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El denunciante en el derecho español: Análisis crítico de la Ley de protección al informante y perspectivas de futuro
No full textLa figura del denunciante constituye un elemento esencial para el accionamiento del mecanismo público de lucha contra las infracciones. Al análisis de su regulación dedicamos este estudio, apoyándonos en una visión técnica y práctica. Se encuentra dividido en tres partes. En la primera de ellas, trataremos de los aspectos objetivos y subjetivos de la denuncia, de la capacidad necesaria para denunciar, además de los requisitos de tiempo, forma y lugar de presentación, y de las consecuencias y efectos de ella. Inmediatamente después, nos adentraremos en las principales novedades generadas por la Directiva Whistleblowing 2019/1937 y la Ley 2/2023 que la ha transpuesto, con la implantación de un novedoso triple sistema de comunicaciones de infracciones, por vía interna, externa y de revelación pública. Será igualmente objeto de análisis en profundidad la Autoridad Independiente de Protección del Informante, su organización y funciones. En la segunda parte, expondremos los derechos y beneficios que se encuentran al alcance de los denunciantes de actividades ilícitas. Por último, aportaremos una justificada visión crítica de la regulación actual y del resultado de las reformas instauradas en España, con la propuesta de mejoras y soluciones para los problemas detectados.The figure of the whistleblower is an essential element in the operation of the public mechanism for combating infringements. This study is dedicated to the analysis of its regulation, based on a technical and practical vision. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, we will deal with the objective and subjective aspects of the complaint, the necessary capacity to file a complaint, as well as the requirements of time, form and place of presentation, and the consequences and effects of the complaint. Immediately afterwards, we will go into the main novelties generated by the Whistleblowing Directive 2019/1937 and the Law 2/2023 that has transposed it, with the implementation of a novel triple system of communications of infringements, through internal, external and public disclosure channels. The Independent Authority for Whistleblower Protection (Autoridad Independiente de Protección del Informante), its organization and functions will also be analyzed in depth. In the second part, we will explain the rights and benefits available to whistleblowers. Finally, we will provide a justified critical view of the current regulation and the result of the reforms implemented in Spain, proposing improvements and solutions to the problems detected.Programa de Doctorat en Dre
International Protection: A Novel Approach to an Autonomous Legal Concept that protects Non-Nationals at Risk of Harm
No full textThe present doctoral thesis unveils the contemporary autonomous meaning of ‘international protection’ as an umbrella concept suited to cover all situations in which a state must grant a non-national the right to stay on its territory solely to avoid severe human rights harm. Premised on the necessity to distinguish between categories of nonnationals according to their entitlement to protection to preserve societal support for the latter and the inadequacy of common dichotomies (such as refugees versus migrants), the author provides an in-depth positivist analysis of the expanding reach of international protection through the evolution of refugee law, non-expulsion obligations in universal and regional human rights law and the diverse perceptions of this concept by key international actors and scholars. The consequent re-conceptualisation proposal aspires to offer researchers, legal practitioners and international organisations a novel approach capable of more coherently delineating the exact boundaries of states’ current protection obligations worldwide.La tesis doctoral presenta el significado autónomo contemporáneo de la «protección internacional» como concepto paraguas adecuado para abarcar todas las situaciones en las que un estado debe conceder a un extranjero el derecho a permanecer en su territorio únicamente para evitar una vulneración grave de sus derechos humanos. Partiendo de la necesidad de distinguir entre categorías de no nacionales en función de su derecho a la protección para preservar el apoyo de la sociedad a esta protección y de la inadecuación de dicotomías comunes (como refugiados versus migrantes), el autor ofrece un análisis positivista del alcance creciente de la protección internacional a través de la evolución del derecho de los refugiados, las obligaciones de no expulsión en el derecho universal y regional de los derechos humanos y las diversas percepciones de este concepto por parte de la doctrina y de otros actores internacionales. La consiguiente propuesta de reconceptualización aspira a ofrecer a investigadores, juristas, abogados y organizaciones internacionales un enfoque novedoso capaz de delinear de forma más coherente los límites exactos de las actuales obligaciones de protección de los estados en el ámbito universal.Aquesta tesi doctoral presenta el significat autònom contemporani de la «protecció internacional» com a concepte paraigua adequat que abasta totes les situacions en què un estat ha de concedir a un estranger el dret a romandre al seu territori únicament per evitar una vulneració greu dels seus drets humans. Partint de la necessitat de distingir entre categories de no nacionals en funció del seu dret a la protecció per preservar el suport de la societat a aquesta protecció i de la inadequació de dicotomies comunes (com refugiats versus migrants), l’autor ofereix una anàlisi positivista de l’abast creixent de la protecció internacional a través de l’evolució del dret dels refugiats, les obligacions de no expulsió en el dret universal i regional dels drets humans i les diverses percepcions d’aquest concepte per part de la doctrina i d’actors internacionals competents. La proposta de reconceptualització que en resulta aspira a oferir a investigadors, juristes, advocats i organitzacions internacionals un enfocament innovador capaç de delinear de manera més coherent els límits exactes de les obligacions actuals de protecció dels estats en l’àmbit universal.Programa de Doctorat en Dre
Economic Behavior and Personality Traits
No full textThis thesis comprises three chapters focusing on economic behavior and personality traits. In the first chapter, I investigate experimentally how subjects choose their partners and how they play depending on their personality characteristics. In particular, I study the role of narcissism within the context of games of collaboration, fairness, and competition. I find that no matter how narcissistic participants are, they tend to prefer to be matched with less narcissistic individuals in all games. Participants’ level of narcissism significantly predicts behavior in all contexts. The higher their level of narcissism, the less they contribute in a public goods game, the smaller the offer in an ultimatum game, and the poorer the performance in competition is. In the context of collaboration, participants adjust their behavior based on the characteristics of their partner; the more narcissistic the partner, the less they contribute. Subjects do not adapt their behavior in the context of competition and fairness. This paper sheds light on the under-investigated topic of matching and economic behavior of individuals across different levels of narcissism. In chapter 2, I investigate whether individuals of different narcissism levels and the same ability differ in their selection into a competitive environment. I find that there are no narcissism differences in performance ex ante. Among the participants who choose to enter a competition in the effort task, the probability of succeeding is higher for individuals high in narcissism because they self-select better. This difference is explained by the fact that low-skilled individuals high in narcissism choose not to enter the competition since this could be an ego-threatening situation. I do not find this difference in the luck task, where the ego threat is no longer active, and high- and low-skilled narcissistic participants do not differ in their selection. Finally, in the third chapter, I investigate the impact of the Big Five personality traits on partner selection and performance.Aquesta tesi consta de tres capítols centrats en el comportament econòmic i els trets de personalitat. En el primer capítol, examino si l’homof´ılia sorgeix de manera endògena, és a dir, a través de l’elecció dels socis. Concretament, investigo com els tipus de jocs, ja siguin col·laboratius, competitius o compartits, afecten la selecció de socis i el seu comportament posterior. Aquest enfocament és aplicable a qualsevol característica individual (per exemple, gènere, nacionalitat o trets de personalitat). Em concentro a estudiar el paper del narcisisme. Trobo que, independentment dels nivells de narcisisme dels participants, tendeixen a preferir ser emparellats amb individus menys narcisistes en tots els jocs. Els participants anticipen correctament que emparejar-se amb un individu narcisista donarà lloc a beneficis més baixos, cosa que els impulsar`a a ajustar el seu comportament en conseqüència. A més, les persones amb nivells més alts de narcisisme contribueixen o ofereixen menys en els contextos de col·laboració i equitat. A més, els participants responen amb nivells més baixos de contribució als socis que puntuen alt en narcisisme. Al capítol 2, investigo si els individus de diferents nivells de narcisisme i la mateixa capacitat difereixen en la seva selecció en un entorn competitiu i el paper de la identificabilitat en la presa de decisions. Trobo que no hi ha diferències de narcisisme en el rendiment ex ante. Entre els participants que opten per participar en una competició en la tasca d’esforç, la probabilitat d’èxit és més alta per als individus amb alt narcisisme perquè s’autoseleccionen millor. Aquesta diferència s’explica pel fet que els individus poc qualificats i alts en narcisisme opten per no participar en la competició, ja que aquesta podria ser una situació que amenaça l’ego. Finalment, en el tercer capítol, investigo l’impacte dels cinc grans trets de personalitat en la selecció i el rendiment de la parella.Programa de Doctorat en Economia, Finances i Empres
Towards a Methodology for the Analysis of Neutralisation in Spanish Subtitling
No full textComunicació presentada al 7th AIETI Conference AIETI7: new horizons in translation and Interpreting studies, celebrada a Málaga del 29 al 31 de generThroughout the Spanish-speaking world, people watch films and TV serials originally made in English and other languages, either dubbed or subtitled into Spanish. The wording used for the Spanish subtitles is constrained by space and time. An additional constraint, less widely recognized, is comprehensibility. The research reported in this paper shows that translators tend, possibly unconsciously, to neutralize colourful language present in the source texts. Typically, expressions such as 'He's like a kid on a sugar rush' are neutralized in Spanish to 'Es como un niño lleno de energía' (He's like a kid full of energy). Perhaps in some cases translators do this in order to make the texts more easily comprehensible. No doubt, in other cases, the literal translation of the creative unit in the source text does not work in the target language, or no direct equivalent is readily available. Whatever the reasons, the cumulative effect is that translated texts in subtitles tend to be more neutral and less attention-grabbing than the source texts, and this tendency is sometimes most noticeable at crucial points in the plot development.
While the specialized literature has acknowledged the phenomenon of neutralisation in subtitling (Zaro 2001: 59-60; Díaz-Cintas 2003: 286; Bartoll 2012: 158), the conducted studies have not focused on the phenomenon of neutralisation, so it still has not been described in depth nor in a systematic manner. This paper reports a detailed corpus-driven study of neutralisation in three different American crime TV shows, i.e. Dexter (2006), The Mentalist (2008) and Castle (2009) for each episode, the corpus contains the transcript of the source text and the DVD subtitled version in Castilian Spanish. A preliminary analysis demonstrated that, in this corpus, neutralisation occurs mainly at lexical level. Therefore, the methodology employed in this study involves corpus pattern analysis and the distinction made by Hanks (2004, 2013) between norms and exploitations. The stress of the study is laid on metaphorical uses, puns and other creative uses of language. Each sentence of both the ST and the TT is scrutinised in order to detect exploitations that affect the semantics of the discourse. To date, this corpus analysis methodology for the study of lexicon has been applied mainly in the field of lexicography. Adopting it for the study of an audiovisual corpus enables us, on the one hand, to detect where neutralisation takes place in the transfer of content from the ST to the TT; and, on the other, to gather quantitative results about a generalised neutrality of the Spanish subtitles of crime fiction series.This work was co-funded by the research programme of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, within the framework of the project La representación de la combinatoria léxica en los diccionarios de aprendizaje: nuevos métodos para nuevos diccionarios (Ref: FFI2012-37654, PI: Dr Sergi Torner Castells), as well as by the UPF-IULA PhD mobility grant program (COFRE) and the Formación de Profesorado PhD scholarship program of the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU)
Beyond the galleons: China trade, colonial agenda and regional integration in the eighteenth-century Philippines
No full textNetwork-level and population genetics analysis of the insulin/TOR signal transduction pathway across human populations
No full textGenes and proteins rarely act in isolation, but they rather operate as components of complex networks of interacting molecules. Therefore, for understanding their evolution, it may be helpful to take into account the interaction networks in which they participate. It has been shown that selective constraints acting on genes depend on the position that they occupy in the network. Less understood is how the impact of local adaptation at the intraspecific level is affected by the network structure. Here, we analyzed the patterns of molecular evolution of 67 genes involved in the insulin/target of rapamycin (TOR) signal transduction pathway. This well-characterized pathway plays a key role in fundamental processes such as energetic metabolism, growth, reproduction, and aging and is involved in metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. For that purpose, we combined genotype data from worldwide human populations with current knowledge of the structure and function of the pathway. We identified the footprint of recent positive selection in nine of the studied genomic regions. Most of the adaptation signals were observed among Middle East and North African, European, and Central South Asian populations. We found that positive selection preferentially targets the most central elements in the pathway, in contrast to previous observations in the whole human interactome. This observation indicates that the impact of positive selection on genes involved in the insulin/TOR pathway is affected by the pathway structure.This work was funded by grants BFU2010-19443 (subprogram BMC) awarded by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain) and the Direcció General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalunya (Grup de Recerca Consolidat 2009 SGR 1101). P.L. is supported by a PhD fellowship from "Acción Estratégica de Salud, en el marco del Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica 2008-2011" from Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Profiling language dominance in bilinguals in Catalonia
No full textData de publicació electrònica: 28-08-2025Aims:
This study evaluates the Bilingual Language Profile (BLP) in characterizing bilinguals in Catalonia, where Catalan and Spanish coexist across daily life, education, and other contexts.
Methodology:
A sample of 254 Catalan-Spanish bilinguals, predominantly university students, were categorized as Catalan-dominant, Spanish-dominant, or balanced bilinguals based on their BLP dominance scores. The four BLP modules - language history, use, proficiency, and attitudes - were analyzed to identify differences among the groups.
Data and Analysis:
Comparisons across groups and within modules were conducted to evaluate the BLP's effectiveness in distinguishing bilingual profile groupings.
Findings:
The BLP effectively distinguishes Catalan- and Spanish-dominant bilinguals, reflecting clearly polarized linguistic experiences. In contrast, the balanced bilingual group is more heterogeneous and harder to define, suggesting that their language dominance is more context-dependent. The language-use module provides the clearest differentiation among groups, while language proficiency and attitudes exhibit less variation.
Originality:
This study offers a novel evaluation of the BLP in Catalonia's complex sociolinguistic environment.
Significance:
The results underscore the BLP's strengths and limitations in profiling bilinguals in Catalonia. Suggestions for improving the questionnaire are made to better reflect the region's particular bilingual dynamics and emphasize the value of a tailored tool.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been supported by research grants #FFI2016-75082-P and #PID2020114276GB-I00 from the Spanish State Research Agency
La prescripción de los abusos sexuales infantiles ¿ni olvido ni perdón?
No full textNumerosos ordenamientos jurídicos han reformado en los últimos años su regulación de la prescripción penal para evitar la impunidad de los abusos sexuales cometidos contra menores de edad. En algunos casos tales reformas han consistido en la suspensión del avance la prescripción hasta que la víctima alcance determinadas edades; en otros sistemas jurídicos se ha optado, en cambio, por declarar imprescriptibles estos delitos. El presente trabajo se propone reflexionar sobre las razones de estas modificaciones legales y sobre los pros y contras de extender, o directamente derogar, la prescripción de estos delitos.La redacción del presente trabajo se enmarca en la ejecución del proyecto de investigación DER2017-82232-P (AEI/FEDER, UE)
Worlds apart: The impact of (in)congruence on electoral behaviour: When voters and parties do not align
No full textThis thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of ideological incongruence between voters and political parties on electoral behaviour in European democracies. It introduces a novel approach to measuring the ideological distances within party systems, demonstrating that greater incongruence leads to higher voter abstention rates. The research further investigates how information on ideological proximity affects voters' participation and the congruence of their voting choices, revealing that while informed voters are more likely to participate, their specific voting decisions remain unaffected. Additionally, the study examines the consequences of voters' perceived detachment from political parties, showing that a lack of ideologically proximate parties significantly reduces electoral participation. These findings highlight the importance of ideological alignment for democratic engagement and suggest that improving voter-party congruence could mitigate voter disengagement and abstention, thereby improving the quality of political representation and the robustness of electoral democracies.Aquesta tesi doctoral proporciona una anàlisi completa de l'impacte de la incongruència ideològica entre els votants i els partits polítics en el comportament electoral a les democràcies europees. Introdueix un nou enfocament per mesurar les distàncies ideològiques en un sistema de partits, i demostra que una major incongruència ideològica condueix a taxes més altes d'abstenció electoral. La recerca investiga, a més, com donar informació als votants sobre la proximitat ideològica afecta la seva participació electoral i la congruència de les seves opcions de vot, mostrant que, tot i que els votants informats tenen més probabilitats de participar, les seves decisions específiques de vot no es veuen afectades. A més, l'estudi examina les conseqüències de la percepció de desvinculació dels votants amb els partits polítics, concloent que la manca de partits ideològicament propers redueix significativament la participació electoral. Les troballes de la tesi doctoral posen de manifest la importància de l'alineació ideològica per al compromís democràtic i suggereixen que la millora de la congruència entre votants i partits podria mitigar la desvinculació i l'abstenció dels votants, millorant en última instància la qualitat de la representació política i la robustesa de les democràcies electorals.Programa de Doctorat en Ciències Polítiques i Social
The role of resection in hepatocellular carcinoma BCLC stage B: A multi-institutional patient-level meta-analysis and systematic review
No full textPurpose: The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging schema is widely used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. In the updated recommendations, HCC BCLC stage B can become candidates for transplantation. In contrast, hepatectomy is currently not recommended. Methods: This systematic review includes a multi-institutional meta-analysis of patient-level data. Survival, postoperative mortality, morbidity and patient selection criteria for liver resection and transplantation in BCLC stage B are explored. All clinical studies reporting HCC patients with BCLC stage B undergoing liver resection or transplantation were included. Results: A total of 31 studies with 3163 patients were included. Patient level data was available for 580 patients from 9 studies (423 after resection and 157 after transplantation). The overall survival following resection was 50 months and recurrence-free survival was 15 months. Overall survival after transplantation was not reached and recurrence-free survival was 45 months. The major complication rate after resection was 0.11 (95%-CI, 0.0-0.17) with the 90-day mortality rate of 0.03 (95%-CI, 0.03-0.08). Child-Pugh A (93%), minor resection (60%), alpha protein level less than 400 (64%) were common in resected patients. Resected patients were mostly outside the Milan criteria (99%) with mean tumour number of 2.9. Studies reporting liver transplantation in BCLC stage B were scarce. Conclusion: Liver resection can be performed safely in selected patients with HCC BCLC stage B, particularly if patients present with preserved liver function. No conclusion can done on liver transplantation due to scarcity of reported studies