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Towards Transparent Legal Formalization
Get PDFA key challenge in making a transparent formalization of a legal text is the dependency on two domain experts. While a legal expert is needed in order to interpret the legal text, a logician or a programmer is needed for encoding it into a program or a formula. Various existing methods are trying to solve this challenge by improving or automating the communication between the two experts. In this paper, we follow a different direction and attempt to eliminate the dependency on the target domain expert. This is achieved by inverting the translation back into the original text. By skipping over the logical translation, a legal expert can now both interpret and evaluate a translation
Dajare – Its types and cognitive mechanisms for its understanding
No full textPuns are generally associated with humorous effects spawned by linguistic creativity. Understanding verbal humor involves not only mechanisms of humor per se, but also – and actually in the first place – understanding of a linguistic production as such. Discovering mechanisms of verbal humor, such as puns, therefore opens a door to the principles of meaning that are at the very core of our linguistic capacities. As Vyvyan Evans (2016) puts it, “puns are incredibly complex requiring your brain to perform exquisite gymnastics in putting together carefully choreographed aspects of word sounds and meanings in novel ways.” The focus of the present talk is on Japanese puns, dajare, and its objective is twofold. First, it aims at introducing dajare as a product of centuries long tradition of meta-linguistic work with the linguistic system of Japanese language and its intertwining with the Japanese culture. Second, after presenting some most common forms of Japanese dajare, I will attempt to introduce a model of cognitive mechanisms related to understanding dajare, with an ambition to map to other kinds of linguistic production as well. The model will be presented from a hearer’s (not a speaker’s) perspective with focus on the process of interpretation, rather than creativity. It is grounded in the theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM) as a part of a broader cognitive linguistics movement.Slovní hříčky jsou obecně spojovány s efektem humoru, jenž je vyvoláván jazykovou kreativitou. Pochopení slovního humoru zahrnuje nejen mechanismy humoru samotného, ale také (a to na prvním místě) porozumění jazykové produkci jako takové. Odhalení mechanismů verbálního humoru, jako jsou slovní hříčky, proto otvírá dveře k pochopení mechanismů významu, jež jsou v samém jádru našich jazykových schopností. Jak zmiňuje Vyvyan Evans (2016), "slovní hříčky jsou nesmírně komplexní jevy, které vyžadují po našem mozku nezkutečné gymnastické výkony, aby mohly být pečlivě propojeny aspekty slovních zvuků a významů novými způsoby." Tento příspěvek se zaměřuje na japonské slovní hříčky, tzv. dadžare, a má dvojí cíl: 1. Snaží se představit dadžare jako produkt několikaset leté tradice metajazykové práce se systémem japonského jazyka a jeho provázáním s japonskou kulturou. 2. Po představení vybraných základních forem dadžare navrhne model kognitivních mechanismů souvisejících s porozuměním dadžare, jež mají ambici být aplikovatelné i na další jazykovou produkci. Model bude prezentován z perspektivy posluchače (ne mluvčího) se zaměřením spíše na porozumění než na kreativitu. Je ukotven v teorii lexikálních konceptů a kognitivních modelů (LCCM) jako součásti širšího spektra kognitivní sémantiky.Puns are generally associated with humorous effects spawned by linguistic creativity. Understanding verbal humor involves not only mechanisms of humor per se, but also – and actually in the first place – understanding of a linguistic production as such. Discovering mechanisms of verbal humor, such as puns, therefore opens a door to the principles of meaning that are at the very core of our linguistic capacities. As Vyvyan Evans (2016) puts it, “puns are incredibly complex requiring your brain to perform exquisite gymnastics in putting together carefully choreographed aspects of word sounds and meanings in novel ways.” The focus of the present talk is on Japanese puns, dajare, and its objective is twofold. First, it aims at introducing dajare as a product of centuries long tradition of meta-linguistic work with the linguistic system of Japanese language and its intertwining with the Japanese culture. Second, after presenting some most common forms of Japanese dajare, I will attempt to introduce a model of cognitive mechanisms related to understanding dajare, with an ambition to map to other kinds of linguistic production as well. The model will be presented from a hearer’s (not a speaker’s) perspective with focus on the process of interpretation, rather than creativity. It is grounded in the theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM) as a part of a broader cognitive linguistics movement
Dataset of Shell Commands Used by Participants of Hands-on Cybersecurity Training
Get PDFWe present a dataset of 13446 shell commands from 175 participants who attended cybersecurity training and solved assignments in the Linux terminal. Each acquired data record contains a command with its arguments and metadata, such as a timestamp, working directory, and host identification in the emulated training infrastructure. The commands were captured in Bash, ZSH, and Metasploit shells. The data are stored as JSON records, enabling vast possibilities for their further use in research and development. These include educational data mining, learning analytics, student modeling, and evaluating machine learning models for intrusion detection. The data were collected from 27 cybersecurity training sessions using an open-source logging toolset and two open-source interactive learning environments. Researchers and developers may use the dataset or deploy the learning environments with the logging toolset to generate their own data in the same format. Moreover, we provide a set of common analytical queries to facilitate the exploratory analysis of the dataset
Levels and risks of antineoplastic drugs in households of oncology patients, hospices and retirement homes
Get PDFBackground Contamination of the indoor environment by antineoplastic drugs (ADs) is known to pose health risks to the exposed staff in hospitals or pharmacies. ADs may also contaminate households of the patients receiving chemotherapy, but the exposure levels and potential risks to family members have not been studied. The objective was to provide an in-depth research of surface contamination by ADs inside homes focusing on the households of oncology patients, hospices, and retirement houses. Methods The study was carried out in 17 patient households, 2 hospices, and 3 retirement homes. Surfaces were sampled using a standardized approach and the wipe samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS for 11 organic ADs and by ICP-MS/MS for total Pt as a marker of Pt-based ADs. Results The main study included repeated samplings of surfaces (floors, desktops) in households of 17 ambulant oncology patients receiving different chemotherapies with cyclophosphamide (CP), platinum-based drugs (Pt), doxorubicin (DOX), 5-fluorouracil (FU) and others. Patients treated with chemotherapy were found to serve as a source of contamination for their households, representing thus a risk to sensitive family members such as children or elderly people. Carcinogenic CP was commonly found at relatively high concentrations, especially during the first 6 days after the chemotherapy (maximum 511 pg/cm(2)). Sweat seems to be a major medium for the spread of the contamination, and high and long-time persisting CP levels (traces still found after 6 months post-chemotherapy) were found on various desktops including kitchen dining tables. The pilot studies in hospices and retirement homes indicated rather lower exposure risks of the personnel but pointed to potential long-lasting contamination by Pt or some other persistent ADs such as ifosfamide (IF). Conclusions This is one of the first studies investigating the contamination by ADs in indoor environments outside of hospitals or pharmacies. Peak concentrations of the carcinogenic CP in households were comparable to those observed in hospitals, but the temporal exposures are likely to cause lower risks to family members and caregivers compared to the long-time occupationally exposed health care personnel. The information guidance flier with practical recommendations was prepared improving thus information as well as prevention of eventual risks for family members
Nastolování politických témat a ovlivňování mediální agendy prezidentem Milošem Zemanem : Čínské investice, podpora Izraele a sankce proti Rusku
Get PDFČlánek se zabývá schopností prezidenta Miloše Zemana prosazovat politická témata do veřejné diskuse. Klíčová témata jeho veřejných projevů identifikujeme prostřednictvím obsahové analýzy. Následně kvantitativně a kvalitativně sledujeme výskyt témat v několika českých denících. Výsledky analýzy ukazují, že prezident Zeman dokázal úspěšně etablovat do mediální agendy témata čínských investic v Česku a podporu Izraele.The article assesses the ability of Czech President Miloš Zeman to establish political issues in the public discussion. The period investigated in this study covers the latter part of his first term and the early part of his second term in office. We identified the key issues of his public speeches using content analysis. The eight most important issues (Chinese investment in Czechia, support for Israel, sanctions against Russia, the fight against terrorism, budget investments, hospice care, criticism of the European Union and inclusivity) were observed in several major Czech media outlets. Using a quantitative method, we constructed agenda-setting graphs for each issue; using qualitative analyses, we described the context and the president’s success rate in issue management. President Zeman successfully established the issues of Chinese investment and support for Israel in the media agenda
Resisting Perceived Interference in Journalistic Autonomy : The Study of Public Service Media in Slovakia
Get PDFAutonomy is of paramount importance for journalism, but there is little empirically based knowledge of how journalists cope when it is threatened. Using a case study approach, this contribution examines a newsroom conflict that took place in the public service Radio and Television of Slovakia. It started when the new director general, a person believed to have ties to one of the coalition political parties, was elected by the parliament in 2017, and it culminated in layoffs and resignations of more than 30 reporters and editors in 2018. The case study is based on semi-structured interviews (N = 16) with the journalists who decided to quit in protest of what they called “creeping political pressure,” those whose contracts were not prolonged, those who decided to stay at their jobs, and the members of the previous and the new management. Building on the interviews and document analysis, the article inductively develops a classification scheme for resistance practices the journalists used to cope with the perceived interference with their professional autonomy that came from within their media organisation. These practices include having internal discussions, voicing concerns during newsroom meetings, writing an internal letter to the management, meeting with the management, establishing a trade union, requesting mediation, writing an open letter to the viewers and listeners, publicly criticising the management in the media, voluntarily asking to be re-assigned to another topic area or position in order to avoid interference, staying at one’s job in open opposition to the management, and resigning in protest
Business Model of Sustainable Robo-Advisors: Empirical Insights for Practical Implementation
Get PDFThe given research paper examines the characteristics of German private investors regarding the probability of using robo-advisory-services. The used data set was gathered for this purpose (N = 305) to address the research question by using a logistic regression approach. The presented logit regression model results indicate that the awareness of sustainable aspects make a significant difference in the probability of using a sustainable robo-service. Additionally, our findings show that being male and cost-aware are positively associated with the use of a sustainable robo-advisor. Furthermore, the probability of use is 1.53 times higher among young and experienced investors. The findings in this paper provide relevant research findings for banks, asset managers, FinTechs, policy makers and financial practitioners to increase the adoption rate of robo-advice by introducing a sustainable offering
The Effect of Gender Differences and Cognitive Empathy on the Encouragement of Social Competence for the Next Generation : Evidence from Chinese Parents
Get PDFBackground: In the western cultural context, parents emphasize female children’s social-behavioral development more heavily. Likewise, mothers are more supportive of children's social development compared to fathers. However, whether the same behavior can be observed in eastern culture remains unclear. Besides the unchangeable factors (e.g., gender), it is also worth investigating whether the parents' improvable factors influence the emphasis on a child's socialization. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a child’s gender, parent’s gender, and parent’s cognitive empathy on parental encouragement of a child’s social competence in Chinese culture. Conclusions: Contrary to the western findings, this research suggested that in China, parents emphasize more social competence of the male child. Analogically, compared to mother, father underscores a child’s social competence more heavily. Additionally, a parent’s cognitive empathy explained the variance in parents’ encouragement of a child’s social competence even after controlling for the gender variables of parents and childre
Refugee-Related Political Violence in Asia and Africa
Get PDFThis work focuses on the analysis of one of the most discussed phenomenon of recent years, the reception of refugees. The authors of this work examine refugee-related political violence, a phenomenon that has not been explored in the last twenty years. The aim is to describe the occurrence of this phenomenon in cases from Asia and Africa. The individual incidents are categorised into six categories of political violence. The authors describe the type of political violence involving refugees for the last 15 years. They also analyse which type of violence is most common. At the same time, they devote to the analysis and description of frequency, intensity and persistence. They compare their findings with similar work that was published in 1998, and they explain why and what changes have occurred in the field of refugee-related political violence over the last 15 years
Volnost, rovnost, bratrství? Prvorepublikové vojenské festivity z pohledu nelegionářů
Get PDFStudie se věnuje připomínání výročí významných pro společnost prvorepublikového Československa. Důraz je kladen na kontrast připomínání legionářských tradic a upozadění nelegionářských vojenských vystoupení. Článek sleduje způsob slavení vybraných festivit a jejich postupný výběr a vývoj. Armáda tvořila nedílnou součást prakticky všech větších oslav československého národa. Studie nesleduje vojsko pouze jako statickou součást pietních aktů a oslav, ale též jako organizátora festivit.The focus of the paper is on the topic celebrations of anniversaries important for society of The First Czechoslovak Republic. Emphasis is put on the contrast between the celebrations of the Czechoslovak Legion and the sidelining of non-Legionary military activities after the First World War. The article covers the forms of commemorating during the representative festivities and the progressive development of their selection. The Czechoslovak Army posed an integral part of all of significant celebrations of the Czechoslovak nation. The study doesn’t see the army exclusively as a stationary part of acts of reverence and commemorations, but also as an organiser of such festivities