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El paper de l’intèrpret en contextos d’asil i refugi a Espanya
No full textTutora: Lia Giralt
Treball de fi de grau en Traducció i InterpretacióLa crisi migratòria a Europa ha posat de manifest la vulnerabilitat de les persones refugiades, que s’han vist obligades a fugir del seu país i buscar protecció internacional. Un cop aconsegueixen arribar al país d’acollida, sovint es troben amb barreres lingüístiques que dificulten la seva comunicació amb les autoritats i posen en perill l’accés als seus drets fonamentals. És en aquest context quan els intèrprets esdevenen una peça clau, no només per superar aquestes barreres, sinó també per garantir una tramitació justa i efectiva del procés de sol·licitud d’asil.
Aquest treball se centra en el paper dels intèrprets en contextos d’asil i refugi a Espanya, analitzant els reptes a què s’enfronten i les necessitats formatives que requereix la seva feina. Malgrat la seva importància cabdal, la figura de l’intèrpret en aquest àmbit ha estat poc estudiada dins del camp de la interpretació, a diferència d’altres disciplines que sí que compten amb una bibliografia consolidada. Amb aquesta anàlisi, l’objectiu és subratllar la falta de polítiques que garanteixin l’accés a serveis d’interpretació de qualitat, destacar la importància de professionalitzar aquesta tasca i sintetitzar els coneixements fonamentals que els intèrprets haurien d’incloure en la seva formació i pràctica professional per poder treballar de manera adequada en aquests contextos.La crisis migratoria en Europa ha puesto de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad de las personas refugiadas, que se han visto obligadas a huir de su país y buscar protección internacional. Una vez logran llegar al país de acogida, a menudo se enfrentan a barreras lingüísticas que dificultan su comunicación con las autoridades y ponen en peligro el acceso a sus derechos fundamentales. En este contexto, los intérpretes se convierten en una pieza clave, no solo para superar estas barreras, sino también para garantizar una tramitación justa y efectiva del proceso de solicitud de asilo.
Este trabajo se centra en el papel de los intérpretes en contextos de asilo y refugio en España, analizando los retos a los que se enfrentan y las necesidades formativas que requiere su labor.
A pesar de su crucial importancia, la figura del intérprete en este ámbito ha sido poco estudiada dentro del campo de la interpretación, a diferencia de otras disciplinas que sí que cuentan con una bibliografía consolidada. Con este análisis, el objetivo es subrayar la falta de políticas que garanticen el acceso a servicios de interpretación de calidad, destacar la importancia de profesionalizar esta tarea y sintetizar los conocimientos fundamentales que los intérpretes deberían incluir en su formación y práctica profesional para poder trabajar de manera adecuada en estos contextos.The migration crisis in Europe has highlighted the vulnerability of refugees, who have been forced to flee their countries and seek international protection. Once they’ve reached the host country, they often face language barriers that hinder their communication with authorities and jeopardize their access to fundamental rights. In this context, interpreters play a key role,
not only in overcoming these barriers but also in ensuring a fair and effective asylum application process. This study focuses on the role of interpreters in asylum and refugee contexts in Spain,
analyzing the challenges they face and the training needs required for their work. Despite their crucial importance, the role of interpreters in this field has been understudied within the discipline of interpretation, unlike other disciplines that have a more consolidated bibliography. Through this analysis, the aim is to emphasize the lack of policies guaranteeing access to quality interpretation services, underscore the importance of professionalizing this work, and outline the essential knowledge interpreters should incorporate into their training and professional practice to work properly in these contexts
Studying relative RNA localization from nucleus to the cytosol
No full textThe precise coordination of important biological processes, such as differentiation and development, relies heavily on the regulation of gene expression. In eukaryotic cells, understanding the distribution of RNA transcripts between the nucleus and cytosol is essential for gaining valuable insights into the process of protein production. The most efficient way to estimate the levels of RNA species genome-wide is through RNA sequencing (RNAseq). While RNAseq can be performed separately in the nucleus and in the cytosol, comparing transcript levels between compartments is challenging since measurements are relative to the unknown total RNA volume. Here, we show theoretically that if, in addition to nuclear and cytosolic RNAseq, whole-cell RNAseq is also performed, then accurate estimations of the localization of transcripts can be obtained. Based on this, we designed a method that estimates, first the fraction of the total RNA volume in the cytosol (nucleus), and then, this fraction for every transcript. We evaluate our methodology on simulated data and nuclear and cytosolic single-cell data available. Finally, we use our method to investigate the subcellular localization of transcripts using bulk RNAseq data from the ENCODE project
Concentration of the spectral norm of Erdös-Rényi random graphs
No full textWe present results on the concentration properties of the spectral norm ||Ap|| of the adjacency matrix Ap of an Erdös-Rényi random graph G(n, p). First, we consider the Erdös-Rényi random graph process and prove that ||Ap|| is uniformly concentrated over the range p E [C log n/n, 1]. The analysis is based on delocalization arguments, uniform laws of large numbers, together with the entropy method to prove concentration inequalities. As an application of our techniques, we prove sharp sub-Gaussian moment inequalities for ||Ap|| for all p E [c log3 n/n, 1] that improve the general bounds of Alon, Krivelevich, and Vu (Israel J. Math. 131 (2002) 259-267) and some of the more recent results of Erdös et al. (Ann. Probab. 41 (2013) 2279-2375). Both results are consistent with the asymptotic result of Füredi and Komlós (Combinatorica 1 (1981) 233-241) that holds for fixed p as n -> infinite.G. Lugosi was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant PGC2018-101643-B-I00; High-dimensional problems in structured probabilistic models - Ayudas Fundación BBVA a Equipos de Investigación Científica 2017; and Google Focused Award Algorithms and Learning for AI. S. Mendelson was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation. N. Zhivotovskiy was supported by RSF Grant 18-11-00132. This work was done while N. Zhivotovskiy was a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Mathematics, Technion I.I.T. and researcher at National University Higher School of Economics
Does the type of neoplasm influence the development of postoperative complications following distal pancreatectomy? A multicenter prospective snapshot study from the Spanish distal pancreatectomy project (SPANDISPAN)
No full textIntroduction: The morbidity associated with left pancreatectomy (LP) is estimated at 20–25 % for major complications, with a mortality rate of 1–3 %. Diagnosing incidental pancreatic lesions, combined with an aging population and increased comorbidities, presents complex therapeutic challenges. This uncertainty raises the question of whether LP presents different morbidity and mortality profiles depending on the neoplasm type, potentially aiding decision-making. Objective: To compare postoperative outcomes by tumor type in a prospective series of LPs in Spain. Methods: The SPANDISPAN Project is a prospective, multicenter, observational study conducted in hepato-pancreato-biliary units from February 2022 to January 2023. A total of 311 patients from 41 Spanish centers participated. Patients were categorized by etiology: Adenocarcinoma (ADC), Intraductal Papillary Mucinous + Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms (IPMN + MCN), Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET), and Others. Pancreatic surgery-specific complications were defined by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Results: Postoperative complications were similar overall and for Clavien-Dindo grade > II. No significant differences were observed in POPF, except that grade B/C was more frequent in NET (29.6 %, p < 0.039), mainly due to grade B (53.3 %). No differences were found in PPH or DGE, though the severity of hemorrhage differed significantly (p < 0.035), with grade B more common in Others and grade C in NET (66.7 %). Conclusión: No significant differences in complication rates were found based on etiology. Non-functioning NETs in elderly patients should be carefully assessed due to the increased severity of POPF, PPH, and reoperation rates
Aspectos organizativos y de financiación de las nuevas terapias sanitarias: sostenibilidad y solvencia
No full textTemperature exposure and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents from 2 european birth cohorts
No full textImportance: Climate change can adversely affect mental health, but the association of ambient temperature with psychiatric symptoms remains poorly understood. Objective: To assess the association of ambient temperature exposure with internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems in adolescents from 2 population-based birth cohorts in Europe. Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study analyzed data from the Dutch Generation R Study and the Spanish INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente) Project. Generation R recruited 9898 women during pregnancy or shortly after birth, with children born between 2002 and 2006. INMA recruited 2270 pregnant women from Gipuzkoa, Sabadell, and Valencia, Spain, with children born between 2003 and 2008. Individuals born from live singleton births with available outcome and exposure data were included in the study. Data were analyzed between October 2023 and November 2024. Exposure: Daily ambient temperature 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months preceding outcome assessment was calculated between December 2015 and November 2022 at the residence at 100 × 100 m resolution utilizing the UrbClim model. Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcomes were internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems, measured with the maternal-reported Child Behavioral Checklist for ages 6 to 18 years; raw scores were square-root transformed, with higher scores indicating more problems. Distributed lag nonlinear models evaluated the associations of temperature exposure with problem scores in each country and region. For Spain, results from the 3 INMA regions were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. Results show the accumulated temperature association over each exposure period. Results: A total of 3934 participants from Generation R (mean [SD] age at assessment, 13.6 [0.4] years; 1971 female [50%]) and 885 from INMA (mean [SD] age at assessment, 14.9 [1.0] years; 458 female [52%]) were included. Most parents in both cohorts were native to the respective countries of each cohort and had relatively high socioeconomic status. Daily temperatures ranged from -5.2 °C to 32.6 °C in the Netherlands and 3.3 °C to 33.9 °C in Spain. In Generation R, the mean (SD) square-root transformed scores were 2.0 (1.2) for internalizing problems, 1.6 (1.3) for externalizing problems, and 1.5 (1.0) for attention problems, while in INMA these were 2.4 (1.2), 2.1 (1.3), and 1.5 (1.1), respectively. In the Netherlands, cumulative exposure to cold was associated with more internalizing problems (eg, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.20-1.32] higher square-root points at 5.5 °C exposure over a 2-month exposure). In Spain, cumulative exposure to heat was associated with more attention problems (eg, 1.52 [95% CI, 0.39-2.66] higher square-root points at 21.7 °C exposure over a 2-month exposure). Conclusions and relevance: In this cohort study, exposure to cold in the Netherlands and heat in Spain were associated with more psychiatric symptoms, highlighting distinct temperature exposure and mental health associations among adolescents. Future studies should explore this across diverse climates to further quantify the intricate and multifactorial association of climate change with mental health.The Generation R Study is conducted by the Erasmus Medical Center in close collaboration with the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipal Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam; the Rotterdam Homecare Foundation, Rotterdam; and the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond, Rotterdam. The general design of the Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Erasmus University, Rotterdam; the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. The INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente) Project is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant Nos. Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, PI03/1615, PI04/1509, PI04/2018, PI04/1112, PI04/1931, PI05/1079, PI05/1052, PI06/0867, PI06/1213, PI07/0314, PI09/02647, PI09/00090, PI09/02311, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI12/00610, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI13/02187, PI13/02429, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, PI16/1288, PI17/00663, PI18/00909, PI18/01142, PI19/1338, PI20/01695, and PI23/1578), the European Union (grant Nos. FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957, HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1, cod 874583, and cod 101136566), Miguel Servet-European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional [FEDER]; grant Nos. CP11/00178, CP15/00025, CPII16/00051, CPII18/00018, MSII16/00051, and MS20/0006), Generalitat Valenciana (grant Nos. CIAICO/2021/132, BEST/2020/059, AICO 2020/285, AICO/2021/182, and CIDEGENT/2019/064), Consejo General de Enfermería (grant No. PNI22_CGE45), Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (grant Nos. UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249), the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation 2017, Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Fundación Cajastur and Universidad de Oviedo, the Department of Health of the Basque Government (grant Nos. 2005111093, 2009111069, 2013111089, and 2015111065), the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (grant Nos. DFG06/002, DFG08/001 and DFG15/221), the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT (Catalan National Science Foundation; grant No. 1999SGR 00241), and annual agreements with the municipalities of the Gipuzkoa study area (Zumarraga, Urretxu, Legazpi, Azkoitia, Azpeitia, and Beasain). The authors acknowledge support from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and State Research Agency [MCIN/AEI]; grant No. CEX2023-001290-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA (Research Centers of Catalonia) Program, and from the Ministry of Research and Universities of the Government of Catalonia (grant No. 2021 SGR 01564). This study also received funding from the Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnement et du Travail (grant No. EST-18 RF-25), and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 874583, Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome research and Translation). Dr J. Ballester was supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe research and innovation programmes (grant agreement Nos. 865564 [European Research Council Consolidator grant EARLY-ADAPT], 101069213 [European Research Council Proof-of-Concept HHS-EWS], and 101123382 [European Research Council Proof-of-Concept FORECAST-AIR]), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant agreement No. RYC2018-025446-I [programme Ramón y Cajal]). Dr El Marroun was supported by Stichting Volksbond Rotterdam and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Aspasia grant No. 015.016.056). Dr Tiemeier was supported by the European Union Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 101057529 [FAMILY]). Dr Granés was supported by the Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III (Rio Hortega fellowship No. CM22/00011). This publication was cofinanced by the AEI and the European Social Fund (FSE; reference No. PRE2020-092005) according to the Resolution of the Presidency of the AEI, by which grants are awarded for predoctoral contracts for the training of physicians, call 2020 (awarded to Dr Kusters)
Effects of mosquito-proofing storm drains on adult and larval mosquito abundance: protocol of the IDAlErt storm drAin randomiSed controlled trial (IDEAS)
No full textAedes and Culex mosquitoes, known for spreading arboviruses like dengue and West Nile, thrive in cities, posing health risks to urban populations. Climate change can create suitable climatic conditions for these vectors to spread further in Europe. Cities contain numerous landscape and infrastructure elements, such as storm drains, that allow stagnant water build-up, facilitating mosquito breeding. Modifying urban infrastructure to prevent water accumulation can reduce mosquito populations, but evidence is limited. The Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), which is the public health agency of Barcelona, Spain, recently introduced a structural modification of storm drains to prevent water accumulation. Together with the ASPB, we designed a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to experimentally assess the effectiveness of these modifications on adult Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens populations. Using a parallel-arm RCT, we equally randomized 44 drains to receive mosquito-proofing modifications (intervention) or not (control). We measured adult mosquito counts as the primary outcome and adult and larvae presence as secondary outcomes, sampling each drain weekly from June through November 2023. We will use generalised linear mixed models to estimate the time-averaged and peak mosquito month intervention effects, and conducted complimentary subgroup and sensitivity analyses. The trial results will guide potential city-wide expansion of storm drain modifications and provide valuable evidence to enhance existing vector control measures.We would like to express gratitude to our collaborators at the Ajuntament de Barcelona and Barcelona Cicle de l'Aigua (BCASA) and who have contributed time and resources to make this trial possible. IDEAS is funded by the European Union Horizon Europe program through the project IDAlert (https://idalertproject.eu), grant number 101057554. IDAlert is part of the EU climate change and health cluster (https://climate-health.eu)
Prediction and characterizacion of enhancer clusters in an induced cell-fate transition model
No full textLarge clusters of enhancers often regulate lineage instructive genes. Whether individual enhancers of a cluster cooperate or act independently in regulating gene expression is unknown. Current algorithms that identify such clusters are limited to their input genomic dataset types and have been criticized for their specificity and sensitivity. In this thesis, we describe a new computational framework for the identification of enhancer clusters, termed SEGCOND. We applied SEGCOND to next-generation sequencing datasets derived from different time points of a B-cell to macrophage transdifferentiation model. SEGCOND predicted novel, differentiation stage-dependent enhancer clusters that display hallmarks of previously described clusters, such as association with highly expressed, lineage-specific genes. We performed single and combinatorial enhancer excisions in two predicted clusters, harboring the IRF8 and FOS genes, and monitored their effects on gene expression and transdifferentiation dynamics. This revealed that the enhancers within the two clusters either synergize or antagonize each other in a differentiation stage-dependent manner. These results highlight an unexpected functional complexity of enhancer clusters and suggest that they are more than the sum of their constituent individual parts.Grandes grupos de enhancers frecuentemente controlan la expresión de genes reguladores del linaje celular. Se desconoce si los enhancers de un grupo cooperan entre ellos o actúan de forma independiente en la regulación de la expresión génica. Los algoritmos actuales para la identificación de dichos grupos están limitados por los tipos de datos genómicos que utilizan y además presentan una baja sensibilidad y especificidad. En esta tesis, describimos una nueva herramienta informática para la identificación de grupos de enhancers, denominada SEGCOND. Aplicamos SEGCOND a un conjunto de datos de secuenciación masiva derivados de diferentes puntos temporales de un modelo de transdiferenciación de células B a macrófagos. SEGCOND predijo nuevos grupos de enhancers con características específicas de los estadios de diferenciación del sistema descrito anteriormente, como la asociación con genes marcadores de linaje con niveles altos de expresión. Para validar la importancia de los nuevos grupos de enhancers identificados con SEGCOND, realizamos escisiones de enhancers individuales y en combinación en dos de los grupos predichos, que albergan los genes IRF8 y FOS. Posteriormente, analizamos los efectos de las escisiones sobre la expresión génica y la dinámica de transdiferenciación. Estos experimentos revelaron que los enhancers dentro de los dos grupos actúan de manera sinérgica o se antagonizan entre sí en función del grado de diferenciación. En conjunto, los resultados presentados en esta tesis ponen de manifiesto que los grupos de enhancers tienen una complejidad funcional superior a la anteriormente descrita lo cual sugiere que su función reguladora no deriva de la simple suma de sus partes individuales.Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicin
Más allá del espejo dispositivos de disidencia en la obra de Joaquim Jordà: documentales que no son (solo) documentales
No full textEsta tesis tiene como objeto el estudio de la obra de Joaquim Jordà con el propósito de identificar los trazos distintivos que permitan definir su caligrafía creativa y determinar hasta qué punto contribuyó a reformular el paradigma documental vigente. En primer lugar, se explora la evolución de la subjetividad en su filmografía, para concluir que, si bien inicialmente el director se autoinscribió en sus textos para impugnar el paradigma representacional realista, el uso de la primera persona se fue insuflando de autobiografía hasta constituir con ella dispositivos de subjetivación para sujetos heteronormativos. Pero esos dispositivos tendrán otra finalidad política, que es la toma de la palabra. Esto es, la voluntad de desarticular el discurso hegemónico y erigirle un contradiscurso. Por ello, en segundo término, se examina la performatividad en su cine, entendiéndola como la capacidad de algunos enunciados para generar entidades inexistentes que, en este caso, serán de carácter discursivo.This PhD. dissertation aims to study the work of Joaquim Jordà in order to identify its distinctive creative features, in an effort to define his calligraphy and determine to what extent he contributed to renovate the documentary format. First, we explore the evolution of subjectivity in his filmography. We can conclude that the director's self-inscription aimed to challenge the realistic representational project. Afterward, the use of this first narrative person was intertwined with autobiography until it became a subjectivation device for heteronormative subjects. But these devices also had another, more political purpose: to take over the word; that is, to try dismantle the hegemonic discourse and erect a counter-discourse. This leads us to examine the performativity of his cinema, analysing the capacity that some utterances have to create non-existent entities, in this case, of a discursive nature.Programa de doctorat en Comunicaci
Intervention effects of greenspace exposure on human microbiota: A randomized controlled trial in Chinese young adults
No full textEnriching human microbiota has been proposed as a mechanism by which greenspace exposure improves human health. The existing evidence is scarce with few studies able to evaluate causality. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 30 healthy undergraduate students to explore the intervention effects of greenspace on human gut and oral microbiota alpha-diversity, composition, differential genera and functional pathways. The study participants were divided into three groups, including outdoor greenspace (GS) group, outdoor non-greenspace (NGS) group, and indoor group, who visited a park, an open space without vegetation, and a classroom, respectively, for two hours per day over seven days. Differences in microbial alpha-diversity and composition across various groups were tested using Wilcoxon test and permutational multivariate analysis of variance, respectively. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis was performed to test differences in genera and functional pathways. Greenspace intervention significantly increased gut microbiota alpha-diversity, especially the observed Amplicon Sequence variant indexes and the Faith indexes (both p < 0.05). In addition, the intervention substantially changed the composition of gut microbiota, of which the relative abundances of potentially beneficial bacteria increased. Further, the greenspace intervention affected several functional pathways of gut microbiota, including "substance dependence", "specific types of cancer", and "viral infectious diseases". However, we did not find any significant effect of greenspace intervention on oral microbiota. Our results suggest that greenspace intervention diversifies the gut microbiota and alters its composition. These findings could help to reinforce the potential of increasing people's access to greenspace as a public health intervention