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Entre la protección y la prevención: la paradoja de los menores infractores inimputables
No full textTreball de Fi de Grau en Criminologia i Polítiques Públiques de Prevenció. Curs 2024-2025Tutor: David Montero MonteroLa respuesta institucional ante conductas delictivas cometidas por menores inimputables es un fenómeno poco explorado desde la criminología. La remisión de la legislación penal a las disposiciones civiles para promover medidas aplicables en estos casos da lugar a una paradoja: un fenómeno criminológico abordado desde una perspectiva jurídica pensada para situaciones de desamparo. Con el tiempo se ha ido perfilando esta respuesta, aunque 25 años después de la remisión sigue siendo un terreno difuso y con carencias en su regulación.
Este trabajo nace con el objetivo de ofrecer una radiografía de las medidas aplicables a menores infractores inimputables mediante una metodología cualitativa, con el fin de examinar la eficacia y los límites del marco legal vigente y, especialmente, del programa catalán “Educando en la responsabilidad”.
Los resultados evidencian falta de homogeneidad en la regulación, lo que implica una importante carencia de garantías y dificultades prácticas para su aplicación. Se subraya la importancia de una respuesta ajustada al desarrollo del menor, destacando el papel central de la familia y del entorno educativo, tanto en la prevención como en la intervención. Finalmente, el estudio cuestiona la suficiencia del modelo actual por la escasez de recursos y formación del personal, aportando una mirada crítica que invita a repensar el tratamiento de este colectivo situado en una “zona gris” entre protección y prevención temprana de trayectorias delictivas.The institutional response to criminal behavior committed by non-liable minors is a phenomenon that remains largely unexplored in the field of criminology. The referral of criminal legislation to civil provisions to promote measures applicable in these cases gives rise to a paradox: a criminological phenomenon addressed through a legal framework originally designed for situations of neglect. Over time, this response has been gradually shaped, although 25 years after its inception, it continues to be a diffuse area with significant regulatory shortcomings.
This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the measures applicable to non-liable minors through a qualitative methodology, in order to examine the effectiveness and limitations of the current legal framework, with particular attention to the Catalan program “Educating in responsibility.”
The results reveal a lack of consistency in the regulations, which implies a significant lack of guarantees and practical difficulties in implementation. The importance of a response tailored to the minor's development is emphasized, highlighting the central role of the family and the educational environment, both in prevention and intervention. Finally, the study questions the adequacy of the current model due to the scarcity of resources and staff training, offering a critical perspective that invites a rethinking of how this group, which is situated in a “gray area” between protection and early prevention of criminal trajectories, should be addressed
Weight stigma and fat‐shaming in weight loss apps: an analysis of app store discourses
No full textMobile health (mHealth) applications for weight loss have become increasingly prominent, yet their role in perpetuating weight stigma and fat-shaming remains underexamined in sociological research. This study investigates how the persuasive discourse within app store descriptions of 95 weight loss apps may contribute to stigmatizing narratives about fatness and body weight. Drawing on qualitative content analysis, we identify two primary mechanisms of stigmatization: (1) the lack of body diversity in app imagery, which reinforces narrow esthetic norms and ideals; and (2) the moralization of body weight, whereby fatness is implicitly or explicitly associated with personal failure and social undesirability. We also highlight how the commercial imperatives driving these apps often promote a neoliberal logic of individual responsibility and bodily optimization, framing health as a market-driven pursuit. Recognizing the stigmatizing potential of commercial mHealth tools is essential for mitigating harm and promoting more inclusive and equitable representations of bodies in digital health culture and public health discourse
Gene-environment interaction affects risk of atopic eczema: Population and in vitro studies
No full textData de publicació electrònica: 04-06-2025Background: Multiple environmental and genetic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic eczema (AE). We aimed to investigate gene-environment interactions (G × E) to improve understanding of the pathophysiology. Methods: We analysed data from 16 European studies to test for interaction between the 24 most significant AE-associated loci identified from genome-wide association studies and 18 early-life environmental factors. We tested for replication using a further 10 studies and in vitro modeling to independently assess findings. Results: The discovery analysis (including 25,339 individuals) showed suggestive evidence for interaction (p < 0.05) between seven environmental factors (antibiotic use, cat ownership, dog ownership, breastfeeding, elder sibling, smoking and washing practices) and at least one established variant for AE, 14 interactions in total. In the replication analysis (254,532 individuals) dog exposure × rs10214237 (on chromosome 5p13.2 near IL7R) was nominally significant (ORinteraction = 0.91 [0.83-0.99] p = 0.025), with a risk effect of the T allele observed only in those not exposed to dogs. A similar interaction with rs10214237 was observed for siblings in the discovery analysis (ORinteraction = 0.84 [0.75-0.94] p = 0.003), but replication analysis was under-powered (ORinteraction = 1.09 [0.82-1.46]). rs10214237 homozygous risk genotype is associated with lower IL-7R expression in human keratinocytes, and dog exposure modelled in vitro showed a differential response according to rs10214237 genotype. Conclusion: Interaction analysis and functional assessment provide preliminary evidence that early-life dog exposure may modify the genetic effect of rs10214237 on AE via IL7R, supporting observational epidemiology showing a protective effect for dog ownership. The lack of evidence for other G × E studied here implies only weak effects are likely to occur.This project has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under Grant agreement no. 821511 (BIOMAP). The JU receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA. This publication/dissemination reflects only the author's view and the JU is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. M.S. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement no. 949906). N.J.R.'s research/laboratory is funded in part by the Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), the Newcastle NIHR Medtech and In vitro diagnostics co-operative, and the NIHR Newcastle Patient Safety Research Collaboration, and N.J.R. is a NIHR Senior Investigator. L.P. has received funding from a MRC Population Health Scientist Fellowship (MR/J012165/1) and receives support from the UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00032/1). S.J.B. holds a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (220875/Z/20/Z). The MAS study up to adolescence was funded by several grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (07015633, 07 ALE 27, 01EE9405/5 and 01EE9406). E.H.-L. was supported by a fellowship awarded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by ‘ESF Investing in your future’ [PRE2018-083837]. MAAS was supported by the Asthma UK Grants no. 301 (1995–1998), no. 362 (1998–2001), no. 01/012 (2001–2004), No 04/014 (2004–2007), BMA James Trust (2005) and The JP Moulton Charitable Foundation (2004-current), The North west Lung Centre Charity (1997–current) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) G0601361 (2007–2012), MR/K002449/1 (2013–2014) and MR/L012693/1 (2014–2018) and MR/S025340/1 UNICORN (Unified Cohorts Research Network): Disaggregating asthma (2020–2024). This study was delivered through the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (NIHR203308). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The PIAMA study has been supported by project grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research; the Lung Foundation Netherlands (formerly Netherlands Asthma Fund); the Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment; and the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. CS is a NIHR Senior Investigator
NuMA is a mitotic adaptor protein that activates dynein and connects it to microtubule minus ends
No full textNuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) is indispensable for the mitotic functions of the major microtubule minus-end directed motor cytoplasmic dynein 1. NuMA and dynein are both essential for correct spindle pole organization. How these proteins cooperate to gather microtubule minus ends at spindle poles remains unclear. Here, we use microscopy-based in vitro reconstitutions to demonstrate that NuMA is a dynein adaptor, activating processive dynein motility together with dynein's cofactors dynactin and Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1). Additionally, we find that NuMA binds and stabilizes microtubule minus ends, allowing dynein/dynactin/NuMA to transport microtubule minus ends as cargo to other minus ends. We further show that the microtubule-nucleating γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) hinders NuMA binding and that NuMA only caps minus ends of γTuRC-nucleated microtubules after γTuRC release. These results provide new mechanistic insight into how dynein, dynactin, NuMA, and Lis1 together with γTuRC and uncapping proteins cooperate to organize spindle poles in cells.T. Surrey acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 951430), from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants PID2019-108415GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PID2022-142927NB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, EU), and from the Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2021-SGR2021-01224). S. Colombo was supported by FPI fellowship PRE2020-094511 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and C. Brito was supported by EMBO long-term fellowship ALTF-883-2020 and Marie Curie fellowship TuRCReg. Open Access funding provided by the Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Els consells comarcals: estructura, funció i el seu futur en la gestió territorial de Catalunya: una mirada al cas osonenc
No full textTreball de Fi de Grau en Ciències Polítiques i de l'Administració. Curs 2024-2025Tutor: Miquel Salvador SernaEl Treball de Fi de Grau en qüestió presenta una anàlisi exhaustiva del rol i eficàcia dels Consells Comarcals en la gestió territorial a Catalunya, amb un èmfasi especial en el cas del Consell Comarcal d’Osona. Basant-se en una revisió àmplia de la normativa, informes institucionals i entrevistes amb actors clau, l’estudi té la intenció d’avaluar la seva estructura, competències i relacions interadministratives amb d’altres administracions públiques com la Generalitat de Catalunya, Diputacions o Ajuntaments. Així, el treball es focalitza en els principals desafiaments que afronten les relacions amb aquestes institucions, particularment la seva elevada dependència financera de la Generalitat, la qual limita la seva autonomia i repercuteix en la qualitat i eficàcia dels serveis oferts. D’aquesta manera, a l’apartat final s’aborda la necessitat de tirar endavant amb reformes institucionals als Consells Comarcals per incrementar la seva funcionalitat, legitimitat i sostenibilitat en un context de debat i reformulació de la organització de l’estructura territorial catalana. Amb tot plegat, es vol contribuir a enriquir el debat sobre aquesta reformulació de l’estructura territorial a Catalunya, assegurant que els Consells Comarcals puguin exercir amb major eficàcia i proximitat el seu paper com a catalitzadors de la gestió pública local i supramunicipal
Brain structure and function and social exclusion reactivity in the Cyberball game
No full textSocial exclusion or rejection is a universal stressor, and strong responses to rejection have been related to mental health issues. Previous studies linked rejection to concurrent brain activity in, amongst others, the insula or cingulo-operculum, areas related to pain processing. To date however, studies have only studied to the state of the brain during rejection, and not rejection in relation more stable brain characteristics. Identifying which brain areas are different among those that respond more to rejection could help us understand more of the biological underpinnings of rejection sensitivity and ultimately alleviate associated mental health issues. Here the relation between brain structure, resting-state functional connectivity and rejection reactivity outside of the MRI scanner was studied, in a multi-ethnic population-based sample of 1814 9-to-12-year-olds. Using the Cyberball paradigm, observed emotional facial expressions and self-reported feelings during peer rejection were measured. Stronger resting-state functional connectivity between the dorsal striatum, visual, and sensori-motor networks, and between the cingulo-operculum and dorsal attention network was related to negative emotional facial expressions during peer rejection (beta = 0.11-0.12). No associations were detected for self-reported reactions or brain structure. The dorsal striatum is related to automated behavior and functional connectivity between these and other networks may indicate why some children are more expressive in their reaction to rejection. Findings in the cingulo-operculum and dorsal attention network are in line with earlier studies, here suggesting that brain activity during rest is related to the risk of feeling 'hurt' when socially rejected
The European Union and the fragmentation of the international human rights regime: the case of violence against women
No full textThis book chapter scrutinizes divergent attitudes toward human rights universality, focusing on women’s rights, particularly in combating violence against women. It reveals cracks at both the international and pan-European levels. Moreover, the chapter illustrates that the European Union is not immune to such fractures. Tensions emerge, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, regarding the Istanbul Convention, reflecting a broader debate on universalistic versus traditional values, as well as on the appropriate governance level to address violence against women
AdvancedStatistics in rust
No full textDirectora: Jordi TaixésTreball de fi de Grau en Enginyeria InformàticaCurrently we live in the era of information, which we are generating at an unprecedented pace. But data by itself has no value unless we can extract information from it. Statistics is the branch of mathematics that allows us to analyze and interpret data; and as data becomes more prevalent, the need for statistics also does. Thanks to it we can make data driven decisions, instead of relying on arbitrary or biased choices. In this project we explain the process of the creation of Advanced Statistics, a Rust library aimed at performing most common statistical procedures, such as: computing statistics from theoretical distributions, performing computations on data and performing hypothesis tests.Actualment vivim en l'era de la informació, que estem generant a un ritme sense precedents. Però les dades per si soles no tenen valor a menys que en puguem extreure informació. L'estadística és la branca de les matemàtiques que ens permet analitzar i interpretar dades; i a mesura que obtenim més dades, la necessitat d'estadístiques també incrementa. Gràcies a això podem prendre decisions basades en dades, en lloc de confiar en decisions arbitràries o esbiaixades. En aquest projecte s'explica el procés de creació de Advanced Statistics, una biblioteca de Rust dissenyada per realitzar els procediments estadístics més habituals, com ara: computar estadistics de distribucions teòriques, fer càlculs de dades i realitzar tests d'hipòtesis.Vivimos en la era de la información, que generamos a un ritmo sin precedentes. Sin embargo, los datos por sí solos carecen de valor a menos que podamos extraer información de ellos. La estadística es la rama de las matemáticas que nos permite analizar e interpretar datos; y a medida que obtenemos más datos, la necesidad de la estadística también incrementa. Gracias a ella, podemos tomar decisiones basadas en datos, en lugar de depender de decisiones arbitrarias o sesgadas. En este proyecto, explicamos el proceso de creación de Advanced Statistics, una biblioteca de Rust diseñada para realizar los procedimientos estadísticos más comunes, como: computar estadísticos de distribuciones teóricas, hacer cálculos con datos y ejecutar tests de hipótesis
Les ‘noies d’imatge’ en el context de l’oci nocturn espanyol: Una anàlisi criminològica del fenomen
No full textTreball de Fi de Grau en Criminologia i Polítiques Públiques de Prevenció. Curs 2024-2025Tutor: Ryohei MogiL’oci nocturn s’estructura com un dels contextos en què la mecànica de gènere i les formes d’interacció entre homes i dones prenen una forma especial, caracteritzades per una clara estructura asimètrica. En aquests espais es creen figures i es desenvolupen rols que responen a una explotació sexual femenina i a dinàmiques que generen una major propensió a la seva victimització.
La present investigació pretén abordar la desigualtat de gènere en aquest context a través de l’estudi, des d’una perspectiva criminològica feminista, d’una figura molt específica, present a gairebé totes les discoteques de l’estat espanyol, les ‘noies d’imatge’.
S’ha fet una anàlisi de la naturalesa de l’activitat a partir d’un estudi qualitatiu, amb el que s’ha plantejat com a propòsit descobrir si el fenomen conté estructures que poden atribuir-li rellevància en l’àmbit de la recerca criminològica, especialment en termes de desigualtat estructural i formes de victimització sexual. A partir de les dades obtingudes, s’evidenciarà com l’activitat de les ‘noies d’imatge’ se situa com una forma de sexualització mercantilitzada i com una figura que mereix ser analitzada des de la criminologia, quant a risc de victimització sexual i elaboració de protocols d’actuació específics per abordar-la
A general framework for characterizing optimal communication in brain networks
No full textEfficient communication in brain networks is foundational for cognitive function and behavior. However, how communication efficiency is defined depends on the assumed model of signaling dynamics, e.g., shortest path signaling, random walker navigation, broadcasting, and diffusive processes. Thus, a general and model-agnostic framework for characterizing optimal neural communication is needed. We address this challenge by assigning communication efficiency through a virtual multi-site lesioning regime combined with game theory, applied to large-scale models of human brain dynamics. Our framework quantifies the exact influence each node exerts over every other, generating optimal influence maps given the underlying model of neural dynamics. These descriptions reveal how communication patterns unfold if regions are set to maximize their influence over one another. Comparing these maps with a variety of brain communication models showed that optimal communication closely resembles a broadcasting regime in which regions leverage multiple parallel channels for information dissemination. Moreover, we found that the brain’s most influential regions are its rich-club, exploiting their topological vantage point by broadcasting across numerous pathways that enhance their reach even if the underlying connections are weak. Altogether, our work provides a rigorous and versatile framework for characterizing optimal brain communication, and uncovers the most influential brain regions, and the topological features underlying their influence