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Ética jornalística na era da inteligência artificial: rumo a uma atualização dos códigos deontológicos no contexto ibero-american
No full textEste artigo analisa criticamente e atualiza os princípios dos códigos deontológicos da comunicação na Comunidade Ibero-Americana, com o objetivo de adaptar a ética jornalística aos novos desafios impostos pelo advento da inteligência artificial (IA). Como análise qualitativa, parte da premissa de que os códigos deontológicos atuais não incluem diretrizes atualizadas para a integração da IA no trabalho jornalístico. Portanto, o objetivo é reformular alguns dos principais princípios éticos e propor condições estruturais que possam ser incorporadas nos regulamentos que regem os profissionais dos média. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise detalhada de vários códigos deontológicos, a par de entrevistas aprofundadas com três tipos de profissionais: jornalistas, académicos e consultores especializados. Alguns entrevistados também trabalham como verificadores de factos. As respostas das entrevistas foram codificades e analisadas conforme as diretrizes do método comparativo constante (Wimmer & Dominick, 2013), utilizando a plataforma ATLAS.ti. Os resultados forneceram informações suficientes para atualizar vários princípios (transparência, critério humano, controlo de enviesamentos, verificação e cruzamento de informações, prevenção de violações de direitos, responsabilização e participação dos cidadãos), bem como para identificar quatro condições estruturais para a prática ética do jornalismo na era algorítmica (regulamentação para um novo pacto social, consciência do impacto da desinformação, literacia mediática e ética jornalística imutável; Alsius, 2011). O estudo concluiu que o uso da IA em atividades jornalísticas requer uma adaptação das normas existentes para garantir e recuperar a qualidade da informação e a confiança do público. Além disso, destaca a necessidade de uma regulamentação equilibrada que não permita abusos dos média por meio da IA, respeitando, ao mesmo tempo, a liberdade de imprensa
Cognate status and dialectal variation in bilingual spoken word recognition: the role of language dominance in catalan–spanish listeners
No full textTreball de fi de màster en Lingüística Teòrica i AplicadaDirector: Dr. Miquel Llompart GarcíaThis study investigates how cognate status, dialectal variation, and language dominance influence spoken word recognition in Catalan–Spanish bilinguals. Thirty participants completed a lexical decision task in which they listened to Catalan words presented in either Central Catalan (their native dialect) or Valencian (a non-native dialect), and categorized them as real words or not. The stimuli included both cognates and non-cognates with Spanish. Reaction times were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, with language dominance measured continuously using the Bilingual Language Profile. Results showed that
dialectal variation and language dominance modulated the effect of cognate status: while no main effect of cognates emerged in Central Catalan, a significant cognate disadvantage was found in Valencian, especially among Spanish-dominant participants. These findings suggest that cross-linguistic phonological similarity can hinder rather than facilitate recognition when combined with dialectal unfamiliarity, and highlight the importance of individual linguistic profiles in bilingual lexical access. The study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how phonological variation across dialects interacts with bilingual processing mechanisms
Child, whose emissions?
No full textThe Moral Equivalence Thesis claims that procreation in affluent countries and eco-gluttony are morally on a par, and that both are impermissible. We argue that this ambiguates between two different theses, the Strict and the Lax. On the Strict Reading of the thesis, procreation and eco-gluttony are both wrong for the same reasons, that is, because both involve individuals overstepping their carbon budget. We argue that this is false at least with regard to a certain number of children and a range of the costs of children. By contrast, a Lax Reading of the thesis is, we think, defensible. On this reading, procreation and eco-gluttony may both be wrong, but for different reasons and under different conditions. While eco-gluttony is wrong across a range of ideal and non-ideal conditions because it is a failure to live within one's fair carbon budget, having a child is only wrong, if it is wrong, under non-ideal conditions where prospective parents have weighty reasons, or an obligation, to pick up the moral slack of others
The technological origins of the decline in labor market dynamism
No full textIn the last decades, there has been a marked decline in the job flows to and from unemployment and between employment. We ask whether and how technological change can account for his secular decline in labor market dynamism. We propose a theory that focuses on the determinants of technology broadly defined: 1. the complementarity between worker skill and firm productivity; and 2. the volatility in productivity shocks; and 3. search frictions. We derive job flows in a sorting model with search frictions and endogenous search effort both on and off the job, as well as shocks that lead to mismatch. We quantify our model using the US data and find an increase in the complementarity between labor and technology, a decline in the frequency and volatility of productivity shocks, and a decline in the match efficiency as well as an increase in the search costs. The changing nature of these features of the technology contributes to the secular decline in labor market dynamism.Eeckhout acknowledges support from the ERC, Grant 339186, and from ECO2015-67655-P. Weng acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 72192843 and 72225001)
Inflammation severity, rather than respiratory failure, is strongly associated with mortality of ARDS patients in high-altitude ICUs
No full textIntroduction: In high-altitude cities located above 2,500 m, hospitals face a concerning mortality rate of over 50% among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This elevated mortality rate is largely due to the absence of altitude-specific medical protocols that consider the unique physiological adaptations of high-altitude residents to hypoxic conditions. This study addresses this critical gap by analyzing demographic, clinical, sex-specific, and preclinical data from ICUs in Bogotá, Colombia (2,650 m) and El Alto, Bolivia (4,150 m). Methods: A cohort of seventy ARDS patients, aged 18 and older, was evaluated within 24 h of ICU admission. Data collected included demographic information (age, sex), clinical characteristics (primary pathology, weight, height), vital signs, respiratory variables, cardiorespiratory parameters, blood count results, inflammatory markers, severity assessment scores, and comorbidities. Advanced statistical analyses, such as multivariate logistic regression and principal component analysis, were utilized to identify key clinical predictors of ARDS-related mortality. Results: Our findings indicate that in high-altitude ICUs, monitoring inflammatory markers may be more beneficial for improving ARDS survival rates than emphasizing respiratory failure markers. Unexpectedly, we found no significant differences in clinical outcomes between altitudes of 2,650 and 4,150 m or between male and female patients. Conclusion: The study concludes that, in high-altitude settings, ARDS patient survival in ICUs is more closely associated with managing inflammatory responses than with focusing solely on respiratory parameters. Further large-scale studies are recommended to validate the impact of inflammatory marker monitoring on survival outcomes in high-altitude ICUs
Political Representation of Future Generations: Justice, Legitimacy, and Institutional Design
No full textThis thesis establishes essential criteria for effectively and legitimately
representing future generations within democratic systems, particularly
in the context of environmental crises, such as climate change, natural
resource depletion, and biodiversity loss. It argues that requirements of
justice and legitimacy demand that political decision-making institutions
adopt mechanisms for representing the interests of future generations.
The thesis presents a framework for evaluating how current democratic
systems should and could be reformed to uphold the rights and interests
of future individuals, structured around five desiderata: institutional
significance, institutional independence, pluralism, capacity for
substantive representation, and accountability. Through a systematic
analysis of various models such as special committees, youth quotas,
minipublics, independent offices, and climate litigation through courts,
this thesis proposes a multi-layered and actionable framework for
representation. This approach provides both normative and practical
insights for designing institutions that can meaningfully address the
long-term needs of future generations, fulfilling the requirements of
justice and legitimacy in democratic governance.Esta tesis establece criterios esenciales para representar de manera
efectiva y legítima a las generaciones futuras dentro de los sistemas
democráticos, particularmente en el contexto de crisis ambientales
como el cambio climático, el agotamiento de recursos naturales y la
pérdida de biodiversidad. El argumento de la tesis es que las exigencias
de justicia y legitimidad requieren que las instituciones de toma de
decisiones políticas adopten mecanismos para representar los intereses
de las generaciones futuras. La tesis presenta un marco para evaluar
cómo es que los sistemas democráticos actuales deberían y podrían
reformarse para garantizar los derechos e intereses de las personas
futuras, y se estructura en torno a cinco criterios: relevancia política,
independencia institucional, pluralismo, capacidad sustantiva y
rendición de cuentas. A través de un análisis sistemático de varios
modelos, como son los comités especiales, cuotas de juventudes,
asambleas ciudadanas, oficinas independientes y litigio climático a través
de los tribunales, esta tesis propone un marco de acción multinivel de
representación. Este enfoque ofrece perspectivas tanto normativas
como prácticas para el diseño de instituciones capaces de abordar
significativamente las necesidades a largo plazo de las generaciones
futuras, cumpliendo con las exigencias de justicia y legitimidad de la
gobernanza democrática.Programa de Doctorat en Dre
A study of interdependence in electroencephalographic recordings of epileptic seizures: comparison of state-space and phase-based measures
No full textTreball fi de màster de: Master in Computational Biomedical Engineering
Tutor: Prof. Dr. Ralph G. AndrzejakEpilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by synchronous neuronal activity in the brain, which causes seizures. Studying epileptic brain activity allows researchers to identify the seizure onset zone, which is crucial for epilepsy treatment. Various methods, such as nonlinear interdependence measures, assess the interaction between brain areas and can be used to detect seizure onset zones in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. A state-space-based measure L is able to detect the direction and strength of interaction between two dynamics. A phase-based measure R quantifies the degree of coherence between two dynamics using mean phase coherence.
Although both measures are used to assess interdependence, their agreement in realworld EEG data remains to be tested. In this work, we compare the two measures applied to pairs of signals obtained from the EEG of 100 epileptic seizures to evaluate their reliability in clinical EEG data. We first assess the measures under controlled conditions using Rössler dynamics. We study the measures applied to noise-free signals obtained from coupled systems. Then, we add noise and study the behavior of the measures with the varying level of noise. Subsequently, the measures are applied to signals obtained from EEG data
of patients with focal-onset epilepsy. The results of both approaches are compared against each other, identifying the overall consistency and potential deviations. The study demonstrates while the two measures generally produce consistent results, their disagreement is observed during seizures. This indicates they recognize different features derived from the complex dynamics of the brain. Although the exact cause of this divergence remains unclear, it highlights the need for careful interpretation when analyzing seizure-related data. These findings underscore the importance of using complementary approaches in EEG analysis and contribute to the understanding of different bivariate approaches in neuroscience
Maternal asthma and newborn DNA methylation
No full textBackground: Prenatal exposure to maternal asthma may influence DNA methylation patterns in offspring, potentially affecting their susceptibility to later diseases including asthma. Objective: To investigate the relationship between parental asthma and newborn blood DNA methylation. Methods: Epigenome-wide association analyses were conducted in 13 cohorts on 7433 newborns with blood methylation data from the Illumina450K or EPIC array. We used fixed effects meta-analyses to identify differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) and comb-p to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with maternal asthma during pregnancy and maternal asthma ever. Paternal asthma was analyzed for comparison. Models were adjusted for covariates and cell-type composition. We examined whether implicated sites related to gene expression analyses in publicly available data for childhood blood and adult lung. Results: We identified 27 CpGs associated with maternal asthma during pregnancy at False Discovery Rate < 0.05 but none for maternal asthma ever. Two distinct CpGs were associated with paternal asthma. We observed 5 DMRs associated with maternal asthma during pregnancy 3 associated with maternal asthma ever and 13 DMRs associated with paternal asthma. Gene expression analysis using data in blood from 832 children and lung from 424 adults showed associations between identified DMCs using maternal asthma and expression of several genes, including HLA genes and HOXA5, previously implicated in asthma or lung function. Conclusion: Parental asthma, especially maternal asthma during pregnancy, may be associated with alterations in newborn DNA methylation. These findings might shed light on underlying mechanisms for asthma susceptibility.Open access funding provided by the National Institutes of Health. C-ETP and KB are part of COPSAC and funded by The Lundbeck Foundation (Grant no R16-A1694); The Ministry of Health (Grant no 903516); Danish Council for Strategic Research (Grant no 0603-00280B) and The Capital Region Research Foundation have provided core support to the COPSAC research center. SJL is funded by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES 49019). LD received funding for projects from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016 EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989 ATHLETE, grant agreement No 874583 ENDOMIX No 101136566). AS was funded by the Lundbeck foundation and the Independent Research Fund Denmark. DS was funded by the Lundbeck foundation, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Foundation. NHS was funded by the Lundbeck foundation. HRE, RG work in the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK, which is supported by the Medical Research Council and the University of Bristol (MC_UU_00011/5). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study. Cohort-specific funding is mentioned in supplementary material. The researchers are independent from the funders. The study sponsors had no role in the study design, data analysis, interpretation of data or writing of this study
Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and their phase II metabolites as inhibitors of endothelial cell inflammation induced by high glucose levels
No full textThe aim of this investigation was to evaluate the protective effect of the main extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic compounds, HT and Tyr, and their phase II metabolites, against the inflammatory response in HUVEC monolayers under hyperglycemic conditions. The alteration of endothelial barrier in HUVEC, treated with high glucose (HG, 30 mM) alone or together with EVOO phenols (1 μM), was evaluated through FITC-Dextran cell permeability test and the determination of TJ proteins occludin, zonulin and JAM-A level, in relation to redox-sensitive MAPK modulation, NLRP3 protein level and cytokines release. Obtained data showed that HG-induced increase of permeability through the alteration of TJ proteins, following the activation of upstream pathways involved in the inflammatory process such as p38, ERK1/2 and NLRP3, was reverted by pre-treatment with EVOO phenols and their metabolites, strengthening the hypothesis that these dietary compounds may exert a significant role in the maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity
Prognostic value of the 5-SENSE Score to predict focality of the seizure-onset zone as assessed by stereoelectroencephalography: a prospective international multicentre validation study
No full textIntroduction: Epilepsy surgery is the only curative treatment for patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is the gold standard to delineate the seizure-onset zone (SOZ). However, up to 40% of patients are subsequently not operated as no focal non-eloquent SOZ can be identified. The 5-SENSE Score is a 5-point score to predict whether a focal SOZ is likely to be identified by SEEG. This study aims to validate the 5-SENSE Score, improve score performance by incorporating auxiliary diagnostic methods and evaluate its concordance with expert decisions. Methods and analysis: Non-interventional, observational, multicentre, prospective study including 200 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy aged ≥15 years undergoing SEEG for identification of a focal SOZ and 200 controls at 22 epilepsy surgery centres worldwide. The primary objective is to assess the diagnostic accuracy and generalisability of the 5-SENSE in predicting focality in SEEG in a prospective cohort. Secondary objectives are to optimise score performance by incorporating auxiliary diagnostic methods and to analyse concordance of the 5-SENSE Score with the expert decisions made in the multidisciplinary team discussion. Ethics and dissemination: Prospective multicentre validation of the 5-SENSE score may lead to its implementation into clinical practice to assist clinicians in the difficult decision of whether to proceed with implantation. This study will be conducted in accordance with the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (2014). We plan to publish the study results in a peer-reviewed full-length original article and present its findings at scientific conferences