that they would recommend cooperatives to their family, friends and co-famers.
Members of farmer associations view cooperatives positively, recognizing their benefits and potential. However, there are concerns about agency problems, such as the appointment of leaders instead of democratic elections. Disagreements, absenteeism, and regulatory challenges add further complexity to the idea of forming cooperatives. Additionally, the financial and administrative responsibilities of cooperative membership make the transition daunting. Overall, while there is interest and awareness, farmer associations seem unprepared for the complexities of forming agricultural cooperatives.
Given the concerns by the farmers, it is recommended that farmers are encouraged to prioritize their obligations in the farmer associations. The farmers should cooperate with their elected representatives to further foster a cohesive relationship between the association and the members itself. Even so, it is suggested for the members to further deepen their knowledge about how it would be beneficial for them to be a member of one. The local government should organize seminars and programs to educate farmers about the advantages of forming cooperatives. Additionally, they should advocate for policies and initiatives that facilitate cooperative establishment, such as improving market access and providing credit opportunities
Manifestation of labor discrimination through workload disparities based on marital and sex among UPLB CEM Academics
No full textWorkplace discrimination has undergone significant changes in recent years. While overt manifestations such as wage gaps and occupational segregation persist, subtler forms of discrimination have emerged. These include workload disparities, where additional responsibilities or higher expectations are imposed on certain demographics, such as being male or being single In response to issues of workplace inequality, this study aimed to investigate the existence of marital status and sex-based discrimination specifically reflected in the disparity in expected productivity among the faculty of the College of Economics and Management. By utilizing various methods, including propensity score matching and inverse-probability weighted regression adjustment, the study found no statistically significant difference in total workload based on sex or civil status when considered separately. However, when both factors were combined, single male faculty members were observed to have the highest workload, while single female faculty members had the lowest. Additionally, differences were observed in the distribution of faculty workload among its various components. Notably, single male faculty members faced an increased workload primarily due to their teaching responsibilities, while their married counterparts had a lower teaching load but a higher administrative load. Furthermore, female faculty members, especially those who are married, bore the bulk of non-teaching activities or academic housework. These findings are consistent with existing literature on singlism and discrimination in academia. Moreover, the results support newer literature on the marriage premium and penalty, which observes a diminishing marriage penalty for female employees in recent years
Pag asa ng Mamamayang Nagkakaisa Transport Service & Multipurpose Cooperative (Pamana TSC MPC): A Case Study
No full textCooperatives have emerged as a vital part of economic development in the Philippines, playing a significant role in job creation, poverty reduction, and community empowerment. Among these cooperatives, Pag-Asa ng Mamamayang Nagkakaisa Transport Services & Multipurpose Cooperative (PAMANA TSC-MPC) stands as a representative of community-driven initiatives, catering to the needs of its members and thousands of beneficiaries across communities. Its approach comprises not only agricultural products, but also agri-transportation and public transportation services, alongside diverse initiatives aimed at uplifting the livelihood of its members and stakeholders.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the overall performance of the current management operations and business dynamics of the PAMANA TSC-MPC. Specifically, the study aimed to, (1) describe the external and internal environment of the PAMANA TSC-MPC; (2) present the profile and status of the PAMANA TSC-MPC and its members; (3) identify a noteworthy issue encountered by the PAMANA TSC-MPC; and (4) develop a strategic plan to the identified problem, and formulate actionable recommendations.
The researcher employed a descriptive research design to describe the external and internal environment of PAMANA TSC-MPC. Primary and secondary data were collected to gather relevant information. For primary data, an in-depth interview was conducted with the Chairperson, along with surveys of cooperative members and committee officers. Secondary data were obtained from documents provided by the cooperative, including historical background, financial statements, and critical records related to its functional areas. Additional data were collected from published articles, journals, undergraduate special proposals, and government records.
Based on the collected data, the external environment shows that cooperatives’ adaptability allows them to thrive in diverse settings, providing specific solution to meet community needs and fostering job stability. The agricultural sector, including rice, vegetable, fish, and bamboo industries, is vital for the economy but faces challenges such as climate change, constraints, and inefficiencies. Efficient agri-logistics are essential for reducing wastage and improving supply chain operations, with modern technologies offering promising solutions. On the other hand, the internal environment was described through four business functions. In marketing, the agricultural products are primarilymarketed to the members and local partners, with prices depending on the country’s prevailing market prices. In operations, the cooperative is primarily involved in vegetable production in Cavinti, Laguna, as well as agri-transport services in Pila, Laguna, and San Juan, Batangas. The cooperative has also started bamboo production in Cavinti, which is expected to bear fruit between 2026 and 2028. The human resources revolve around the Board of Directors, management staff, and ten committees, each consisting of three officers, all adhering to core values of integrity and work excellence. For finance, the cooperative maintained a stable liquidity position and solid solvency; however, they exhibited inefficient activity and profitability ratios, indicating ineffectiveness in generating net income and profit.
Regarding the cooperative\u27s profile and status, PAMANA TSC-MPC has been operating for eight years, initially starting as a consumers cooperative and transitioning into a multipurpose cooperative in 2019. Initially founded with 30 members, primarily fisherfolk, it now boasts an estimated 600 members. However, it has not updated which members are still active and inactive. For the profile of members, 60 respondents were interviewed. Notably, 40 of them are vegetable farmers, 9 rice farmers from Pila, Laguna, 9 fisherfolk from San Juan, Batangas, and 2 members cultivate mixed agri-commodities. The majority of respondents actively participate in cooperative activities such as meetings, seminars, and training sessions, highlighting strong member engagement.
Several challenges were identified across functional areas within the cooperative. In marketing, the cooperative deals with limited marketing resources, making it a struggle to attract new customers and retain existing constituents. In operations, the cooperative has insufficient funding for essential operational needs such as greenhouses, production equipment, and fleet transportation, impacting their ability to meet demand and maximize efficiency. For human resources management, there are budget constraints, skill gaps, role confusion, overlapping responsibilities, and a shortage of manpower that hinder productivity and employee well-being. In finance, there is limited access to funds and inadequate financial planning processes. The members struggle to fulfill their capital share obligations and contributions, hence the cooperative’s reliance on donations and grants from organizations.
Collectively, these issues highlight the core problem of ineffective leadership and management, which affects every functional area of the cooperative. The board\u27s failure to provide clear strategic direction and maintain updated objectives leads to widespread inefficiencies and misalignments across marketing, operations, human resources, and finance. This comprehensive mismanagement prevents the cooperative from functioning efficiently, achieving its goals, and fulfilling its mission to serve its members and community effectively. By integrating insights from literature review, PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis, problem identification and analysis, this study identified ineffective leadership and management as the core issue which led to the development of a strategic plan.
The strategic plan outlined the cooperative\u27s proposed vision and mission statements to provide clear direction. It formulated primary goals focused on (1) creating jobs for economic empowerment, (2) promoting sustainability and environmental stewardship, and (3) empowering communities and promoting social responsibility. Each goal has specific, measurable objectives with strategies and recommended action plans for implementation. Overall, the comprehensive strategic plan aims to position the cooperative for sustainable growth, operational excellence, and impactful community engagement, fostering a resilient and empowered cooperative environment.
Further recommendations for functional areas and stakeholders of the cooperative have also been formulated. For operations, the cooperative should enhance its operations by collaborating with the Department of Agriculture to access resources for machinery and infrastructure and improve agri-transportation logistics through training programs. Marketing efforts should include cost-effective strategies such as digital marketing, local partnerships, and market research to increase visibility and customer engagement. Human resources can be strengthened by conducting skills assessments, offering training programs, and fostering a positive work environment. Financially, the cooperative should implement incentive programs for member capital shares and explore mission-aligned investments. For members, providing training on agricultural best practices and fostering a culture of knowledge sharing is crucial. The Chairwoman and Board of Directors are recommended to focus on enhancing governance, accountability, and leadership skills while promoting open communication. Management staff and committees should continuously engage in professional development and encourage cross-collaboration. Lastly, local partners and associations should collaborate on sustainable agriculture projects and engage with policymakers to support cooperative initiatives
Ants of the Genus Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera; Foricidae) from Selected Caves and Environs in Tayabas City, Quezon, Philippines
No full textHistomorphometry of Small Intestines of Cobb 500 Broilers Raised under the The Better Chicken Option System TM System
No full textIntestinal health is crucial for the overall well-being and productivity of food animals, with the small intestine- comprising the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum —being the primary site for food digestion and nutrient absorption. Understanding the impact of rearing conditions on intestinal morphology is essential for optimizing poultry production. This study examined the intestinal histomorphometry of archived samples from a previous experiment involving 1000 day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens reared under two systems: the conventional system and The Better Chicken OptionTM system. Intestinal segments were collected from four randomly selected animals per group during necropsy on day 42. Histomorphometric examination measured villi height, crypt depth, and the villi-to-crypt ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Statistical analysis revealed comparable results in the histomorphological parameters between chickens reared in the conventional system and those in The Better Chicken OptionTM system. Opting for a higher welfare method maintains the integrity of the physiological structure of the intestinal morphology in Cobb 500 broilers. Results of this study provide supportive evidence for the use of better welfare systems in the production of food animals
Experimental evaluation of a thermoelectric generator integrated with a flat plate solar collector and ethylene glycol-water mixture
Get PDFThis study investigates the performance of a power generation system that integrates solar flat plate collector systems (SFPC) with thermoelectric generators (TEGs) under standard operating and environmental conditions to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources. The system utilizes a vacuum-type collector and a stagnant fluid enhancer mixture comprising 50% ethylene glycol (EG) and 50% water 2 within the copper tube absorber to absorb heat from solar radiation. At approximately 10:00 a.m., the system achieves a maximum power generated of 13 V and 1.5 amps at an external temperature of 34°C, showcasing its capability to capture solar energy effectively. Additionally, the study emphasizes the significant role of the differential temperature between the upper and lower layers of the SFPC in maximizing power production, with the optimal range identified between 75 and 100°C. The generator efficiency of the system reaches 2.69%, surpassing the typical 2% efficiency of standalone thermoelectric generators. However, it is noted that increasing the temperature on the low side of the SFPC results in a decline in the average power generated by the TEGs. This research highlights the dependency of the TEG-SFPC system\u27s energy efficiency on solar irradiation levels and ambient temperature fluctuations, offering valuable insights for enhancing the performance of such integrated systems