Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de Deusto
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: lutas centralistas mediadas pela teoria jurídica do formalismo
No full textCooperative law in Colombia emerged within the framework of the 1886 Political Constitution, which disregarded social organisation initiatives by adhering to a centralist model within a liberal state governed by law. Thus, the first cooperative initiatives were social organisations considered to be groups operating outside the law and persecuted by the conservative government from the central level. However, the conservative hegemony would enter into crisis with the Great Depression of 1929, paving the way for a government of liberal politicians who, through Law 134 of 1931, would recognise cooperative societies. Although it was a disruptive regulation for the time, it was nothing more than the materialisation of a formalist theory that represents a contradiction from the origin of social initiatives. This article describes the historical process of the legal consolidation of cooperative law from a critical hermeneutic research approach based on qualitative methods.
Received: 06 January 2025 Accepted: 29 July 2025El derecho cooperativo en Colombia surge en el marco de la Constitución Política de 1886, la cual desconocía las iniciativas de organización social por adherirse a un modelo centralista enmarcado en un estado liberal de derecho. Así, las primeras iniciativas cooperativas eran organizaciones sociales que eran consideradas como grupos al margen de la ley y perseguidas por el gobierno conservador desde el nivel central. Sin embargo, la hegemonía conservadora entraría en crisis con la Gran Depresión de 1929, dando paso a un Gobierno de políticos liberales que reconocería a través de la ley 134 de 1931 las sociedades cooperativas. Aunque se trató de una norma disruptiva para ese momento, no fue más que la materialización de una iusteoría formalista que representa una contradicción desde el origen de las iniciativas sociales. Este artículo describe el proceso histórico de consolidación jurídica del derecho cooperativo desde un enfoque investigación hermenéutico crítico basado en métodos cualitativos.
Recibido: 06 enero 2025 Aceptado: 29 julio 2025O direito cooperativo na Colômbia surge no âmbito da Constituição Política de 1886, que ignorou as iniciativas de organização social ao aderir a um modelo centralista enquadrado num estado de direito liberal. Assim, as primeiras iniciativas cooperativas foram organizações sociais consideradas grupos à margem da lei e perseguidas pelo governo conservador a partir do nível central. Contudo, a hegemonia conservadora entraria em crise com a Grande Depressão de 1929, dando lugar a um governo de políticos liberais que reconheceria as sociedades cooperativas através da Lei 134 de 1931. Embora fosse uma norma disruptiva para a época, nada mais era do que a materialização de uma teoria jurídica formalista que representa uma contradição desde a origem das iniciativas sociais. Este artigo descreve o processo histórico de consolidação jurídica do direito cooperativo a partir de uma abordagem de pesquisa hermenêutica crítica baseada em métodos qualitativos.O direito cooperativo na Colômbia surge no âmbito da Constituição Política de 1886, que ignorou as iniciativas de organização social ao aderir a um modelo centralista enquadrado num estado de direito liberal. Assim, as primeiras iniciativas cooperativas foram organizações sociais consideradas grupos à margem da lei e perseguidas pelo governo conservador a partir do nível central. Contudo, a hegemonia conservadora entraria em crise com a Grande Depressão de 1929, dando lugar a um governo de políticos liberais que reconheceria as sociedades cooperativas através da Lei 134 de 1931. Embora fosse uma norma disruptiva para a época, nada mais era do que a materialização de uma teoria jurídica formalista que representa uma contradição desde a origem das iniciativas sociais. Este artigo descreve o processo histórico de consolidação jurídica do direito cooperativo a partir de uma abordagem de pesquisa hermenêutica crítica baseada em métodos qualitativos
La celebración telemática de las reuniones de los órganos sociales de las cooperativas en el ordenamiento jurídico portugués
No full textThe digitalization of the functioning of cooperative bodies may contribute to strengthening their democratic character and achieving more efficient management, provided that equitable access, the legal validity of electronically executed acts, and the protection of the fundamental rights of members —particularly their privacy— are ensured. Although the Portuguese Cooperative Code does not contain specific provisions regarding the telematic operation of social bodies, it allows for the supplementary application of the corporate regime established in the Commercial Companies Code for joint-stock companies, insofar as cooperative principles are not disregarded. This framework enables cooperatives to convene and hold virtual meetings, as well as to use electronic means for participation and the exercise of voting rights, provided that guarantees of authenticity, security, intelligibility, and fairness are observed. Furthermore, cooperatives are responsible for promoting the digital inclusion of all members, with the possibility of allocating cooperative education and training funds for this purpose.
Received: 4 June 2025 Accepted: 29 August 2025La digitalización del funcionamiento de los órganos de las cooperativas puede contribuir al fortalecimiento de su carácter democrático y a una gestión más eficiente, siempre que se aseguren el acceso equitativo, la validez jurídica de los actos realizados electrónicamente y la protección de los derechos fundamentales de los socios, en particular su privacidad. Aunque el Código Cooperativo Portugués no contempla disposiciones específicas sobre el funcionamiento telemático de los órganos sociales, admite la aplicación supletoria del régimen de las sociedades anónimas previsto en el Código de Sociedades Comerciales, en la medida en que no se vulneren los principios cooperativos. Este marco permite a las cooperativas convocar y celebrar reuniones virtuales, así como recurrir a medios electrónicos para la participación y el ejercicio del voto, siempre que se respeten garantías de autenticidad, seguridad, inteligibilidad y equidad. Asimismo, corresponde a las cooperativas promover la inclusión digital de todos los socios, pudiendo destinar a tal fin el fondo de educación y formación cooperativa.
Recibido: 4 junio 2025 Aceptado: 29 agosto 202
Estudio crítico sobre la regulación de las reuniones a distancia de los órganos sociales de las Cooperativas en Perú
No full textThis critical study analyses the regulatory and practical evolution of remote meetings in Peruvian cooperatives. It starts from a context characterized by legal loopholes in the General Law on Cooperatives (1981) and the absence of regulations establishing clear rules on remote meetings, sessions and voting. In this scenario, the statutes of each cooperative took on a supplementary role, generating disparate responses between those that allowed the use of electronic means and those that remained in traditional formats. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted temporary regulatory changes through Laws 31029 and 31194, which enabled virtual meetings, facilitating the adaptation of cooperatives through digital platforms, albeit with technological and training limitations. Subsequently, Law 32221 (2024) introduced a structural change by expressly recognizing face-to-face, remote and blended meetings as valid modalities for all cooperative governing bodies, thus consolidating a modern and flexible framework. The analysis shows significant progress in savings and credit cooperatives (COOPAC), which made better use of digital media, while agricultural cooperatives face greater obstacles due to the technological, economic and cultural divide in rural areas. It concludes that regulatory modernization is a significant step forward, although challenges remain in relation to digital training, internet access and the inclusion of all members.
Received: 4 July 2025 Accepted: 24 September 2025El presente estudio crítico analiza la evolución normativa y práctica de las reuniones a distancia en las cooperativas peruanas. Se parte de un contexto caracterizado por vacíos legales en la Ley General de Cooperativas (1981) y la ausencia de un reglamento que establezca reglas claras sobre convocatorias, sesiones y votaciones no presenciales. En este escenario, los estatutos de cada cooperativa asumieron un rol supletorio, generando respuestas dispares entre aquellas que permitieron el uso de medios electrónicos y las que se mantuvieron en formatos tradicionales. La pandemia del COVID-19 impulsó cambios normativos temporales a través de las Leyes 31029 y 31194, que habilitaron sesiones virtuales, facilitando la adaptación de las cooperativas mediante plataformas digitales, aunque con limitaciones tecnológicas y de capacitación. Posteriormente, la Ley 32221 (2024) introdujo un cambio estructural al reconocer de manera expresa las asambleas presenciales, no presenciales y semipresenciales como modalidades válidas para todos los órganos sociales de las cooperativas, consolidando así un marco moderno y flexible. El análisis muestra avances importantes en las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito (COOPAC), que aprovecharon mejor los medios digitales, mientras que las cooperativas agrarias enfrentan mayores obstáculos debido a la brecha tecnológica, económica y cultural en zonas rurales. Se concluye que la modernización normativa constituye un avance significativo, aunque persisten retos relacionados con la capacitación digital, el acceso a internet y la inclusión de todos los socios.
Recibido: 4 julio 2025 Aceptado: 24 septiembre 202
Teaching methods through the eyes of Bulgarian students from three generations
No full textThis article aims to identify the attitudes of different generations regarding certain aspects of the teaching approaches used during the education of economic disciplines. The analysis primarily draws on a scientific review of previous studies in both international and Bulgarian contexts, focusing on the attitudes of lecturers and the perceptions of students from the three generations involved in the educational process. A descriptive research strategy is employed to support the thesis. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to implement the descriptive method. With a population size of 37,403 students, the respondents formed a sample size of 662 respondents, achieving a confidence level of 99.056% and a margin of error of 3.78%. The results are presented using two-dimensional distributions in the form of cross-tabulations. The ordinal relationships between the categories of a given variable are represented using ordinal (rank) scales, applying Kendall’s tau-b and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. The calculations were carried out using IBM SPSS software. The study found no significant correlation between the characteristics of different generations and their preferred teaching methods. At the same time, generational traits did not influence attitudes towards acquiring new knowledge and skills during the educational process.
Received: 27 October 2023Accepted: 3 April 202
Introduction
No full textThree of the eight papers that comprise this Edition of the Journal, focus on different aspects of intergenerational learning. The remaining five papers address internationalisation strategies in Africa; career paths of local and international doctoral students; peer tutoring programmes, perspectives of science teachers, including mathematics and physics, and models of Higher Education. The papers reflect a varied range of participant countries both in terms of the authors, but perhaps more importantly the study sites including several from Latin America (Africa, Chile, Bulgaria, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, Turkey and Uzbekistan). Similarly, the programmes of study range from dental education, geological sciences, teacher education (in various forms), ongoing development of academic staff and the evolution of embryonic Higher Education systems. From these rich and diverse papers, one can see the crucial importance of eliciting, at national level, (1) those factors that are unique to the national context and culture; and (2) those that are like other systems and countries, whether in a historical moment of evolution, or those that resonate with contemporary and parallel contexts. Building the national and international evidence base in Higher Education requires both types of study, if only to satisfy the criterion of generalisablity
Reflexiones sobre la libertad de expresión y las prerrogativas e implicaciones en el hacer parlamentario
No full textThis study addresses freedom of expression, with its essential scope in a democratic state, and its connection to the parliamentary prerogatives of inviolability and immunity. Freedom of expression within Parliament is protected by inviolability to guarantee the independence of parliamentarians, as it is essential to the exercise of democracy, allowing members of Parliament to debate and deliberate, fostering an open exchange of ideas and opinions. However, this right also entails responsibilities, as it must be exercised within a framework that respects public order and the rights of others, avoiding abuses that could delegitimize the democratic process. Finally, some questions are raised about whether there is any connection between the right of expression and parliamentary immunity.
Received 12.03.2025Accepted: 10.06.2025En el presente estudio se aborda la libertad de expresión con esencial alcance en un Estado democrático y la conexión que tiene en las prerrogativas parlamentarias de la inviolabilidad y la inmunidad. La libertad de expresión dentro del Parlamento está amparada por la inviolabilidad para garantizar la independencia de los parlamentarios, puesto que es esencial para el ejercicio de la democracia pues permite a los miembros del Parlamento debatir y deliberar fomentando un intercambio abierto de ideas y opiniones. Sin embargo, este derecho también conlleva responsabilidades, ya que debe ejercerse dentro de un marco que respete el orden público y los derechos de los demás, evitando abusos que pudieran deslegitimar el proceso democrático. Finalmente, se plantean también algunos interrogantes sobre si existe alguna incidencia entre el derecho de expresión y la inmunidad parlamentaria.
Fecha de recepción: 12.03.2025Fecha de aprobación: 10.06.202
Determinación y análisis del sistema de responsabilidad y obligaciones de las plataformas de videojuegos en el Reglamento de servicios digitales
No full textThis paper examines the most salient aspects of EU Regulation 2022/2065 on the Single Market for Digital Services, from the perspective of online video game platforms, with particular attention to the prevention of cases of sexual cyberbullying of minors. To this end, an analysis is conducted on how these video game platforms fit within the Regulation, aiming to determine in which cases it may apply to them –a question that remains unresolved to this day, making this analysis even more necessary. The paper also specifies how the criteria for exemption from liability and obligations apply to these platforms, translating the Regulation’s generic criteria to the specific case of online video game platforms and the perspective of child protection. Furthermore, special emphasis is placed on due diligence as the guiding principle for the obligations established in the Regulation.
Received: 12.03.2025Accepted: 10.06.2025El presente trabajo examina los aspectos más destacados del Reglamento UE 2022/2065 relativo a un mercado único de servicios digitales, desde la perspectiva de las plataformas de videojuego Online, con especial atención a la prevención de los casos de ciberacoso sexual de menores. Para ello se realiza un análisis del encaje que tienen estas plataformas de videojuegos dentro del Reglamento con el fin de determinar en qué casos les puede resultar de aplicación, cuestión ésta que no está definitivamente resuelta a día de hoy, por lo que resulta aún más necesario. También se concreta la forma en la que les aplican los criterios de exención de responsabilidad y obligaciones, trasladando dichos criterios genéricos del Reglamento al caso particular de las plataformas de videojuegos Online y la perspectiva de protección de los menores. Además, se da especial importancia a la diligencia debida, como criterio rector de las obligaciones establecidas en el Reglamento.
Fecha de recepción: 12.03.2025Fecha de aprobación: 10.06.202
Reconocimiento legal y social de los valores y principios cooperativos como rasgos de identidad de las cooperativas
No full textThe cooperative values and principles expressed in the 1995 International Cooperative Alliance Declaration on the Cooperative Identity and in the 2015 Guidance Notes are inherent to all entities with a mutualist purpose and organization. Since its inception, cooperatives have adopted the organizational and operational rules of mutual aid societies and associations, even before having their own regulations. Although separate legislation has not been necessary for cooperatives to develop, it is desirable that laws authorize, regulate, and promote their establishment and operation. In Spain, cooperatives, as well as their mutualist nature and their values and principles, have enjoyed general legal recognition since the 1931 Cooperatives Law, both by the State and by the autonomous communities. The Spanish Constitution of 1978, in its Article 101 of the Constitution, provides for the establishment and operation of cooperatives. 129.2 ordered the public authorities to promote cooperative societies through appropriate legislation. This was interpreted at the time by the legislator as the need to improve the application of the cooperative principle of member participation in the governance and control of the cooperative in an effective and not merely formal manner, as this was the characteristic that was most affected at that time. Our study reveals that the identifying characteristics of cooperatives are losing ground in current legislation, primarily that approved by the autonomous communities. This calls into question not only whether this legislation is appropriate for cooperatives, but also whether the autonomous communities are competent to regulate these «cooperatives.» Furthermore, the legal measures envisaged to promote awareness and proper functioning of cooperatives (training, education, and oversight) are not as successful or effective as might be expected. Therefore, it can be said that the public authorities are not contributing to the promotion of cooperatives, or at least not through adequate legislation as required by our Constitution.
Received: 08 February 2025 Accepted: 10 April 2025Los valores y principios cooperativos expresados en la Declaración de la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional sobre la Identidad Cooperativa de 1995 y, en las Notas de Orientación de 2015, son elementos connaturales a todas las entidades con finalidad y organización mutualista. La cooperativa desde sus orígenes ha adoptado las normas propias de organización y funcionamiento de las mutualidades y asociaciones de ayuda mutua, antes incluso de contar con una regulación propia. A pesar de no haber sido necesario contar con una legislación propia para que las cooperativas se desarrollasen, es conveniente que las leyes autoricen, regulen y promuevan su constitución y funcionamiento. En España, las cooperativas, así como su naturaleza mutualista y sus valores y principios, han tenido reconocimiento legal con carácter general desde la Ley de Cooperativas de 1931, tanto por el Estado como por las comunidades autónomas. La Constitución Española de 1978, en su art. 129.2 ordenó a los poderes públicos fomentar, mediante una legislación adecuada las sociedades cooperativas, lo que se interpretó en su momento por el legislador como la necesidad de mejorar la aplicación del principio cooperativo de participación de los socios en el gobierno y control de la cooperativa de forma efectiva y no sólo formal, por ser la característica que más se resentía en ese momento. Nuestro estudio pone de manifiesto que los rasgos identitarios de las cooperativas están perdiendo presencia en la legislación vigente, principalmente, en la aprobada por las comunidades autónomas, lo que pone en cuestión no sólo si es una legislación adecuada para las cooperativas, sino también, si las comunidades autónomas son competentes para regular estas «cooperativas ». Por otra parte, las medidas legales previstas para promover el conocimiento y adecuado funcionamiento de las cooperativas (formación, educación o control) no están siendo todo lo acertadas o eficaces que cabría esperar, y por todo ello, puede decirse que los poderes públicos no están contribuyendo a promover las cooperativas o, al menos, no con una legislación adecuada como exige nuestra Constitución.
Recibido: 08 febrero 2025 Aceptado: 10 abril 202
Competitividad territorial en interés de los públicos
No full textCompetitiveness refers to a territory successfully satisfying its aims and objectives. In both research and practice, aims and objectives are usually specified in terms of compatibility with market success – e.g. performance in international trade - and/or the success of hierarchies – e.g. performance of large corporations. We suggest a different paradigm, focused on compatibility with the interests of publics. Achieving this would require forums where people could freely inquire about the territory. They could then recognise their concerns about choice of the territory’s aims and objectives, and might identify when they share concerns, i.e. when they constitute a public. The forums would enable people to learn and experience, observe, discuss, share understanding and ideas, express their voice, and listen to others. Despite university governance and epistemic governance tending to crowd-out space for activities centred on publics, one way that researchers can help to create forums is by cooperating with citizens, community groups, policy-makers, and diaspora. Together, they might reframe the nature and purpose of territorial competitiveness, making it for the interests of publics
Más allá de la tecnología: el papel de los RTO en las grandes transiciones sociales
No full textThe sustainable development goals associated with the digital and green transitions require complex responses that often have an important technological component. However, technology alone is not sufficient to address these transitions. Accompanying the technological solutions must be an understanding of geopolitical trends and institutional, social, political, and other changes. In this context, Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs) have the potential to develop a range of roles beyond technology generation. These roles can contribute to improving the absorptive capacity of companies, society, and the ecosystem as a whole. This document proposes some of these roles and how they can reduce the barriers inherent in transitions.La mayor parte de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible asociados a las grandes transiciones actuales requieren de respuestas complejas que, a menudo, tienen un importante componente tecnológico. Sin embargo, la tecnología por sí sola no es una respuesta suficiente para abordar las grandes transiciones; tiene que venir acompañada de un entendimiento de las tendencias del entorno y de cambios institucionales, sociales, políticos y de otra índole. En este contexto, los centros de investigación tecnológica (RTOs) tienen el potencial de desarrollar una batería de roles, más allá de la generación de tecnología, para contribuir a mejorar la capacidad de absorción de las empresas, de la sociedad y del conjunto del ecosistema y acelerar el cambio. En este documento se proponen algunos de estos roles y también cómo pueden contribuir a reducir las barreras inherentes a las transiciones