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Lowest low fertility in Spain: insights from the 2018 Spanish fertility survey
No full textBACKGROUND. Spain has one of the most enduring low levels of fertility in the world, but desired fertility there is still close to two children.
OBJECTIVES. We document recent fertility trends and examine the reasons that women and men provide for not achieving their desired fertility.
METHOD. We use data from the 2018 Spanish Fertility Survey (14,556 women and 2,619 men). We provide a cohort and age perspective and compare women and men. We use retrospective information and classify the reasons people report for not having (more) children. RESULTS. Estimates on observed fertility, employment, and partnerships show that having a stable partner between the ages of 25 and 35 seems key in the transition to childbearing. Work-family conflicts and insufficient economic resources are the main reasons women and men give for not having their desired number of children. These are followed by partnership reasons (not having a stable partner) and health (infertility).
CONCLUSIONS. Our findings, although descriptive, shed light on the multiple and age-varying obstacles that prevent women and men from achieving desired levels of fertility.
CONTRIBUTION. The Spanish population indicates that the most important preconditions for having (more) children are sufficient economic resources, stability, and having a partner.This paper acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Ref. RYC-2021-034487-I), La Caixa Foundation Social Research Call (Ref. RS23-00090) (ML), the Spanish Ministry of Education (Ref. PID2021-124267OB-I00) (AE &DB), and the Spanish Ministry of Science (Ref. RYC2019-026510-I) (DB), the European Research Council, ERC-2020-STG-948557-MINEQ (DB) and Advanced Grant - 101052787 - CORESIDENCE (AE), MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE+ for the project: JDC2022-049247-I, and ERC, Born Once - Die Once, 10104398 (RM). Finally support came from the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya (ML, AE, DB)
Femicidio en Ecuador: Análisis de la formulación normativa del tipo penal y su comparación con la práctica jurisdiccional del país
No full textEn esta tesis se realiza un estudio acerca del femicidio en Ecuador, para ello en el primer capítulo se abordó la justificación normativa de su inclusión como tipo penal autónomo. En el segundo capítulo se revisó su regulación internacional, en el tercer capítulo se efectuó una comparación de la formulación de esta figura penal en Latinoamérica.
Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo se analizó cuatro sentencias de femicidio, ello nos permitió revisar la aplicación práctica de los conceptos teóricos que se han examinado en esta investigación. Se enfatizó el estudio crítico de los aspectos que han generado controversia de sus elementos distintivos: por ser mujer y las relaciones de poder, concluyendo en que no hay una claridad sobre lo que se entiende por estos elementos. Lo que nos ha otorgado sustento para determinar que la formulación de este tipo penal es ambigua, resulta redundante, planteando una alternativa de redacción.This thesis study is carried out about femicide in Ecuador; for this purpose, in the first chapter the normative justification for its inclusion as an autonomous criminal type was addressed. In the second chapter, its international regulation was reviewed; in the third chapter, a comparison of the formulation of this penal figure in Latin America was made.
Finally, in the fourth chapter, four sentences of femicide were analyzed, this allowed us to review the practical application of the theoretical concepts that have been examined in this research. The critical study of the aspects that have generated controversy about its distinctive elements was emphasized: being a woman and power relations, concluding that there is no clarity about what is understood by these elements. What has given us support to determine that the formulation of this criminal type is ambiguous, is redundant, proposing an alternative wording.Programa de Doctorat en Dre
Comentari als arts. 621-3 i 621-4 (objecte i prohibicions en el contracte de compravenda)
No full textConstructing the pandemic: the Italian plague in early modern Iberian news discourse (1629–1631)
No full textFrom 1629 to 1631, during the Thirty Years’ War, a severe plague began in Northern Italy and rapidly spread across the Continent. The pandemic’s repercussions soon reached the Iberian Peninsula, where the news was documented and circulated via various media, including reports and avvisi.
News concerning this so-called Italian plague was published in the main news centres of the Spanish kingdoms, such as Seville, Lisbon, and Madrid.
Drawing upon microhistory—specifically Filippo de Vivo’s model (Past and Present, 2019)—and techniques related to news discourse and content analysis (see Soto, Díaz Noci and Espejo-Cala, 2020), this study aims to explain how news about pandemics was created and disseminated at the precise moment when journalism was taking shape as a craft in Early Modern Europe
Modular approaches and applications in reinforcement learning development and validation of next-generation frameworks
No full textReinforcement learning (RL) provides a unique framework for addressing sequential
decision-making problems. Despite the numerous software frameworks proposed to
accelerate the development of new algorithms and applications, RL researchers and
practitioners often still rely on custom code. This thesis identifies and addresses
some core issues contributing to this trend. In the first part, we propose a modular
approach for defining distributed RL schemes using basic, reusable building blocks.
In the second part, we contribute to the creation of TorchRL, the official PyTorch
domain library for general decision-making. TorchRL is designed to be efficient,
scalable, and broadly applicable. Finally, we leverage and validate TorchRL by
developing ACEGEN, a library for language-based generative drug discovery, and
use it to explore new solutions in this field.Programa de Doctorat en Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacion
Early-life exposome and health-related immune signatures in childhood
No full textBackground: Early-life environmental exposures are suspected to modify important immune processes related to child health. Yet, no study has investigated immunotoxicity in relation to the exposome and multiple health domains simultaneously. Methods: Among 845 children (median age 8) from six European birth cohorts included in the Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX) project, we identified immune signatures of a health score covering cardiometabolic, respiratory/allergic and neurodevelopmental health in children. Those signatures were identified from blood samples in three biological layers (white blood cell (WBC) composition, plasma proteins concentrations, DNA methylation of WBCs) using an advanced factorial analysis supervised on the child health score. Second, we estimated the association between the identified signatures and 91 pre- and postnatal environmental exposures. Results: Three key immune signatures were associated with a better health score in children: a first protein signature characterizing a low inflammatory profile (R2 = 17 %), a second protein signature characterizing a low inflammatory profile with balanced antiviral Th response (R2 = 2 %), and a WBC signature characterizing an immuno-regulatory and naïve profile (R2 = 2 %). In childhood, less exposure to indoor air pollutants, proximity to blue spaces and public transport, healthy dietary habits and higher social capital were associated with the three immune signatures related to a better health score (regression p-values < 0.05). One signature was identified from DNA methylation, but was not significantly associated with the health score nor with the exposome. Conclusions: These findings highlight the influence of early-life environmental exposures on key inflammatory processes associated with the cardiometabolic, respiratory and neurodevelopmental health of children.The study received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–206) (grant agreement no 308,333 − HELIX project) and the H2020-EU.3.1.2. − Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874,583 − ATHLETE project). Born in Bradford receives funding from by a joint grant from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and UK Economic and Social Science Research Council (ESRC) [MR/N024391/1]; the British Heart Foundation [CS/16/4/32482]; a Wellcome Infrastructure Grant [WT101597MA]; the National Institute for Health Research under its Applied Research Collaboration for Yorkshire and Humber [NIHR200166]; and was supported by UK Research and Innovation for the Healthy Urban Places consortium (grant reference MR/Y022785/1) as part of Population Health Improvement UK (PHI-UK), a national research network which works to transform health and reduce inequalities through change at the population level. The views expressed are those of the author(s), and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Data collection at Infancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, and the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT. The Kaunas cohort (KANC) was supported by grant 6–04-2014_31V-66 and on September 13, 2015, by No. 31 V-77, from the Lithuanian Agency for Science Innovation and Technology. A full list of support for the Etude des Determinants Pre et Postnatals du Developpement et de la Sante de l’Enfant (EDEN) cohort is found in Heude B et al. Cohort profile: the EDEN mother–child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(2):353–363. The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), and NIH/NINDS (grant no.1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1). The RHEA Mother Child Cohort was supported by European projects and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, Heraklion, Crete, Greece: 2011–2014; “Rhea Plus”: Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012–2015). Additionally, ISGlobal acknowledges support from the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019–2023” Program 2018–000806-S from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA) Program
El pilar 2 del proyecto BEPS de la OCDE: divergencias normativas a nivel internacional, europeo y español e implicaciones para los países en vías de desarrollo
No full textTreball de Fi de Grau en Dret. Curs 2024-2025Tutor: Rodolfo Ruben Salassa BoixCon el crecimiento de la economía digital y globalizada, las grandes ultinacionales han trasladado sus beneficios a jurisdicciones de baja tributación, provocando así una importante erosión de las bases imponibles. Para hacer frente a esta situación, la OCDE ha desarrollado el Proyecto BEPS, basado en dos pilares. El Pilar 2 de la OCDE pretende establecer una tributación mínima del 15% para los grupos multinacionales, con el objetivo de frenar la competición fiscal a la baja entre Estados a nivel mundial. Este Trabajo se centra en analizar la manera en que la normativa del Pilar 2 ha sido adoptada en los distintos niveles normativos (OCDE, UE y España), con el fin de identificar las diferencias en su regulación y las razones que las motivan. Asimismo, este trabajo aborda también las implicaciones que tiene la implementación del régimen BEPS para los países en vías de desarrollo que, para atraer inversión extranjera, han venido concediendo numerosos incentivos fiscales, y como las medidas GloBE afectan al ejercicio de su soberanía tributaria
Regional changes in temperature-related mortality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a continental modelling analysis in 805 European regions
No full textBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic drastically disrupted usual seasonal mortality patterns, creating challenges in assessing temperature-related mortality. While previous studies explored the effect of temperature on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, few examined its relationship with mortality during the pandemic, often excluding COVID-19 deaths or relying on pre-pandemic models. In this study, we developed an innovative methodological framework that accounts for COVID-19 waves, allowing us to estimate changes in the short-term effects of temperature on mortality and assess the role of adaptation and maladaptation before and after the onset of the pandemic. Methods: We analyzed pre- (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-2023) mortality data from Eurostat, covering 805 contiguous regions across 32 European countries. To adjust for COVID-19 deaths, we selected specific time windows during COVID-19 waves, and increased the degrees of freedom (d.f.) for these windows as necessary until achieving well-behaved residuals. Findings: Adjusting for COVID-19 deaths reduced uncertainty in the pandemic association, providing more precise estimates. When adjusting for COVID-19 deaths, we observed a significant reduction in cold and heat-related mortality risks in all sub-regions except in the southern regions for heat, which experienced a significant increase. When assessing the role of adaptation between pre- and pandemic periods, we observed significant changes for heat risks in southern and western regions with higher risks in the pandemic period than in the pre-pandemic one. For cold, all sub-regions except the southern ones had higher risks in the pre-pandemic period. Interpretation: Our work defines a new innovative methodological framework for future epidemiological studies using data from the pandemic period. The proposed methodology demonstrates the importance of using pandemic data and adjusting for COVID-19 deaths to accurately capture current vulnerabilities. The findings highlight different regional adaptation processes and underscore the need for enhanced heat adaptation measures, particularly in vulnerable regions
Pervivència i represa del dret civil català: del Decret de Nova Planta al Codi civil de Catalunya
No full textEn el present treball s'exposa l'evolució del dret català durant els tres segles que van del Decret de Nova Planta (1716) a l'aprovació del darrer llibre del Codi civil de Catalunya (2017). En aquest temps, el dret català ha perviscut malgrat els diferents intents de supressió per part de l'Estat i d'assimilació jurídica de Catalunya al dret de Castella. La tenacitat i la constància dels juristes catalans i de tota la societat han fet possible la conservació i represa d'aquest dret, que és un dels elements que configuren la identitat catalana
Emergence of a high-dimensional abstraction phase in language transformers
No full textA language model (LM) is a mapping from a linguistic context to an output token. However, much remains to be known about this mapping, including how its geometric properties relate to its function. We take a high-level geometric approach to its analysis, observing, across five pre-trained transformer-based LMs and three input datasets, a distinct phase characterized by high intrinsic dimensionality. During this phase, representations (1) correspond to the first full linguistic abstraction of the input; (2) are the first to viably transfer to downstream tasks; (3) predict each other across different LMs. Moreover, we find that an earlier onset of the phase strongly predicts better language modelling performance. In short, our results suggest that a central high-dimensionality phase underlies core linguistic processing in many common LM architectures.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101019291). This paper reflects the authors’ view only, and the funding agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Additionally, D.D. received support from the project “Supporto alla diagnosi di malattie rare tramite l’intelligenza artificiale”(CUP: F53C22001770002)