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Affective and territorial polarisation: the impact on vote choice in Spain
No full textWhat is the effect of affective polarisation on vote choice? Despite the growing interest in affective polarisation, scholars still do not fully understand the relationship between partisan affective polarisation and political behaviour. Crucially, most existing studies have assumed, often by default, that affective polarisation mainly occurs along a single politicised partisan identity. This article addresses the hitherto neglected relationship between affective polarisation and vote choice in Spain, where distrust between different and opposite groups occurs both on ideological and territorial terms. Using rich panel data, the study findings show that both affective polarisation types are significant predictors of vote choice. While affectively partisan-polarised voters are more likely to support the left, affectively polarised voters on the territorial dimension are more likely to support the right
The normative influence of the belt and road initiative in Europe
No full textThis article analyses how the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is used as a tool to spread Chinese normative language and soft power in the European Union (EU), as well as the potential governance effects of the BRI. Through in-depth elite interviews and comparative qualitative analysis of the BRI Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) between EU countries and China, it provides a comprehensive overview of the content of the MoUs, most of which are not publicly available. It finds that, while little normative influence can be seen, the MoUs represent a partially successful exercise of soft power. However, growing scepticism and even resentment towards China are emerging among EU BRI countries. This, paired with the securitisation of Chinese foreign direct investment that originated from the paradigm shift in EU trade policy towards economic security, has led to greater unity in the EU and a more antagonistic vision of China by its Member States
“Batalla de idiomas”: análisis de prácticas sobre variación hispanoamericana en YouTube
No full textLas "batallas de idiomas" proporcionan un espacio donde se presentan y comparan diferentes variedades del español clasificadas por países. Miles de participantes y espectadores interactúan, comparten y comentan las diferencias y similitudes lingüísticas entre variedades. Esta tesis parte del análisis de estas prácticas digitales, presentes en la red social de vídeo YouTube, con el objetivo de promover una visión plurinormativa y panhispánica de la lengua española. Centramos el foco en el estudio funcional de estas prácticas, de sus participantes y de sus percepciones y actitudes, además del léxico presente y de las implicaciones didácticas en el aula de lengua española. Este estudio se estructura en torno a tres ejes principales.
En primer lugar, nos centramos en el análisis estructural y multimodal de la “batalla de idiomas”. Elaboramos un corpus e identificamos dos tipos de “batallas”, que clasificamos como juego de comparar y de adivinar. Por otra parte, recopilamos datos sobre los creadores y los participantes en estas prácticas, principalmente mujeres, de origen europeo, que entienden la variación hispanoamericana según los modelos centrales como norma del país, y que suelen estar familiarizadas con más de dos variedades, demostrando una percepción multifocal subjetiva.
En segundo lugar, profundizamos en el estudio de las actitudes y las percepciones por parte de la audiencia a partir de los comentarios. Seleccionamos una muestra relevante (los 100 comentarios más apreciados de los dos vídeos más vistos del juego de comparar) para demostrar que la participación en el juego y la búsqueda de diferencias y similitudes entre variedades dialectales suponen aspectos prioritarios de esta actividad. Sin embargo, encontramos una serie de comentarios que cuestionan la autenticidad de algunas formas léxicas y que juzgan negativamente la representación de algunos participantes, de su forma de hablar o de sus rasgos étnicos.
En tercer lugar, exploramos el potencial didáctico de la selección léxica del juego de comparar, y aportamos recomendaciones para su posible aplicación en el aula de ELE. Para ello, combinamos el análisis de contenido de los vídeos, los participantes, los comentarios y el léxico utilizado. Proponemos integrar estas prácticas digitales en el aula para preparar mejor a los estudiantes para interactuar con hablantes de diferentes variedades del español y para ofrecerles un panorama más amplio de la variación hispanoamericana.
En resumen, los resultados de esta investigación destacan que la “batalla de idiomas” puede ser una herramienta eficaz y lúdica para explorar la variación lingüística del español. Además, no solo hacen aportaciones en el campo de la sociolingüística y de la enseñanza del español, sino que también ofrecen un marco teórico y metodológico innovador para analizar otras prácticas digitales sobre la variación, en español y en otras lenguas.Les "batalles d'idiomes" proporcionen un espai on es presenten i comparen diferents varietats de l'espanyol classificades per països. Milers de participants i espectadors interactuen, comparteixen i comenten les diferències i les similituds lingüístiques entre varietats. Aquesta tesi parteix de l'anàlisi d'aquestes pràctiques digitals, presents a la xarxa social de vídeo YouTube, amb l'objectiu de promoure una visió plurinormativa i panhispànica de la llengua espanyola. Centrem el focus en l'estudi funcional d'aquestes pràctiques, dels seus participants i de les seves percepcions i actituds, a més del lèxic present i de les implicacions didàctiques a l'aula de llengua espanyola. Aquest estudi s'estructura al voltant de tres eixos principals.
En primer lloc, ens centrem en l'anàlisi estructural i multimodal de la "batalla d'idiomes". Elaborem un corpus i identifiquem dos tipus de "batalles", que classifiquem com a joc de comparar i d'endevinar. D'altra banda, recopilem dades sobre els creadors i els participants en aquestes pràctiques, principalment dones, d'origen europeu, que entenen la variació hispanoamericana segons els models centrals com a norma del país, i que solen estar familiaritzades amb més de dues varietats, demostrant una percepció multifocal subjectiva.
En segon lloc, aprofundim en l'estudi de les actituds i les percepcions per part de l'audiència a partir dels comentaris. Seleccionem una mostra rellevant (els 100 comentaris més apreciats dels dos vídeos més vistos del joc de comparar) per demostrar que la participació en el joc i la recerca de diferències i similituds entre varietats dialectals suposen aspectes prioritaris d'aquesta activitat. No obstant això, trobem una sèrie de comentaris que qüestionen l'autenticitat d'algunes formes lèxiques i que jutgen negativament la representació d'alguns participants, de la seva forma de parlar o dels seus trets ètnics.
En tercer lloc, explorem el potencial didàctic de la selecció lèxica del joc de comparar, i aportem recomanacions per a la seva possible aplicació a l'aula d'ELE. Per a això, combinem l'anàlisi de contingut dels vídeos, els participants, els comentaris i el lèxic utilitzat. Proposem integrar aquestes pràctiques digitals a l'aula per preparar millor els estudiants per interactuar amb parlants de diferents varietats de l'espanyol i per oferir-los un panorama més ampli de la variació hispanoamericana.
En resum, els resultats d'aquesta investigació destaquen que la "batalla d'idiomes" pot ser una eina eficaç i lúdica per explorar la variació lingüística de l'espanyol. A més, no només fan aportacions en el camp de la sociolingüística i de l'ensenyament de l'espanyol, sinó que també ofereixen un marc teòric i metodològic innovador per analitzar altres pràctiques digitals sobre la variació, en espanyol i en altres llengües.“Language battles” provide a space where different varieties of Spanish classified by countries are presented and compared. Thousands of participants and spectators interact, share, and comment on the linguistic differences and similarities between varieties. This thesis is based on the analysis of these digital practices, present on the YouTube video social network, with the aim of promoting a plurinormative and pan-Hispanic vision of the Spanish language. We focus on the functional study of these practices, their participants and their perceptions and attitudes, as well as the present lexicon and the didactic implications in the Spanish language classroom. This study is structured around three main axes.
Firstly, we focus on the structural and multimodal analysis of the "language battle". We elaborate a corpus and identify two types of “battles”, which we classify as comparison and guessing games. On the other hand, we collect data on the creators and participants in these practices, mainly women of European origin, who understand Hispanic American variation according to central models as the norm of the country, and who are usually familiar with more than two varieties, demonstrating a subjective multifocal perception.
Secondly, we delve into the study of attitudes and perceptions by the audience based on comments. We select a relevant sample (the 100 most appreciated comments from the two most viewed videos of the comparison game) to demonstrate that participation in the game and the search for differences and similarities between dialectal varieties are priority aspects of this activity. However, we find a series of comments that question the authenticity of some lexical forms and negatively judge the representation of some participants, their way of speaking or their ethnic traits.
Thirdly, we explore the didactic potential of the lexical selection of the comparison game, and provide recommendations for its possible application in the Spanish as a Foreign Language classroom. To do this, we combine the content analysis of the videos, participants, comments and the lexicon used. We propose integrating these digital practices in the classroom to better prepare students to interact with speakers of different varieties of Spanish and to offer them a broader panorama of Hispanic American variation.
In summary, the results of this research highlight that the "language battle" can be an effective and playful tool for exploring the linguistic variation of Spanish. Furthermore, they not only make contributions in the field of sociolinguistics and Spanish teaching, but also offer an innovative theoretical and methodological framework for analyzing other digital practices on variation, in Spanish and other languages.Programa de Doctorat en Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatg
Between words and power: a gender-aware data analysis of Spanish parliament transcripts
No full textPremi al millor TFG en Recerca en gènere i diversitat sexual. 2025Treball de fi de grau en Enginyeria Matemàtica en Ciència de Dades. Curs 2024-2025Tutors: Carlos Castillo i Jesús CerquidesSexism in politics is not always strident or visible. Sometimes, sexism manifests in who gets to speak, whose voice is taken seriously, and what words are used to shape power. This study explores how gender inequality has evolved in the Spanish Parliament over the past 20 years. It does so not by simply counting women's interventions, but by listening closely to how they are heard. Through a large collection of parliamentary transcripts, the analysis focuses on participation, language, and silences. It reveals the subtle ways inequality survives even when representation grows. It asks whether symbolic power truly shifts as numbers do, if presence means true power. After all, parliament is meant to reflect society itself. What happens inside its walls does not stay there, it shapes the way we understand voice, authority, and equality both in politics and in everyday life.El sexisme en política no sempre és evident. A vegades, es manifesta en qui pot parlar, en quines veus són escoltades amb seriositat i en quines paraules s’utilitzen per construir el poder. Aquest estudi explora com ha evolucionat la desigualtat de gènere al Parlament espanyol durant els últims 20 anys. No ho fa simplement comptant les intervencions de les dones, sinó escoltant de prop com són rebudes.
A través d’una àmplia col·lecció de transcripcions parlamentàries, l’anàlisi se centra en la participació, el llenguatge i els silencis. Mostra les formes subtils amb quà la desigualtat persisteix, fins i tot quan augmenta la representació. Pregunta si el poder simbòlic canvia realment a mesura que ho fan les xifres, si la presència implica poder real. Al cap i a la fi, el parlament hauria de reflectir la societat mateixa. El que passa dins les seves parets s’hi queda dins, dóna forma a com entenem la veu, l’autoritat i la igualtat tant en la política com en la vida quotidiana.El sexismo en política no siempre se muestra de forma evidente. A veces, se manifiesta en quién puede hablar, en qué voces son tomadas en serio y en qué palabras se utilizan para construir el poder. Este estudio explora cómo ha evolucionado la desigualdad de género en el Parlamento español durante los últimos 20 años. No lo hace simplemente contando intervenciones de mujeres, sino prestando atención a cómo son escuchadas. A partir de una amplia colección de transcripciones parlamentarias, el análisis se centra en la participación, el lenguaje y los silencios. Revela las formas sutiles en que la desigualdad persiste incluso cuando la representación crece. Se pregunta si el poder simbólico cambia realmente al mismo ritmo que los números, si la presencia implica verdadero poder. Al fin y al cabo, el parlamento está llamado a reflejar a la sociedad misma. Lo que ocurre dentro de sus paredes no se queda ahí, moldea la forma en que entendemos la voz, la autoridad y la igualdad tanto en la política como en la vida cotidiana
Biometry and volumetry in multi-centric fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging: assessing the bias of super-resolution reconstruction
No full textBackground: Fetal brain MRI is increasingly used to complement ultrasound imaging. Images are processed using complex super-resolution reconstruction pipelines, which may bias biometric and volumetric measurements. Objective: To assess the consistency of 2-dimensional (D) biometric and 3-D volumetric measurements across three hospitals using three widely used super-resolution reconstruction pipelines. Materials and methods: This retrospective multi-centric study used T2-weighted fetal brain MRI scans acquired at three hospitals between 2009 and 2023. MRIs from each subject were reconstructed with each super-resolution reconstruction method, and biometric measurements were performed by four experts. Automated 3-D volumetry was performed using a state-of-the-art segmentation method. A qualitative evaluation assessed the clinicians’ likelihood of using super-resolution reconstructed volumes in their practice. Results: Eighty-four healthy subjects were included. Biometric measurements revealed statistically significant changes that consistently remained below voxel width (0.8 mm; P<0.001). Automated 3-D volumetry revealed small systematic effects (<2.8%; P<0.001). The qualitative evaluation showed systematic differences between super-resolution reconstruction methods for the perception of white matter intensity (P=0.02) and sharpness of the image (P=0.01). Conclusion: Variations in 2-D and 3-D quantitative measurements did not show any large systematic bias when using different super-resolution reconstruction methods for clinical radiological assessment across centers, scanners, and raters
Mensurar la tierra, controlar el territorio: América Latina, siglos XVIII-XIX
No full text¿Cuántos mapas se realizaron? ¿Dónde, con qué velocidad y precisión, con qué éxito fueron hechos? ¿Cómo se medía la tierra? Las explicaciones que aquí se esbozan sientan las primeras bases de los análisis dedicados a la construcción del saber territorial del Estado reuniendo de manera compleja las dimensiones fiscal, simbólica, política, jurídica, económica. Los trabajos reunidos en Mensurar la tierra, controlar el territorio... aportan evidencias documentales e interpretaciones históricas originales acerca de las formas de medir la tierra y de controlar el territorio entre el final de la época colonial y la fase de construcción del Estado nacional decimonónico. La incorporación de la historia de las mediciones de la tierra como componente en la construcción de los estados nacionales, desde una perspectiva comparada entre las regiones del Río de la Plata y otras áreas de América Latina (Costa Rica, Nueva Granada), es uno de los grandes y originales aportes de este libro
Blockchain and smart contracts for telecommunications: requirements vs. cost analysis
No full textBlockchain technology offers solutions to numerous network problems by leveraging distributed record-keeping and collaborative decision-making features. However, deployment considerations such as blockchain infrastructure cost, performance requirements, and scalability are often overlooked. This paper provides an in-depth perspective on deploying blockchain-based solutions for telecommunications networks, estimating costs, comparing infrastructure options (on-premises, IaaS, BaaS), and choosing a suitable blockchain platform. To that end, we identify the performance limitations of the proposed solution under various deployment infrastructures by studying two prominent use cases: one proposing a distributed marketplace solution for 5G slice brokering and another one on the decentralization of federated learning (FL) through blockchain. For the slice brokering use case, our experiments showed that sub-second latency could be achieved for a maximum transaction throughput in the range of 10 to 200 transactions per second (TPS), whereas use cases requiring a higher throughput (300 to 400 TPS) would need more computational resources. Meanwhile, the FL use case provided insights into the achievable accuracy of distributed learning under various blockchain settings (public, consortium, and private), which led to the understanding that private and consortium blockchains can achieve acceptable accuracy in significantly lower training times compared to public blockchains
Technological optimism or automation anxiety? mapping discourses on data scientists job displacement by AI
No full textTreball de fi de Màster en Cultura Digital i Mitjans Emergents (DiCEM)Supervisor: Javier Diaz NociThe rapid advancement of artificial intelligence caused widespread public discussions concerning its benefits and risks. AI's impact on jobs is one of the central topics in this debate: while some argue that AI leads to workforce displacement, others adopt the augmentation perspective, considering it an opportunity to enhance human capabilities rather than replace them. This research aims to discover the perceptions and sentiments of data scientists - AI practitioners - regarding AI's ability to replace them. To reach this goal, 784 posts shared on LinkedIn - a platform for professional development and networking - were
analysed. With LDA topic modeling and zero-shot sentiment analysis, social media discourses around data scientists' job displacement were mapped. The results demonstrate that specialists consider AI an augmenting technology that does not entirely disrupt their profession but nudges them to upskill and evolve. Simultaneously, a few pessimistic viewpoints associated with fear of layoffs and AI agents' functionality were revealed
Adquisicions oneroses i titularitats dels cònjuges en el règim de separació de béns i dels convivents en parella estable
No full textClinical ascites and emergency procedure as determinants of surgical risk in patients with advanced chronic liver disease
No full textBackground: Liver function and the presence of portal hypertension, as well as the urgency and type of surgery, are prognostic factors in advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) patients undergoing extrahepatic major surgeries. Emergent surgery in ACLD patients has 4-10 times higher mortality rates than elective surgery. However, perioperative management improvements have been made in recent years. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational, and unicentric study of 482 patients with ACLD who underwent major surgery from 2010 to 2019. We compared baseline characteristics and postoperative mortality according to the presence of ascites, the emergency, and the surgery period. Results: In total, 140 (29%) patients had ascites, and 191 (39.6%) underwent urgent surgeries. The 90-day mortality was 2.8-fold higher in patients with ascites [HR (95%CI) 2.8 (1.6-5.0); p = 0.001] and 3-fold higher in urgent surgeries [3.0 (1.6 - 5.5); p < 0.001)]. Urgent surgeries in patients with ascites revealed the highest mortality risk [6.3 (2.7-14.8); p < 0.001)], which persisted in current (2015-2019) surgeries [12.8 (2.9-56.5); p = 0.001)]. Portal hypertension was meaningful in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Conclusions: ascites and emergent surgery increase the mortality risk of patients with ACLD despite the recent perioperative improvements