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MANUFACTURING HIGH QUALITY ENGINEERING RUBBER PRODUCT FOR PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
No full textCharles Goodyear and manufacturers associated with him began making rubber goods in 1883. The material of the rubber goods melted and developed an offensive odor during the summer of 1834. Perhaps it was the beginning of vulcanized rubber products. Today a numbers of different compounding materials are added to the rubber because they play a role in the vulcanization process. Vulcanization of rubber is of supreme importance to the consumer and the Rubber Industry, for without its discovery, the Rubber Industry would not exist today, at least not in its present form or size. Natural Rubber is an excellent and a very versatile Engineering material. We can make it very soft and on the other side we can make it as very stiff yet flexible through the modification of its molecular properties. We have taken advantage of this properties to manufacture many Rubber Products for Engineering Applications. The Manufacturing Technology for making such Rubber Products for Engineering applications today such as Marine Port Fenders for absorbing the kinetic energy of the Berthing Vessels, Anti Vibration Pads for Railway Lines to reduce the transmission of vibration to surrounding structures and High Damping Rubber Pads as the Base Isolators to protecting Building and Bridges  it from Earthquake forces, is more complicated. Specialized Processing Equipment are required to fabricate and vulcanized such articles to meet the actual demand for the product‘s performances. Today the requirement for engineering rubber products becoming bigger and very complex, the Manufacturing Technology and Equipment also changes along with them
Back Matter
No full textBack Matter of the Proceedings of the IRC 2017 consits of Conference Committe, Conference Program, and List of Participant
PENGARUH KADAR KARET KERING LATEKSPADA SUSUT BOBOT SLAB DAN LUMP
Get PDFSusut bobot slab dan lump merupakan faktor penting dalam penjualan bahan olah karet (bokar). Penentuan susut bobot yang tidak tepat akan merugikan salah satu pihak dalam penjualan bokar. Informasi susut bobot juga dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana pengawasan internal terhadap kemungkinan kehilangan saat pengiriman bokar menuju pabrik. Susut bobot juga berkaitan dengan biaya transportasi dari kebun menuju pabrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuipengaruh dari kadar karet kering (KKK) lateks terhadapsusut bobot slab dan lump, pola penyusutannya serta kaitannya dengan biaya transportasi. Penelitian menggunakan lateks kebun dengan lima variasi KKK (20%, 21%, 23%, 27%, dan 31%) serta lump mangkok, masing-masing dengan empat ulangan. Penimbangan bobot slab dan lump dilakukan selama 21 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata susut harian tertinggi (6,31%) diperoleh pada slab yang berasal dari lateks dengan KKK paling encer yaitu 20%. Sebaliknya, rata-rata susut harian terendah (2,41%) diperoleh dari sampel lump mangkok dengan KKK awal 56%. Semakin tinggi KKK lateks maka slab yang dihasilkan mempunyai susut bobot yang semakin rendah. Slab dan lump mengalami susut bobot yang tinggi pada 1 – 2 hari pertama masa simpan, dan cenderung menurun secara fluktuatif pada hari-hari berikutnya hingga mendekati bobot tetap. Perhitungan biaya transportasi menunjukkan bahwa, dari tiga kelompok lump, maka kelompok lump dengan masa simpan paling lama (11 – 25 hari) mempunyai biaya transportasi paling rendah sebesar Rp. 448,80 per kg karet kering. Hal yang serupa juga terjadi pada kelompok slab. Semakin lama masa simpan slab dan lump, maka biaya transportasi ke pabrik semakin rendah
EVALUASI JENIS BAHAN PENSTABIL DAN KOAGULAN LATEKS PADA SISTEM REAKSI HIDROGENASI KATALITIK LATEKS KARET ALAM SKALA SEMI PILOT
Get PDFKaret alam terhidrogenasi yang dihasilkan dari reaksi hidrogenasi karet alam fasa lateks oleh senyawa diimida berpotensi digunakan sebagai pengganti karet sintetik tipe EPDM. Salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan pembuatan karet alam terhidrogenasi adalah pemilihan jenis bahan penstabil dan koagulan lateks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis bahan penstabil dan koagulan lateks yang paling ideal untuk digunakan dalam reaksi hidrogenasi lateks karet alam yang dijalankan pada skala semi pilot berkapasitas 2,5 kg lateks pekat/batch. Bahan penstabil yang diujicobakan terdiri atas senyawa basa kuat NaOH dan surfaktan anionik Sodium Lauril Sulfat (SLS), sedangkan koagulan diambil dari jenis garam anorganik CaCl2 dan asam organik yaitu asam format. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan penstabil jenis SLS dan koagulan jenis asam format merupakan bahan aditif terbaik yang dapat digunakan dalam reaksi hidrogenasi lateks karet dengan senyawa diimida. Karet alam terhidrogenasi yang dibuat dengan penambahan kedua bahan aditif tersebut memiliki nilai derajat hidrogenasi tertinggi (34 – 35%), yang diikuti dengan kadar abu yang rendah (0,05 – 0,06%)
ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI DAN PENDAPATAN PETANI KARET (STUDI KASUS PETANI KARET DI WILAYAH OPERASIONAL PERUSAHAAN MIGAS KABUPATEN MUSI BANYUASIN)
Get PDFMusi Banyuasin merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang berkontribusi terhadap produksi karet di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Namun disisi lain produksi karet yang dihasilkan oleh petani karet belum optimal. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi karet sehingga produksi karet petani dapat meningkat. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive di 7 desa dengan masing-masing desa terdiri 30 responden. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder dan untuk analisis data menggunakan spss 16. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tingkat pendidikan petani mayoritas hanya mencapai Sekolah Dasar dan memiliki pengalaman berkebun karet selama 15 tahun. Sedangkan faktor yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi karet adalah kepemilikan lahan karet (X2), jumlah tenaga kerja (X3), jenis bahan tanam yang digunakan (X4) dan penggunaan pupuk (X5). Sedangkan pendapatan keluarga sebesar Rp 3.732.000,- per bulan dan karet merupakan  sumber pendapatan terbesar terhadap total pendapatan keluarga dengan kontribusi sebesar Rp 2.024.000,- per bulan sedangkan selebihnya berasal dari kegiatan berdagang dan buruh
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING 1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2 (SNRK2) GENE FAMILY MEMBERS IN HEVEA BRASILIENSIS
No full textThe sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family members play a key rolein plant stress signal transduction pathways. Although analyses of SnRK2 gene family have been performed in certain plant species, little is known inthe rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In this study,we cloned and sequenced 6 SnRK2 genes from rubber tree. The 6 SnRK2 genes were divided into three groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Expression pattern analysis revealed that most of the HbSnRK2s were involved in the responses to stress (drought, glyphosate, powdery mildew, heat, cold) and hormone (GA3, ABA, JA, ETH, STS) treatment. In fact, most of the HbSnRK2 genes showed positive or negative regulation under all these treatments, suggesting that they may be global regulators that function at the intersection of multiple signaling pathways to play important roles in rubber tree stress responses.Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis, HbSnRK2, stress, gene, protein kinase, sucrose, hormone, rubber, drought, glyphosate, powdery mildew, heat, cold, signal transduction pathway
RUBBER PROPERTIES OF SELECTED CLONES
No full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of rubber properties prepared from selected clones planted in Malaysia. The clones of RRIM 2001, RRIM 2002, RRIM 928, PB260, PB350 and RRIM 3001 were selected for this study and the properties of dry rubber were determined in accordance with Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) specifications. Cuplumps and latices from these clones were prepared and processed into SMR 10 and SMR CV60 respectively. Investigation of the Mooney viscosity (VR) has found clones PB260 fulfils the specification for SMR CV60. Four clones were found to exceed the limit specified for SMR CV 60 whereas clone RRIM 928 was found to be lower. A correlation between VR and Wallace Plasticity Index (Po) values was also found. The increase in VR values was consistent with the increase in Po values. Interestingly all clones satisfied the Plasticity Retention Index (PRI) limit in the SMR CV grade and SMR 10. Examination of the samples from cuplumps has shown that all clones fulfil the specified parameters in the SMR 10 grade. It can be concluded that the clones chosen in this study could not satisfy the Mooney viscosity range specified in the stabilized rubber (CV) grade. However, high Mooney viscosity can be minimized through blending of latices from various clones. Interestingly there was no significant effect of individual clones on rubber properties. All clones comply the SMR 10 specifications. Keywords: Standard Malaysian Rubber, rubber clones, rubber properties, mooney viscosity, Wallace Plasticity
USE OF GIS GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION TO DETERMINE NATURAL RUBBER PRODUCTIVITY AND THEIR DRIVING FORCES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE KALUTARA DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA
No full textThe goal of this study was to analyze the productivity variation in smallholder rubber lands in the Kalutara district which is located in the Wet Zone of Sri Lanka and spatial relationship of key drivers to the productivity variation. Low productivity has been a major challenge in rubber plantations in the country in recent years. In this study we used spatial modelling tools available in geographic information science to explore the spatial variability of the rubber productivity and explore the key drivers of it in spatial context. Geostatistical kriging analysis is the simple type of prediction method which include the cross validation of prediction and error terms in the forecasting techniques. The productivity of smallholder rubber lands in Kalutara District varied from 777 to 1463 kg/ha/year, while the highest average productivity was recorded in the Divisional Secretariat (DS) divisions; Palindanuwara, Beruwala and Kalutara. Low productivity was recorded in the Matugama and in a few areas in Ingiriya and Bandaragama divisions. Local variation of driving forces behind the average productivity was explored using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. GWR explored the spatial variability of the relationship between the productivity and fertilizer usage, weeding, soil conservation, number of tappable trees and age of the trees under tapping. All the variables were found to present significant spatial variability. Apart from generating global significant value model resulted the local variation of each parameter estimates with respect to the projected coordinates of the area. Emerge of sign change of local parameters observed in some areas that cannot be observed in globally. It is necessary to understand the significance level of local coefficient subject to the multicolinearity and spatial auto correlation. Keywords: geographic information science, geographically weighted regression, kriging geostatistical analyst, multicolinearity, productivity, spatial auto correlatio
IMPROVING SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF Hevea brasiliensis THROUGH BASALT APPLICATION
No full textRubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the main source of natural rubber in the world. Most of Hevea cultivation area was on problem soil such as Ultisols and Oxisols that were known as infertile soils. Basalt is quickly weathered rock that consists of few minerals such as of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. This paper will present the effect of different rate of basalt dust application on Ultisol and response of Hevea brasiliensis grown on that soil. The experiment was carried out with four treatments-`viz. 0 g (control), 179 g, 358 g and 538 g of basalt dust (less than 0.1mm) and six replications of plants of clone RRIM 3001. The experiment was arranged in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) for comparison of the means. The results showed that the higher rate of basalt application improved the soil chemical properties in the growth of rubber and also enhanced the plant nutrient uptake. High basalt application up to 538g/tree resulted in soil pH increase from 4.28 to 5.15 after 12 months. Similar trends observed for the soil CEC., . Phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium content in soils applied with basalt were significantly higher than non-applied soil after 12 months. During sampling at twelve months, highest rate of basalt application recorded highest plant height, 243.1 cm, followed by rate of 358, 179 and 0 with readings of 210.3, 185.5 and 164.7 cm respectively. Application of basalt at rates of 358 and 538 g/tree gave significantly higher girth with 7.09 and 8.92 cm respectively. During soil sampling after a year, undissolved basalt was visually observed. Therefore, basalt dust is a good soil amelioration and functions like a slow release fertilizer facilitating plant nutrient uptake in Ultisol.Keywords: Soil amendment, fertility, Hevea, basalt, Ultiso
NATURAL RUBBER: ASSESING ITS POTENTIAL AS A SUSTAINABLE CROP
No full textNatural rubber trees (Hevea braziliensis) are perennial crops derived originally from tropical rainforest of Amazon basin, Brazil. The Hevea trees have been spread over the whole tropical regions to guarantee worldwide production of natural rubber. Long history of natural rubber plantations development has given rise to South East Asia as the largest natural rubber growing region, among other factors behind this successful are the absence South American leaf blight caused by fungus Microcyclusulei destroying the Hevea trees in Brazil and the greater suitability perennial tree crops to the humid tropics. Around 90% of Hevea rubber plantations cultivated by smallholders possessing roughly 0.5 ha – 3 ha per holder is the main source of income in supporting for more than 20 million rural producers. Almost all rubber research centers in the producing countries conduct breeding to produce high yielding clones to enable to support world increasing demand. Other advantage of cultivating rubber plantations to the environment such as sustainable form to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere; returning of nutrients to the soil from falling leaves, stems and others reducing the application of chemical fertilizers; value added rubber wood