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PERLAKUAN NAUNGAN DAN PEMBERIAN NaCl UNTUK MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN BATANG BAWAH KARET (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS MUELL ARG.)
Get PDFMasalah penyimpanan biji pada tanaman karet antara lain dapat diatasi dengan penyimpanan seedling dengan cara menghambat pertumbuhannya. Hambatan tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan aplikasi naungan dan pemberian NaCl. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama naungan dan pemberian NaCl pada simpan seedling terhadap pertumbuhan batang bawah karet. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali dengan tiga puluh bibit setiap ulangan. Pengamatan meliputi panjang akar, tinggi tunas, diameter batang dan tinggi tanaman, baik saat di rumah kaca maupun setelah pindah lapang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan naungan 96% dan penyemprotan NaCl 0,5% di bawah naungan nyata menghambat pertumbuhan tunas hingga 43-60% dan diameter batang hingga 41-63%, namun tidak menghambat pemanjangan akar. Hambatan pertumbuhan berlanjut hingga tujuh bulan setelah pindah lapang, mencapai 13-36% untuk diameter batang dan 20-39% untuk tinggi tanaman. Perlakuan lama naungan satu bulan menunjukkan nilai tertinggi untuk diameter batang dan tingkat keberhasilan okulasi, yaitu 5,88 mm dan 50% pada umur tujuh bulan setelah pindah lapang
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK BRIKET GAMBUT RAWA PENING TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BATANG BAWAH TANAMAN KARET DALAM ROOT TRAINER
Get PDFMedia tanam yang biasa digunakan untuk pembibitan tanaman karet dalam root trainer adalah cocopeat. Kemampuan cocopeat dalam menyimpan hara dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemberian pupuk organik. Salah satu sumber pupuk organik yang cukup banyak dan dapat dibuat menjadi briket adalah gambut rawa pening. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk organik briket gambut rawa pening terhadap pertumbuhan batang bawah tanaman karet pada media cocopeat dalam root trainer. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Balai Penelitian Getas, Salatiga, Jawa Tengah pada bulan Februari sampai Oktober 2016. Percobaan terdiri atas enam perlakuan dengan 10 ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah: 1) kontrol; 2) pupuk NPK cair; 3) 1 pupuk organik briket + pupuk NPK cair; 4) 2 pupuk organik briket + pupuk NPK cair; 5) 1 pupuk organik briket + tanpa pupuk NPK cair; 6) 2 pupuk organik briket + tanpa pupuk NPK cair. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pupuk organik briket rawa pening yang dikombinasikan dengan pupuk NPK cair dapat meningkatkan bobot tanaman dan bobot akar dibandingkan perlakuan pupuk NPK cair. Perlakuan 2 pupuk organik briket + pupuk NPK cair menunjukkan efektivitas agronomi relatif (EAR) tertinggi sebesar 546% yang dapat dicapai dengan penambahan biaya pemupukan sebesar IDR 424,- per tanaman (443,0%) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan pupuk NPK cair
AN EXPLORATORY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUBBER PECTRAL LIBRARY FOR DIFFERENT RUBBER CLONE
No full textThis paper presented preliminary results of fundamental study to understand rubber leaf, seed, bark and root spectral behavior based on different rubber clones and maturity stages. Generally, the different rubber clones will have specific shapes of rubber leaf, seed, bark and root. Each clone also has specialty to grow in specific soil, topography, disease resistance and environment conditions. These shows whether different rubber leaves physical characteristics will have influence on rubber leaf, seed, bark and root spectral properties. The purpose of this study is to collect 20 samples reflectance value from each of four different rubber clones that covered the band width of 400 nm to 1000 nm. This data then can be transformed into valuable information to develop a spectral library that keeps previous, new and future rubber clone spectral signature information. Later it could be used by researchers as a technical guideline and reference in any related rubber leaf, seed, bark and root spectral research or product development. It also broadens research opportunities in geospatial application and encourages more new findings from this field. The implementation of a spectral library is crucial and varies on applications. The accuracy of the processing is much depending on the feature extraction techniques of hyperspectral data used. The result shows that near infra-red band width and above had potential value to segregate rubber clones.Keywords: rubber clone; spectral library; reflectanc
THE POTENTIAL GENOTYPES WITH HIGH TIMBER VOLUME FROM SIX SPECIES IN THE 1995 RRIM HEVEA GERMPLASM COLLECTION
No full textThe Hevea germplasm expedition by Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia in 1995 collected six Hevea species (H. brasiliensis, H. spruceana, H. guainensis, H. nitida, H. benthamiana and H. pauciflora) from the state of Amazonas of Brazil which are being conserved ex-situ in Rantau Panjang Reserve Forest, Batu Arang, Selangor. This expedition was a worthwhile scientific activity to safeguard valuable genetic resources for the future crop improvement of the Hevea species. However, after twenty years of establishment in the field, the evaluation of these materials is still rather limited and needs to be continued in order to explore the genetic potential of this germplasm. This paper highlights the evaluation of these genotypes for their potential as timber cultivars. A total of 5,789 individuals of the six Hevea species were evaluated in terms of girth, girth increment, bark thickness, annual bark increment, clear bole volume and total wood volume. At the age of 20 years, the highest clear bole volume observed for H. brasiliensis was 1.84 m3 with straight, smooth and rounded trunk. As for the other Hevea species, the highest clear bole volume for H. spruceana was 1.19 m3, followed by H. guainensis with 1.10 m3, H. nitida with 0.98 m3, H. pauciflora with 0.90 m3 and H. benthamiana with 0.89 m3. The identified genotypes have the potential to be used as a resource for timber to fulfil the demand of the rubber wood industry. However, further evaluation of these genotypes in high-density planting and under different environment is essential to verify their performance before a recommendation for wide scale planting could be made.Keywords: Genetic resources, Hevea species, the 1995 RRIM Hevea germplas
STUDY ON WOOD ANATOMY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CLONE RRIM 3001 WITH PROTUBERANCES
No full textProtuberance formation on clone RRIM 3001 has created an anxiety among many rubber forest plantation investors in Malaysia. Protuberance formation on tree trunk could potentially affect wood quality produced from rubber forest plantations. Hence, return on investment at the end of every plantation cycle will below. Clone RRIM 3001 has been recorded to have a high bole volume. It is also one of the high yielding rubber clones available and thus it is popular among rubber forest plantation investors. This study focused on the anatomy and mechanical properties of wood produced from clone RRIM 3001 and the location of the protuberance on the trunk was assigned as a reference point for each layer of plank used for the mechanical test carried out. A total of four locations in Malaysian Rubber Board’s Experimental Station in Kota Tinggi, Johor were selected as experimental sites in this study. Rubber trees of clone RRIM 3001 at ages 5, 10, 15 and 20 years from field 109 and 113 of Pelepah, Penawar and Pemandi divisions respectively, were selected as experimental units in this study. Data collected from this study showed that the range at which the protuberances could be found on the trunk of RRIM 3001 was between 133 cm and 1026 cm from the ground. Presence of protuberance was higher at the lower part of trunk and became consistently few in terms of density at above the height of 500 cm from the ground. The protuberance orientation was in two directions, either vertical or horizontal to the tree trunk. There was a significant bark thickness difference in the area with protuberance (9.6 mm) from those without (9.0 mm). Cell formation within the area with protuberance had shown a unique characteristic and was scattered. Smaller cells were observed inside the vessel cells on the protuberance area. However, there was no significant difference with regard to size of vessel cell between areas with and without protuberance. The mechanical properties of the wood from the samples collected were not significantly different between the areas with and without protuberance. It could be suggested that the unique characteristic of cell development and formation in the vessel cell are the defence response of clone RRIM 3001 in order to strengthen damaged areas on the tree trunk. The results of this study have given an indication that the protuberance formation on the tree trunk of clone RRIM 3001 has no adverse effect on wood quality.Keywords: shear, hardness, compression, modulus of elasticity, modulus of ruptur
THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF RAW RUBBER MATERIAL AND FARMERS’ SHARE THROUGH THE ORGANIZED MARKETING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY IN SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE, INDONESIA)
No full textCurrently, agribusiness of rubber is experiencing unfavorable condition. This is due to the declining of rubber price in the last few years. One effort that has been conducted by Indonesian government to cope with the low rubber price is improving the quality and marketing chain of rubber through the organized marketing system. The organized marketing system is a marketing system where the smallholders sold their rubber by group, namely Processing and Marketing unit of Raw Rubber Material. South Sumatra as one of the biggest producer province in Indonesia has established this organised marketing system in some regions. During the period of 2013-2017,there are 126 Processing and Marketing units of Raw Rubber Material in South Sumatra. This marketing system has changed the quality of raw rubber produced by smallholders and increase the farmers’ share as well.  Keywords: organized marketing system, processing and marketing unit of raw rubber material, quality of raw rubber material, farmers’ shar
STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER
No full textThe epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is a novel rubber, which is acquired by the chemical modification of natural rubber. ENR has as excellent oil resistance, low gas permeability, low rolling resistance, and good wet grip performance and so on. But the aging property of ENR is poor. In this study, three aspects about the application of ENR are reported. (1) Using ENR as rubber matrix or interfacial agent, “green tire†composites with decreased rolling resistance and improved wet skid resistance were developed. (2) To expand the use of ENR in addressing the electromagnetic pollution in both civil and military fields, ENR-based functional elastomers with superior electromagnetic properties (i.e. lower percolation threshold, higher microwave absorption capacity and broader effective bandwidth) were fabricated via self-assembly integrated latex blending and thermodynamics tailored nanoparticles distribution approaches. (3) Using rare earth antioxidant to improve the anti-aging properties of ENR. Because of the complexion reaction between rear earth ion and oxygen atom in the epoxy, the stability of epoxide groups in ENR, as well as the resistance to oxidation, can be greatly enhanced. Compared with the common used antioxidant, rare earth antioxidant has such advantages as good protective effect, non-toxic, environmental protection.Keywords: ENR, application, green tire, dielectric elastomers, rare earth antioxidant, rubber, epoxy, late
EVALUATION OF HALF-SIB PROGENIES UNDER TWO DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC REGIONS
No full textClonal nursery evaluation has emerged as a useful technique to reduce the time span of breeding in Hevea. This paper reports the performance of half-sib progenies from eight parental clones under clonal nursery trials in two different agro-climatic regions namely Padiyoor in North Kerala having dry sub humid conditions and Chethackal in Central Kerala with ideal conditions for rubber. Three important juvenile parameters viz., girth, yield on test incision and yield on test tap were employed for the study. Clones in general showed lower girth and yield in Padiyoor compared to Chethackal, indicative of the effect of climatic stress existing in Padiyoor. Out of the 15 top performing clones at Chethackal, 9 clones were among the top 15 at Padiyoor also. Hence, these clones can be considered stable and may have the potential for cultivation in varied agro-climatic conditions. Half-sib progenies from PB 255, PB 260, GT 1, RRII 203, PB 28/83 and PB 217 maintained superiority in the clonal population of progenies reconfirming the prepotency of the parent clones. Correlation analysis showed that girth from 12th month onwards is highly correlated with girth in subsequent years suggesting that clones with good growth potential can be identified from the very first year itself. Yield on test incision was highly correlated with test tap yield on 24 months at Chethackal and 24 and 48 months at Padiyoor. Girth recorded in plants from 18th month onwards showed significant correlation with yield at Chethackal and Padiyoor except in the final test tap yield at Padiyoor. Yield on test tapping in 24 months was highly correlated positively with final test tap yield (48 months) in both the locations suggesting that test tap yield in 24 months itself can be used for the identification of a potentially high yielding clone.Keywords: Hevea, clonal nursery, half-sib progeny, test incision, test tappin
RESIDUAL ACCELERATOR AND CYTOTOXICITY OF NR GLOVES: A NOVEL APPROACH TOWARDS SAFER NATURAL RUBBER GLOVES
No full textThe global share of natural rubber gloves versus synthetic gloves is steadily declining in the last 10 years from 80 % to less than 50%. This has been attributed to three critical drawbacks namely Protein Allergy due to inherent proteins in NR gloves, Chemical allergy due to residual accelerator chemicals in gloves and the glove powder issue. The present work is an attempt to reduce the residual accelerator in NR gloves by practical and effective offline leaching of the gloves. Our studies have shown that the commercial NR gloves in Indian market contain very high level of residual accelerators ranging from 800 to 2800 micrograms per gram of the glove sample. The total residual accelerator present in six commercial brands available in Indian market was estimated using UV-Visible Spectroscopy. HPLC studies have shown that the major accelerator used in all the glove brands was the zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDEC). The quantification by UV analysis showed that the total residual accelerators varied from 926 to 2725 µg per gram of the glove. The quantification of the specific ZDEC peak by HPLC revealed that ZDEC content varied from 873 to 2616 µg per gram of the glove among the surgical gloves. More than 14% of the total residual accelerator in glove leached into sweat equivalent aqueous extracts.  The cytotoxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the glove brand against L-929 cell line using MTT assay revealed severe toxicity with less than 20 per cent cell viability at various dilutions. The direct contact assay of the glove sample showed severe cytotoxicity of grade 4. The aqueous extracts have been shown to possess very high cytotoxicity against cell lines. A proprietary offline leaching method was developed at RRII by which more than 90 to 95% of the total residual accelerator in the glove samples could be removed. The novel method requires 30 to 90 seconds of leaching time. The advantage of the new method lies in the fact that it can be easily integrated with the online leaching process currently employed for the glove manufacturing in future. The study also shows that the mechanical properties of the glove are well preserved after the leaching process, which again reveals that the leaching process is not harsh
