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Designing and Evaluating Extended Reality Solutions for Sign Reading Assistance for People with Low Vision
No full textTreball fi de màster de: Master in Cognitive Systems and Interactive MediaSupervisor: Menno VeefkindCo-supervisor: Davinia Hernández-LeoExtended Reality (XR) technologies, including AR and VR, offer promising tools to support individuals with low vision in navigating public spaces and reading signage safely. People with impairments such as glaucoma or cataract often struggle with reduced visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and peripheral vision, leading to decreased situational awareness and increased risk of collisions. This study investigates a lightweight, user-customizable XR system designed to augment natural vision, enhance sign readability, and reduce cognitive load. Participants completed tasks in VR simulations of structured (museum) and cluttered (airport) environments, performing directed sign searches while the system recorded task completion times, reaction times, and NASA-TLX cognitive load ratings, complemented by qualitative feedback on usability and overlay design preferences. These findings provide practical insights for designing cognitively considerate, real-world-ready assistive XR systems
Estudio comparativo sobre el control judicial de los laudos arbitrales en Chile y en España: crítica a la excesiva intervención judicial en el arbitraje nacional chileno
No full textTreball de Fi de Màster: Màster Avançat en Ciències Jurídiques. Curs 2024-2025Tutor: Ramón Escaler BacompteCuando las partes de una relación jurídica consienten en someter la resolución de sus conflictos a la decisión de un juez árbitro, expresan su voluntad de sustraer de la competencia de los tribunales estatales el conocimiento y resolución de determinados pleitos surgidos entre ellas. La naturaleza jurídica de este procedimiento se caracteriza por la neutralidad, la prevalencia de la autonomía privada y el establecimiento de una intervención judicial limitada y reglada, ya que se presume la correcta actuación de la institución arbitral respecto de su competencia y sus decisiones. Sin perjuicio de ello, los tribunales estatales tienen cierta intervención, lo que se ve más claramente en la etapa de impugnación del laudo, ya que son los llamados a resolver las acciones que se interpongan en su contra. En dicha labor, no les corresponde evaluar ni pronunciarse respecto del fondo del asunto, careciendo así la facultad de cuestionar la decisión adoptada por el juez árbitro. De esta forma, debe primar el principio de mínima intervención, de modo de respetar la institución arbitral, su objetivo y la voluntad de las partes, otorgando seguridad jurídica. Sin embargo, existen sistemas jurídicos en los que se contempla la posibilidad de una revisión más profunda de la decisión del juez árbitro, permitiendo que los tribunales estatales sobrepasen estos límites entrando a evaluar la decisión plasmada en el laudo, y dejándolo sin efecto debido a aspectos sustantivos del contenido del mismo.
Para analizar este tema, este trabajo se enfocará en la comparación de la situación jurídica de dos países: España y Chile. Se verá que existe una gran diferencia entre ambos sistemas, en particular en el ámbito del arbitraje nacional chileno, lo que conlleva consecuencias prácticas importantes. De esta forma, el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer y analizar la situación de las impugnaciones de los laudos arbitrales nacionales e internacionales, tanto en España como en Chile, para lo cual se explicará la legislación aplicable en cada caso, luego se hará referencia a la jurisprudencia más relevante contenida en sentencias de tribunales estatales tanto chilenos (1 ) como españoles (2) en los que se pronuncian sobre recursos interpuestos en contra de laudos arbitrales, para finalmente realizar una comparación entre ambos sistemas y plantear la necesidad de una reforma y modernización del sistema nacional arbitral chileno, tomando como ejemplo el sistema monista adoptado por España, de modo de evitar una intervención judicial estatal excesiva, protegiendo así la esencia del arbitraje.
(1) Las sentencias de la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago de Chile y de la Corte Suprema de Chile a que se referirá este trabajo se pueden encontrar en el buscador de la página web del Poder Judicial de Chile (https://oficinajudicialvirtual.pjud.cl/indexN.php).
(2) Las sentencias de Tribunales Superiores de Justicia de España a que se hará referencia en este trabajo se pueden encontrar en el buscador de la página web del Centro de Documentación Judicial CENDOJ (https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/indexAN.jsp), en tanto las sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional de España se pueden encontrar en el buscador de jurisprudencia de su página web (https://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es)
Engineering TGF-B resistant NK cells for cancer immunotherapy
No full textNatural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes which can recognize tumor targets
or virus-infected cells. Adoptive transfer of primary or genetically engineered NK cells for
cancer immunotherapy is an attractive approach for their high safety profile and efficacious
tumor-killing effect. Promising results have been obtained in the treatment of hematological
malignancies, while in solid tumors the efficacy of adoptive NK cell infusions has been
subtle, due to their inefficient homing and their functional impairment by factors in the
immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (e.g. TGF-β). TGF-β exerts an inhibitory
effect on NK cell anti-tumor function. In this study, we provide novel insights on the
possibility of generating NK cells capable of subverting TGF-β inhibition with enhanced
tumor homing and anti-tumor function. Our results provide novel knowledge on the
regulation of NK cell function by TGF-β and could give the rationale for novel therapeutic
strategies for increasing the efficacy of adoptive NK cell immunotherapy.Las células “natural killer” (NK) son linfocitos innatos citotóxicos capaces de reconocer
dianas tumorales o células infectadas por virus. La transferencia adoptiva de células NK
primarias o modificadas genéticamente para la inmunoterapia contra el cáncer es una
estrategia atractiva dado su perfil de seguridad elevado y su eficaz efecto antitumoral. Se han
obtenido resultados prometedores en el tratamiento de neoplasias hematológicas. En cambio,
en tumores sólidos la eficacia de las infusiones adoptivas de células NK ha sido sutil, debido
a su ineficiente reclutamiento al tumor y a su deficiencia funcional por factores del
microambiente inmunosupresor tumoral (por ejemplo, TGF-β). El TGF-β ejerce un efecto
inhibidor sobre la función antitumoral de las células NK. En este estudio, aportamos nuevos
conocimientos sobre la posibilidad de generar células NK capaces de subvertir la inhibición
del TGF-β con una mayor capacidad de llegada/persistencia en tumor y mejor función
antitumoral. Nuestros resultados aportan nuevos conocimientos sobre la regulación de la
función de las células NK por el TGF-β y podrían dar pie a nuevas estrategias terapéuticas
para aumentar la eficacia de la inmunoterapia adoptiva con células NK.Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicin
Strategies to enhance management of HER2-positive breast cancer in the elderly: an expert consensus perspective
No full textTherapeutic decision-making for older patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer highlights the importance of a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). This assessment considers the functional status, comorbidities, and relevant conditions of the patient, and allows for an estimation of life expectancy, but it does not facilitate individualized treatment plans. There are also other challenges to consider related to the cardiac toxicity of the treatments and the under-representation of older patients in clinical trials. The Oncogeriatrics Section of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica, SEOM), the Spanish Group for Breast Cancer Research (Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Mama, GEICAM) and the Spanish Group of Study, Treatment and other Experimental Strategies in Solid Tumours (Grupo Español de Estudio, Tratamiento y otras Estrategias Experimentales en Tumores Sólidos, SOLTI) have gathered an expert committee to evaluate the scientific evidence on the management of older patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and to establish recommendations based on a comprehensive review of the existing literature. These recommendations underscore the importance of individualizing treatment plans based on the patient's physical status and tolerability to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Emphasis is placed on adapting neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies according to geriatric assessment and specific patient needs. A careful selection of treatment schedules for advanced stages is needed to improve survival and quality of life, assuming that scientific evidence in this age group is limited
Històries d'èxit de la ciència oberta: tast
No full textUs presentem la nova sèrie de vídeos curts Històries d'èxit de la ciència oberta dirigits a promocionar la ciència oberta a la universitat. El seu objectiu és que membres de la comunitat universitària comparteixin les seves bones experiències, reflexions o recomanacions sobre ciència oberta. Agraïm la participació de les les professores Louise McNAlly i Blanca Arias i els professors Vicente Ortún i Lluís Codina
Personajes transmedia : Sirius y Remus a través de historias
No full textTutor: Carlos Scolari
Treball de fi de grau en Publicitat i Relacions PúbliquesEn las últimas décadas, el fenómeno del fanfiction ha desdibujado los límites narrativos de las sagas de ficción, permitiendo a los fans reimaginar personajes y mundos desde una perspectiva participativa y reivindicativa. Este Trabajo de Final de Grado explora la relación entre narrativa transmedia y fan studies mediante el análisis de dos personajes secundarios del universo Harry Potter: Sirius Black y Remus Lupin. A través del modelo de identidades transmedia de Paolo Bertetti, se analizan tres niveles (ficticio, existencial y cultural) para comprender cómo estos personajes son reconstruidos y resignificados en textos no canónicos. La investigación compara el texto original Harry Potter y el Prisionero de Azkaban con dos fanfictions seleccionados de la plataforma Archive of Our Own (The Art of Getting By y Like Real People Do), con el objetivo de responder a tres preguntas clave: la coherencia identitaria de los personajes en distintos relatos, la evolución de su vínculo narrativo y los deseos del fandom proyectados en estas nuevas representaciones.In recent decades, the phenomenon of fanfiction has blurred the narrative boundaries of fiction sagas, allowing fans to reimagine characters and worlds from a participatory and often reivindicative perspective. This Bachelor's Thesis explores the relationship between transmedia storytelling and fan studies through the analysis of two secondary characters from the Harry Potter universe: Sirius Black and Remus Lupin. Using Paolo Bertetti's model of transmedia identities, the research examines three levels (fictional, existential, and cultural) to understand how these characters are reconstructed and re-signified in non-canonical texts. The study compares the original text Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban with two selected fanfictions from the Archive of Our Own platform (The Art of Getting By and Like Real People 3 Do), aiming to answer three key questions: how the characters maintain a coherent identity across different narratives, how their narrative bond evolves, and what desires of the fandom are projected onto these alternative versions
General population-based lung function trajectories over the life course: an accelerated cohort study
No full textBackground: Lung function is a key determinant of health, but current knowledge on lung function growth and decline over the life course is based on fragmented, potentially biased data. We aimed to empirically derive general population-based life course lung function trajectories, and to identify breakpoints and plateaus. Methods: We created an accelerated cohort by pooling data from eight general population-based child and adult cohort studies from Europe and Australia. We included all participants with information on lung function, smoking status, BMI, and asthma diagnosis status from at least two visits. We used cross-classified three-level linear mixed models to derive sex-specific life course trajectories of FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio based on observations at ages 4-80 years, and Bayesian time-series decomposition to identify breakpoints and plateaus. We repeated sex-specific analyses with separate stratification for asthma status (never had asthma vs persistent asthma, where persistent was defined as the risk factor being present at all participant visits) and smoking status (never smoker vs persistent smoker). Findings: The accelerated cohort included 30 438 participants born between 1901 and 2006 (15 703 [51·6%] female and 14 735 [48·4%] male; mean age 26 [SD 16] years), who provided a total of 87 666 observations (range 2-8 observations per participant). In female participants, FEV1 increased non-linearly in two phases, at a mean of 234 (95% CI 223 to 245) mL/year until age 13 (95% credible interval [CrI] 12 to 15) years, then at 99 (76 to 122) mL/year until a peak at age 20 (18 to 22) years, and subsequently decreased throughout the rest of adulthood (-26 [-27 to -25] mL/year). In male participants, the pattern was similar, with an increase in FEV1 of 271 (263 to 280) mL/year until age 16 (14 to 18) years, which slowed to 108 (93 to 124) mL/year until reaching a maximum at age 23 (21 to 25) years, decreasing thereafter (-38 [-39 to -37] mL/year), representing a later peak than in female participants. In female participants, FVC increased non-linearly in two phases, at 232 (95% CI 222 to 243) mL/year until age 14 (95% CrI 12 to 15) years, then at 77 (59 to 94) mL/year until peaking at age 20 (19 to 22) years, after which it decreased throughout the rest of adulthood (-26 [-27 to -25] mL/year). In male participants, FVC also increased in two phases, at 326 (315 to 337) mL/year until age 15 (13 to 17) years, then at 156 (144 to 168) mL/year until a peak at 23 (19 to 30) years, and subsequently declined in two phases (-22 [-29 to -14] mL/year until age 42 [38 to 50] years, then -36 [-38 to -34] mL/year thereafter). No plateau after the peak was observed for either lung function parameter in both sexes. FEV1/FVC ratio decreased throughout life from the starting age of 4 years in both sexes with some distinct patterns. Stratified analysis showed that persistent asthma (vs never had asthma) was related to an earlier FEV1 peak, lower FEV1 throughout adulthood, and lower FEV1/FVC ratio across the life course in both sexes. Persistent smoking (vs never smoking) was related to an accelerated decrease in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio during adulthood in both sexes. No statistically significant plateau was observed in any lung function parameter across the strata of asthma or smoking status. Interpretation: In both sexes, FEV1 and FVC increased in two phases, with a fast increase until around age 13-16 years, and then a slower increase until a peak. Neither parameter showed a plateau phase after the peak, and decreases started earlier than previously described. FEV1/FVC ratio decreased throughout life. These observations provide an essential, but previously unavailable, framework to assess and monitor lung health over the life course. Funding: EU Horizon 2020, Wellcome, European Respiratory Society, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, Menarini Group, and Sanofi.Management of University and Research Grants (grant numbers 2009 SGR 501 and 2014 SGR 822), Fundació La Marató de TV3 (grant number 090430), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant number SAF2012-32991 including FEDER funding), Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnement et du Travail (grant numbers 1262C0010, EST-2016 RF-21, EST-19 RF-04, and 2019/1/233), and the European Commission (grant numbers 261357, 308333, 603794, 634453, 825712, and 874583). INMA Valencia was funded by grants from the EU (grant numbers FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957, HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1, cod 874583, and cod 101136566), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant numbers G03/176, FIS-FEDER, PI03/1615, PI04/1509, PI06/1213, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI12/00610, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, PI16/1288, PI17/00663, PI19/1338, and P 23/1578), Miguel Servet-FEDER (grant numbers CP11/00178, CP15/00025, MSII16/00051, and MS20/0006), the Spanish Ministry of Universities (Margarita Salas Grant MS21-133 and grant CAS21/00008), Generalitat Valenciana (grant numbers CIAICO/2021/132, BEST/2020/059, AICO 2020/285, and AICO/2021/182), Consejo General de Enfermería (grant number PNI22_CGE45), FISABIO (grant numbers UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249), and the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation 2017. The PIAMA study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Netherlands Asthma Fund, the Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment, the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport, and the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. SAPALDIA was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant numbers 33CS30-177506/1, 33CS30-148470/1&2, 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 324730_135673, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, 4026-028099, PMPDP3_129021/1, and PMPDP3_141671/1), the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, the Swiss Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the Canton's Governments of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League, the Canton's Lung Leagues of Basel Stadt/Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, Graubünden, and Zurich, Stiftung ehemals Bündner Heilstätten, Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics, Abbott Diagnostics, the European Commission (GABRIEL study, grant number 018996), Wellcome (grant number WT 084703MA), and an Exposomics European Commission FP7 grant (grant agreement number 308610). TAHS was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia under the NHMRC project grant scheme (grant numbers 299901 and 1021275) and the NHMRC European collaborative grant scheme (grant number 1101313) as part of the ALEC Study, funded by the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 633212. TAHS was also supported by the University of Melbourne, Clifford Craig Medical Research Trust of Tasmania, the Asthma Foundations of Victoria, Queensland, and Tasmania, the Royal Hobart Hospital, Helen MacPherson Smith Trust, and GSK. The VlaVla study did not have external funding. The current study was funded by the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ALEC Study, grant agreement number 633212), Wellcome (grant reference 217065/Z/19/Z), and the European Respiratory Society Chronic Airway Diseases Early Stratification Clinical Research Collaboration, with the collaboration of AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, Menarini Group, and Sanofi. MdlH was funded by NextGenerationEU, under Program Investigo (INVESTIGO 2022, Agency for Management of University and Research Grants). SCD, JP, and EHW are supported by the NHMRC of Australia. JWD is supported by the NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (grant number NIHR203315). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. ISGlobal acknowledges support from the grant CEX2018-000806-S funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities and Spanish State Research Agency, and from the Government of Catalonia through the CERCA Programme
Structural and Theoretical Approaches to Modeling Information Choices and Media Markets
No full text_Aquesta tesi analitza com els individus decideixen on informar-se i com les estratègies publicitàries interactuen amb les preferències dels espectadors. Combinant la modelització teòrica amb l’anàlisi economètrica estructural mitjançant dades d’alta freqüència, ofereix una visió detallada sobre el consum de mitjans, la dinàmica publicitària i les implicacions més àmplies per als mercats de la informació. La primera part explora com les expectatives d’informació externa influeixen en la tria de biaix informatiu, estenent un model d’aprenentatge bayesià per explicar per què els individus tendeixen a consumir notícies afins a les seves creences però, de tant en tant, també s’exposen a perspectives oposades. L’anàlisi identifica les condicions en què els agents es coordinen en un mateix biaix informatiu i aporta idees sobre com fomentar l’adquisició d’informació. Una altra secció investiga la inèrcia dels consumidors en el consum de notícies, aprofitant la cancel·lació inesperada del concurs televisiu Pasapalabra el 2019. Aquesta cancel·lació va reduir l’audiència del principal informatiu en horari de màxima audiència en un 28\%, revelant com els programes d’entreteniment influeixen en la demanda de notícies. Un model de demanda estructural permet distingir entre inèrcia i preferències. L’impacte en l’audiència de les notícies es relaciona amb els resultats electorals, suggerint una connexió entre el consum de notícies i una menor participació electoral. L’última part examina l’aversió heterogènia a la publicitat en els mercats de mitjans, utilitzant dades de consum minut a minut per mostrar que l’aversió als anuncis varia àmpliament i no està fortament correlacionada amb característiques socioeconòmiques. Els anunciants paguen un preu més alt per arribar a espectadors amb una alta aversió a la publicitat. En conjunt, aquests resultats aporten noves perspectives sobre el consum de mitjans, els mercats publicitaris i l’adquisició d’informació, amb implicacions per a l’estratègia mediàtica i la política pública.This dissertation examines how individuals choose where to inform themselves and how advertising strategies interact with viewer preferences. Combining theoretical modeling with structural econometric analysis using high-frequency data, it provides insights into media consumption, advertising dynamics, and the broader implications for information markets. The first part explores how expectations of external information shape news bias choices, extending a Bayesian learning model to explain why individuals tend to consume like-minded news while occasionally engaging with opposing viewpoints. The analysis identifies conditions under which agents coordinate on news bias and offers insights into fostering information acquisition. Another section investigates consumer inertia in news consumption, leveraging the unexpected cancellation of the Spanish game show Pasapalabra in 2019. The cancellation reduced news viewership on the main primetime news broadcast by 28\%, revealing how entertainment programming influences news demand. A structural demand model is used to disentangle inertia from preferences. The shock to news viewership is linked to election outcomes, suggesting a relationship between news consumption and reduced voter participation. The final part examines heterogeneous ad aversion in media markets, using minute-by-minute viewing data to show that ad aversion varies widely and is largely uncorrelated with socioeconomic traits. Advertisers pay a premium to reach highly ad-averse viewers. Together, these findings provide new perspectives on media consumption, advertising markets, and information acquisition, offering implications for media strategy and policy.Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Doctorat en Economia, Finances i Empres
Association of tumor mutational burden and PD-L1 with the efficacy of pembrolizumab with or without chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in advanced urothelial carcinoma
No full textPurpose: The three-arm, phase III KEYNOTE-361 study did not meet its dual primary endpoints of progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) with first-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in advanced urothelial carcinoma. This prespecified exploratory analysis assessed the association of tumor mutational burden (TMB) and PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) with clinical outcomes. Patients and methods: TMB and PD-L1 CPS were determined via whole-exome sequencing and PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx, respectively. The association was evaluated in each treatment arm using logistic regression [objective response rate (ORR)] and Cox proportional hazards regression models (PFS and OS); one-sided (pembrolizumab monotherapy; pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy) and two-sided (chemotherapy) nominal P values were calculated. Significance was prespecified at α = 0.05 without multiplicity adjustment. Efficacy was evaluated by prespecified cutoffs of 175 mutations/exome (TMB) and CPS 10 (PD-L1). Results: Of the 993 treated patients, 820 (82.6%) and 993 (100%) had evaluable TMB and CPS data, respectively. Continuous TMB was positively associated with ORR, PFS, and OS for pembrolizumab monotherapy (one-sided P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.007, respectively); PFS and OS for pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (one-sided P = 0.007 and P = 0.010, respectively); and OS for chemotherapy alone (two-sided P = 0.040). Continuous PD-L1 CPS showed evidence of anticipated association with ORR and PFS for pembrolizumab monotherapy. The subgroup with TMB ≥175 mutations/exome and PD-L1 CPS ≥10 had the highest PFS and OS improvements with pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. Conclusions: These data suggest that TMB may be predictive of the response to pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy in advanced urothelial carcinoma
Optimizing transcranial pulse stimulation for neuropathic pain: a computational planning approach
No full textTreball de Fi de Grau en Enginyeria Biomèdica. Curs 2024-2025
Tutor: Dr. Antoni IvorraTranscranial Pulsed Stimulation (TPS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that uses focused ultrashort ultrasound pulses to stimulate specific regions of the brain. By delivering controlled acoustic pulses through the skull, TPS enables targeted stimulation with high spatial precision, while minimizing discomfort and side effects. This thesis explores the optimization of TPS therapy for treating neuropathic pain, a chronic and debilitating condition caused by abnormal nervous system activity. Traditional treatments, such as medication or invasive interventions, often yield limited results or pose significant risks. In contrast, TPS offers a non-invasive alternative by targeting, in this case, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a region involved in the emotional processing of pain. By modulating this area, TPS has the potential to alleviate the affective component of pain and serve as a predictor for the success of more invasive treatments, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). However, current TPS procedures rely primarily on visual positioning of the transducer, without assessing whether the ultrasound energy is optimally delivered to the target area. This thesis addresses that limitation by proposing a computational method to optimize the transducer’s placement using patient-specific CT data. Heuristic metrics are used to quickly evaluate potential stimulation paths,
while high-resolution simulations validate the best candidates