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Discussion on Post Harvest Technology Session I
No full textDiscussion on Post Harvest Technology Session
KOMODITI GAMBIR SEBAGAI TANAMAN SELA DIANTARA KARET UNTUK PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PETANI KARET (STUDI KASUS : DESA TOMAN, SUMATERA SELATAN)
Get PDFGambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) adalah salah satu komoditas yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Komoditas ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani karet melalui sistem usahatani terpadu yaitu sebagai tanaman sela karet. Tujuan tersebut sangat membantu karena saat ini harga karet masih rendah dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas secara keseluruhan. Di Sumatera Selatan gambir hanya dapat menghasilkan getah yang tinggi di desa Toman karena spesifik lokasi sehingga petani di desa Toman melakukan integrasi gambir dengan karet untuk meningkatkan pendapatan. Berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan, pendapatan yang diterima dari usahatani gambir lebih besar 11 % dibandingkan pendapatan dari karet. Pendapatan gambir sebesar Rp 2.792.944,- per ha per bulan sedangkan pendapatan usahatani karet sebesar Rp 2.507.500,- per ha per bulan. Rendahnya pendapatan dari karet disebabkan oleh harga karet yang belum stabil ditingkat dunia sehingga berdampak kepada harga ditingkat petani. Oleh karena itu, upaya untuk menjaga pendapatan petani diperlukan tanaman sela gambir dengan modifikasi jarak tanam karet melalui sistem jarak ganda untuk memperpanjang tanaman sela gambir
CAMOUFLAGED REALITIES AND FACTS IN A SMOKE HOUSE FOR DRYING RSS
No full textMore than ninety percent of the latex produced in India is converted into ribbed smoked sheets (RSS) which is the oldest method of processing, widely adopted by rubber growers due to its simplicity and minimal cost of processing. The country has established over 500 group processing centers under rubber producer’s society with an aim of producing quality rubber sheets. Sheet rubber processing involves various stages viz. sieving, bulking, standardization, coagulation of latex, sheeting, dripping and drying in a smoke house. Firewood is used as fuel in the biomass furnace attached to the smoke house, which is a traditional practice of drying in the rubber processing industry. Bioenergy generated during the treatment of latex processing effluent is also used in smoke houses as alternative energy. In order to monitor the energy efficiency in a conventional smoke house, heat balance and pollution level were studied. The smoke house (5.46 x 3.35 x 4.64 m) temperature at different points was monitored for heat loss assessment and heat distribution pattern in upper, middle and lower convective zones. The temperature was found to vary between 43 to 63oC during the entire smoke drying process. It was observed that drying RSS of 750 kg per batch in the smoke house consumed 3550 MJ for the required moisture content of 0.5 % within 70 h (4 days) during non-rainy hours. Out of the total heat energy supplied, only 858.5 MJ (24.2 %) of the input heat was utilized and the rest was lost in stored energy, 420 MJ (12%) walls and door loss, 881 MJ (25.1%) exhaust loss, 1240 MJ (34.5%) moisture in fuel, 106.5 MJ (3.0%) and the rest 42.6 MJ (1.2%) being unaccountable. Isothermal contour was drawn for the temperature distribution inside the smoke house at different altitude points. Higher temperature was maintained at the upper convective zone, which led to maximum heat loss through chimneys. Average daily biogas generated was 10 cum from 5000 liters of effluent processed and the biogas fuel was retrofitted in the smoke furnace for an average of 4 hours as heat supplement (703 MJ). Firewood reduction of 26 kg (19.8%) was achieved with alternate biogas fuel for the drying process. The composition of exhaust gas emission was found to be CO2 (5.5 %), CO(8.5 %), O2 (14 %) and SOx and NOx (<1 %), the greenhouse gases leading to global warming. Altering air supply and providing proper insulation in the smoke house are recommended for considerable reduction of heat loss and greenhouse gases. Switching over to cleaner, renewable energy sources for drying RSS is also recommended for environmental sustainability in rubber processing industries.Keywords: biogas, emission, heat balance, RSS, rubber processing, smoke house, temperatur
THE ROLE OF IRRI IN DEVELOPING NATURAL RUBBER GOODS AS SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT
No full textIncreasing the domestic natural rubber (NR) consumption is a mutual commitment among the world’s top three NR producing countries (Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia). This commitment was intended to strengthen NR price in international commodity market. The NR price continues to remain non-remunerative since early 2012. The Indonesian Government declared a policy on the utilization of NR goods as supporting materials for the national development infrastructure project. Some of the rubber goods which have potential to be developed in the infrastructure sector are rubberized roads and elastomeric bridge bearings. Indonesian Rubber Research Institute (IRRI) has been successful in the development of promising NR goods such as prevulcanized latex as an additive for the synthesis of rubberized asphalt. High quality NR bridge bearing, another innovation, is under trial production on an industrial scale before being commercialized. This study summarizes the IRRI’s research activities in preparing both these NR goods. According to IRRI’s projection and analysis, the usage of prevulcanized NR latex and NR bridge bearing to support the infrastructure project would absorb 60,000 and 1,600 tons of Indonesian NR production, respectively. It is also expected to develop the downstream rubber industry.Keywords: rubberized asphalt, elastomeric bridge bearing; infrastructure secto
THE RESISTANCE OF IRR AND RRII SERIES RUBBER CLONES TO LEAF FALL DISEASES IN INDONESIA AND ITS CORRELATION WITH STOMATA NUMBER AND CUTICLE THICKNESS
No full textResistance rubber clones to leaf fall diseases varies among clones. There are three major kinds of leaf fall diseases that attack rubber namely Colletotrichum, Corynespora and Oidium. Resistance level of each clone to leaf fall diseases is one of the important characters considered in the selection of superior clones. Superior clones in Indonesia are IRR 5, IRR 104, IRR 112, IRR 118, and IRR 220. While, RRII clones from India are RRII 414, RRII 417, RRII 422, RRII 429, and RRII 430. This research was conducted in hybridization garden and green house. Samples were observed from three plants on the middle leaves of one to five whorls on 7th, 14th and 21st days after the appearance of symptoms of Colletotrichum, Corynespora and Oidium. Number of stomata and cuticle thickness were observed in the crop protection laboratory. The results showed that clones, diseases and their interaction were significant after 21st days. Levels of resistance for IRR series and RRII series are moderate, moderately resistant and resistant. Resistance to all the leaf fall diseases were influenced by genetic factor. For IRR series clones the factors were h2: 0.55 and GPE: 56.79%. while for RRII 400 series they were h2: 0.68 and GPE: 25,42%. Stomata number is the character that supports resistance of each clone (h2: 0.89 and GPE: 18.04%).Keywords: IRR series, RRII series, resistance, Colletotrichum, Corynespora, and Oidiu
PENGARUH SISTEM OLAH TANAH DAN COVER CROP TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KARET
Get PDFSistem tanpa olah tanah dan cover crop telah banyak diterapkan di beberapa perkebunan karet di Indonesia, namun pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan sifat fisik tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman karet TBM akibat pengolahan lahan dan penggunaan legume cover crop (LCC). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2011- Januari 2015 dengan menggunakan rancangan percobaan split plot dengan 2 faktor. Faktor utama adalah sistem olah tanah (tanpa olah tanah/TOT) dan olah tanah/OT), sedangkan anak petaknya yaitu jenis cover crop (tanpa cover crop/TCC), Mucuna bracteata/MB), dan gulma alami/GA). Pengamatan meliputi parameter pertumbuhan tanaman karet dan sifat fisik tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LCC (MB dan GA) mengubah agregat tanah, bobot isi, dan porositas total tanah. Pada umur 26 BST pertumbuhan tanaman karet pada perlakuan MB dan GA berbeda nyata dibandingkan kontrol
PEMANFAATAN GAMBUT RAWA PENING SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK BRIKET DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BATANG BAWAH TANAMAN KARET
Get PDFPemupukan merupakan faktor penting dalam kegiatan pembibitan tanaman karet. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatan efektivitas pemupukan anorganik adalah dengan pemberian pupuk organik. Salah satu sumber pupuk organik yang cukup besar adalah endapan gambut dari Rawa Pening. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk organik briket Rawa Pening yang dikombinasikan dengan pupuk anorganik tunggal terhadap pertumbuhan batang bawah tanaman karet. Penelitian dilakukan di kebun percobaan Balai Penelitian Getas, Jawa Tengah. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap terdiri atas 6 perlakuan dengan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah, 1) Kontrol (perlakuan tanpa pupuk), 2) pupuk tunggal N, P, K, 3) pupuk tunggal N, P, K + pupuk organik briket 1 tablet, 4) pupuk tunggal N, P, K + pupuk organik briket 2 tablet, 5) pupuk tunggal N + pupuk organik briket 1 tablet, 6) pupuk tunggal N + pupuk organik briket 2 tablet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pupuk tunggal N, P, K atau pupuk tunggal N yang dikombinasikan dengan pupuk organik briket Rawa Pening dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, dan bobot basah tanaman dibandingkan dengan kontrol dan perlakuan pupuk tunggal N, P, K. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk organik gambut rawa pening mampu meningkatkan efektivitas pemupukan anorganik. Perlakuan pupuk tunggal N + 2 tablet pupuk organik briket Rawa Pening menunjukkan efektivitas agronomi relatif (RAE) tertinggi dengan biaya pupuk yang cukup terjangkau yaitu IDR 634/pohon
PENGARUH RESOLUSI SPASIAL CITRA TERHADAP HASIL PEMETAAN KANDUNGAN HARA NITROGEN PERKEBUNAN KARET
Get PDFNitrogen merupakan salah satu unsur hara yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah banyak oleh tanaman. Tanaman yang mengalami kekurangan unsur hara nitrogen akan menyebabkan terhambatnya pertumbuhan dan penurunan produktivitas tanaman. Penerapan sistem pertanian presisi pada kegiatan pemupukan di perkebunan karet dilakukan dengan cara dosis pemupukan dibuat berdasarkan kandungan hara tanah dan kandungan hara pada tanaman. Pada areal yang luas membutuhkan biaya analisa hara tanaman yang cukup mahal. Oleh karena itu sangat dibutuhkan suatu teknologi yang dapat mengestimasi kondisi hara tanaman dengan cepat dan biaya yang murah. Teknologi penginderaan jauh merupakan alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk areal yang luas dan dengan waktu yang cepat serta biaya yang relatif murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh resolusi spasial citra terhadap peta hasil estimasi kandungan nitrogen perkebunan karet. Citra multi resolusi yang digunakan antara lain GeoEye-1 (2 m) Sentinel-2A (10 dan 20 m) dan Landsat 8 OLI (30 m). Metode yang digunakan adalah membangun hubungan semi-empiris antara band tunggal dan indeks vegetasi citra dengan kandungan hara nitrogen perkebunan karet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peta hasil estimasi kandungan hara nitrogen perkebunan karet menggunakan citra Sentinel-2A (SE 0,369) memiliki akurasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan menggunakan citra GeoEye-1 (SE 0,519) dan Landsat 8 OLI (SE 0,462)
GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CIS-ELEMENTS IN PROMOTER REGION OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS GENOME
No full textDraft genome sequences of Hevea brasiliensis cultivar Reyan7-33-97 and RRIM 600 have been reported. Although the assembly only spans partial Hevea genome, over ninety percent known expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and transcriptome sequence reads could be aligned, indicating that the draft assembly represents a large proportion of the gene space. To better explore the Hevea genome, the Bioinformation of Hevea brasiliensis (BHB) website was developed (www.H-brasiliensis.com), in which a nucleotide sequence could be online blasted against either Reyan7-33-97 or RRIM 600 genome, the matched gene sequence would be indicated, including exon, intron and corresponding promoter sequence. Furthermore, an HCES (Hevea Cis-Elements Scanning) program was developed. JA and/or ET-responsive cis-elements were screened in genome wide using HCES, 18,073 potential JA and ET-responsive genes were identified. Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) classification reveal that biggest cluster is involved in “Signal transduction mechanismsâ€. To reveal the regulation of rubber biosynthesis, cis-elements in promoters of rubber biosynthesis related genes were analyzed. Statistical results revealed that Dof, MYB, MYC and WRKY were potentially the main transcription factor families regulating latex biosynthesis in H. brasiliensis. This work proves that global analysis of gene expression could be addressed by genome-wide screening of cis-elements using bioinformatics tools.Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis, ethylene, jasmonic acid, cis-element, HCES, rubber, Signal transduction mechanisms, genome-wide screening, transcriptome, EST, transcription factor, latex, gen
CHARACTERISTIC, PHYSIOLOGY AND YIELD POTENTIAL OF RRIT 251 AND RRIT 408 CLONES
No full textRRIT 251 and RRIT 408 are included in high latex yield group of RRIT’s recommendation clones 2016. These are two clones were recommended both for the traditional and marginal areas. RRIT 251 is an important clone in class I which suitable for both Traditional and non-traditional planting area. Whereas RRIT 408 is a clone in class I suitable only for non-traditional planting area marginal area. This paper will scope on only the marginal area. RRIT 251 has a moderate growth before tapping and during tapping. Before tapping, girth increment is about 7.24 cm. per year and during tapping, girth increment is about 2.08 cm. per year. The average yield for 6 years is about 2,185 kg/ha/year with DRC is 41.2% and 1.662 Plugging Index. Refer to the result of latex diagnosis, consisted of 25.369 Inorganic phosphorus (mM), 7.033 mM sucrose (Su), 0.751 mM thiol (RSH) and 46.75% Total Solid Content (TSC). For some physiology traits, RRIT 251 was sensitive to xylem cavitation (it has narrowest safety margin = 0.19) and also sensitive to water deficit, stomata of RRIT 251 closed later than other clones (gs 50 value = -1.46 MPa). RRIT 408 expressed good growth of average 4.78 cm. per year of girth increment before tapping and moderate growth or 1.07 cm. of girth increment per year during tapping. The average yield is 1,981 kg/ha/year. Before tapping, girth increment is about 4.78 cm. per year and during tapping, girth increment is about 1.07 cm. per year. RRIT 408 also be high yielding clones especially in marginal planting area. The average yield of 6 years is about 2,002 kg/ha/year with 38.5% DRC and 1.517 of Plugging Index. The result of latex diagnosis analysis, RRIT408 showed 22.891 mM of average Inorganic Phosphorus, 2.703 mM sucrose, 0.324 mM thiol and 38.78% TSC. For some physiology traits, RRIT 408 was high resistance to xylem cavitation (safety margin = 0.82) and also avoiding water deficit by closed their stomata earlier than other clones (gs 50 value = -0.70 MPa)