Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de Deusto
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Ucrania: dilemas jurídicos e inseguridad regional en el vecindario compartido UE-Rusia
No full textThere are several objectives set out in this article, which attempts to analyse the causes, consequences and the role played by the various actors in a regional scenario that has concluded with the ongoing aggression by Russia against the territorial integrity of Ukraine, already begun in the year 2014. The theorical framework of the debate, and the construction of a story that confronts interests with principles, is methodologically analysed from various paradigmatic prisms. Ukraine represents the clear model of external interference that undermines state sovereignty and independence and violates the freedom to choose its future. What questions, ultimately, its existence as an independence state regardless of tutelage. In addition, it is the interposed actor in complex long-standing relations between Russia and EU, which represent antagonistic regional integration models between which Ukraine has been forced to choose, with NATO as an omnipresent actor. The ongoing armed aggression still presents notable uncertainties. However, it is displaying the full range of instruments that have characterized Russian interventionism in its near abroad and common neighbourhood shared with the EU. In particular, a creative interpretation of the international legal order in numerous regulatory frameworks with the purpose of justifying the impossible: an extremely serious military intervention that presents significant challenges to regional security and to the international community as a whole.
Received: 16 May 2022Accepted: 23 May 2022Son varios los objetivos planteados en este artículo, que intenta analizar las causas, las consecuencias y el papel desarrollado por los diversos actores en un escenario regional que ha concluido con la agresión en curso de Rusia contra la integridad territorial de Ucrania, ya iniciada en el año 2014. El marco teórico del debate, y la construcción de un relato que confronta los intereses con los principios, se analiza metodológicamente desde diversos prismas paradigmáticos. Ucrania representa el claro modelo de injerencia externa que socava la soberanía e independencia estatal y que viola la libertad de elección de su futuro. Lo que cuestiona, en definitiva, su existencia como un Estado independiente, al margen de tutelas. Además, es el actor interpuesto de unas relaciones complejas de largo recorrido entre Rusia y la UE, que representan modelos de integración regional antagónicas entre las que Ucrania se ha visto abocada a optar, con la OTAN como actor omnipresente. La agresión armada en curso presenta todavía notables incertidumbres. No obstante, está mostrando todo el abanico de instrumentos que han caracterizado al intervencionismo ruso en su extranjero próximo y vecindario común compartido con la UE. En particular, una interpretación creativa del ordenamiento jurídico internacional en numerosos marcos normativos con el propósito de justificar lo imposible: una intervención bélica de extrema gravedad que presenta notables desafíos a la seguridad regional y del conjunto de la comunidad internacional.
Recibido: 16 mayo 2022Aceptado: 23 mayo 202
Ríos Vega, Luis Efrén e Irene Spigno, dirs. 2021. Estudios de casos líderes interamericanos Vol. XX. La Jurisprudencia interamericana más relevante de 2018 a debate, México: Tirant lo Blanch, 396 p.
No full textA lo largo de la historia se han ido formando y consolidando los sistemas de protección de derechos humanos, principalmente el sistema universal y por otro lado los sistemas que se han encargado de atender a las necesidades de cada región. En cada región fueron creados tribunales, pertenecientes a cada sistema: la Corte Africana de Derechos Humanos, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. La finalidad de esta investigación académica es presentar el estudio de las jurisprudencias emitidas por el Tribunal Interamericano bajo a perspectiva del enfoque transformador que produce los estándares interamericanos al interior de los Estados. Abordando como ejes temáticos principales; seguridad jurídica y los derechos económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales, derechos humanos y perspectiva de género, derechos de las personas periodistas y defensoras de derechos humanos y derechos humanos referente al uso de la fuerza por agentes del Estado.Throughout history, human rights protection systems have been formed and consolidated, mainly the universal system and, on the other hand, the systems that have been in charge of meeting the needs of each region. In every region, Courts belonging to each system were created: the African Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The purpose of this academic research is to present the study of the case laws issued by the Inter-American Court under the perspective of the transformative approach that produces the inter-American standards within the States. Addressing as main thematic axes; legal security and economic, social, cultural and environmental rights; human rights and gender perspective; rights of journalists and human rights defenders; and human rights regarding the use of force by State agents
La agenda feminista en la propuesta de una nueva Constitución para Chile
No full textThis article analyzes the relationships between rebellious socio-cultural processes and the establishment of legal norms in the context of the elaboration of a new Constitution in Chile (2019-2022). The text interrogates the events that converged in the social outburst in Chile in October 2019 and that gave rise, in a context of great political instability, to an institutional solution demanded by the social movements: the elaboration of a new Constitution through democratic and participatory instances. The analysis highlights the role of feminist movements as a democratic transforming force as well as their incidence in the institutionalization of the Constitutional Convention and in the incorporation of feminist demands in the proposal for a new Constitution. The sources of this analysis are the participant observation of the constituent process, in-depth interviews, intervention in feminist organizations and digital platforms, and information produced by the Constitutional Convention and the monitoring observatories.
Received: 20 June 2022 Accepted: 07 November 2022El presente artículo analiza las relaciones que se entablan entre procesos socioculturales contestatarios y el establecimiento de normas jurídicas dentro del contexto de elaboración de una nueva Constitución en Chile (2019-2022). Se pregunta por los acontecimientos que convergieron en el estallido social en Chile en octubre de 2019 y que dieron lugar, en un contexto de gran inestabilidad política, a una salida institucional demandada desde los movimientos sociales: la elaboración de una nueva Constitución a través de instancias democráticas y participativas. El análisis esclarece el papel de los movimientos feministas como fuerza transformadora democrática, su incidencia en la institucionalización de la Convención Constitucional y en la incorporación de las demandas feministas en la propuesta de nueva Constitución. Las fuentes de este análisis son la participación en el proceso constituyente y la observación participante del mismo, la realización de entrevistas en profundidad, la intervención en articulaciones feministas y en plataformas digitales, y la información producida por la Convención Constitucional y los observatorios de seguimiento.Palabras clave: Acceso a la vivienda, inmigrantes, actitudes racistas, discursos racistas, precariedad económica, relaciones intergrupales.
Recibido: 20 junio 2022 Aceptado: 07 noviembre 202
Evidências jurídicas e empíricas da função social das cooperativas. As cooperativas de distribuição de água como estudo de caso
No full textThis study focuses on the social function of cooperatives, which is reflected in their legal framework, more specifically in their social object, which is not limited to satisfying the needs of its members, but should also take into account the interests of the community where the cooperative develops its activity, in its democratic and participatory organisation and operation, in its economic system based on the value of equitability both in the admission requirements of members and in the results’ distribution. The study uses an eminently qualitative research methodology, through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with the individuals responsible for managing five water distribution cooperatives located in the southern localities of the municipality of Paredes, in Portugal. The empirical evidence obtained confirms the important social role played by cooperatives, and their intra-cooperative and extra-cooperative social function is evident. As empirical evidence of this social function, we have described present the water distribution cooperatives that allow their members and the community access to water, at socially acceptable average prices and comply with all legal requirements for monitoring, control and quality.
Received: 09 May 2022Accepted: 28 October 2022Este estudo versa sobre a função social das cooperativas, função esta refletida no seu regime jurídico, mais especificamente no seu objeto social, a qual não se circunscreve à satisfação das necessidades dos seus membros, devendo atender, igualmente, aos interesses da comunidade onde a cooperativa desenvolve a sua atividade, na sua organização e funcionamento democrático e participado, no seu regime económico assente no valor da equidade, quer quanto aos requisitos de admissão dos membros, quer quanto à distribuição de resultados. O estudo utiliza uma metodologia de investigação eminentemente qualitativa, através de análise documental e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas aos responsáveis pela gestão de cinco cooperativas de distribuição de água situadas nas localidades do sul do concelho de Paredes, em Portugal. A evidência empírica obtida confirma o importante papel social desempenhado pelas cooperativas, sendo evidente a sua função social intracooperativa e extracooperativa. Como evidência empírica desta função social, apresentam-se as cooperativas de distribuição de água que permitem aos seus membros e à comunidade o acesso à água, a preços médios socialmente aceitáveis e cumprindo todas as exigências legais de fiscalização, controlo e qualidade.
Recibido: 09 mayo 2022Aceptado: 28 octubre 202
First reflections on the dissemination of the UN guiding principles for business and human rights for the International Cooperative Alliance
No full textEm meio à globalização, do acirramento da concorrência empresarial, da transnacionalização da produção e da multiplicação de impactos negativos de atividades empresariais em direitos humanos, é aprovado pelo Conselho de Direitos Humanos da ONU o texto dos Princípios Orientadores sobre Empresas e Direitos Humanos (POs). Ao propor uma atuação empresarial alinhada com os documentos internacionais de proteção aos direitos humanos e com a Declaração Tripartite de Princípios sobre Empresas Multinacionais e Política Social da OIT, os POs em muito se aproximam dos fundamentos histórico, ético e doutrinário do movimento cooperativo global organizados pela Aliança Cooperativa Internacional (ACI), especialmente do seu documento base: a Declaração Sobre a Identidade Cooperativa. A partir da análise destes dois documentos encampados por Resoluções das Nações Unidas, o presente artigo apresenta as primeiras reflexões teóricas sobre como as cooperativas e sua preocupação com a comunidade podem promover a difusão dos direitos humanos na atividade empresarial. Em conclusão, o alinhamento teórico das premissas comunitárias dos POs e da Declaração sobre a Identidade Cooperativa parece ampliar a possibilidade de interpretação da ACI sobre a concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável a partir de uma lógica humanista, o que fundamenta a sua integração às premissas doutrinárias do cooperativismo.
Recibido: 25 mayo 2022Aceptado: 28 octubre 2022In the face of globalization, increased business competition, transnationalization of production and the multiplication of negative impacts of business activities on human rights, the text of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (GPs) was approved by the UN Human Rights Council. By proposing business performance in line with international documents for the protection of human rights and with the ILO’s Tripartite Declaration of Principles on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, the GPs are very close to the historical, ethical and doctrinal foundations of the global cooperative movement organized by International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), especially its base document: Statement on Cooperative Identity. Based on the analysis of these two documents covered by United Nations Resolutions, this article presents the first theoretical reflections on how cooperatives and their concern for the community can promote the diffusion of human rights in business activities. In conclusion, the theoretical alignment of the GPs and the Statement on Cooperative Identity seems to expand the ICA’s interpretation of the concept of sustainable development based on a humanist logic, which underlies its integration with the doctrinal premises of the cooperativism.
Received: 25 May 2022Accepted: 28 October 202
Introduction
No full textThe papers in this Edition of the Journal comprise six ‘general papers’ and six in the COVID-19 section. Together, the papers clearly illustrate our theme Perspectives, stakeholders, and competences. While the papers comprising the general part of this Edition represent a diverse range of countries (Brazil, Iran, Spain, Turkey), there are some common themes. One cluster of papers is concerned with student outcomes or the professional competence of teacher trainees. The other cluster is interested in aspects of university strategy, whether financial or related to the university mission. The papers challenge us to consider the benefits of stakeholder engagement and multiple perspectives on policies, strategies, student or professional outcomes with their respective definitions, and specific educational interventions. Consequently, the methodologies and methods are appropriately diverse, involving bibliometric analysis, qualitative analysis (grounded theory, content, and textual analysis) the use of digital tools and statistics. From a theoretical lens, we encounter concepts such as parallax, historical and contemporary worldviews on education and the various philosophies on the nature of the university. Within a socio-political framework, we are introduced to the nuances of national government policies and their country-based impact that is shaped by local cultural traditions in education and attitude. Despite the range of topic, context and methods, each paper demonstrates a commitment to improving educational practice, research and student or staff experience
Régimen legal de las cooperativas en el Perú
No full textThe article presents the legal regime under which cooperatives are developed in Peru, highlighting the existence of a General Law applicable to all types of cooperatives that has more than forty years of validity and that was never regulated, generating large regulatory gaps. It is a legislation that coexists with the legislation of commercial companies which is applied in a supplementary manner. The existence of special legislation for the case of savings and credit cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives of users and worker cooperatives and employment promotion is highlighted. Additionally, Law 29683 recognizes that cooperatives carry out Cooperative Acts, which sustains a differentiated tax regime according to their nature.
Received: 26 September 2022Accepted: 02 November 2022El artículo presenta el régimen legal bajo el cual se desarrollan las cooperativas en el Perú, destacando la existencia de una Ley General aplicable a todo tipo de cooperativas que cuenta con más de cuarenta años de vigencia y que nuna fue reglamentada, generando grandes vacíos normativos. Se trata de una legislación que coexiste con la de sociedades mercantiles la cual se aplica de manera supletoria. Se resalta la existencia de legislación especial para el caso de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito, cooperativas agrarias de usuarios y cooperativas de trabajo y fomento del empleo. Asimismo, se destaca la Ley 29683 por medio de la cual se reconoció que las cooperativas realizan Actos Cooperativos, lo que sirve de sustento para un régimen tributario diferenciado acorde con su naturaleza.
Recibido: 26 septiembre 2022Aceptado: 02 noviembre 202
La echaremos de menos cuando desaparezca: El asalto a la democracia en los Estados Unidos hoy y la lucha para salvarla
No full textThis article examines the sweeping assault on democratic rights in the United States today, the far-reaching impact of Donald Trump’s presidency and development of «permanent Trumpism» on American political culture, and the activist mobilization against these forces. The authors discuss the growing alarm among scholars of democracy about the increasing «autocratization» of US politics and the «Orbanization» of the Republican Party. They examine how these dynamics are playing out at the local level, with a focus on the «swing» state of Michigan. They look at the growth of armed White Power groups and the turn to political violence in the US. They analyze the proliferation of conspiratorial claims (such as the assertion that the 2020 election was stolen) and the mainstreaming of far-right ideas (such as the «Great Replacement») via a right-wing media ecosystem that increasingly sustains a parallel epistemic universe. The authors map out the apparatus of election theft that is setting the stage for another coup attempt, and various measures designed to make it more difficult to vote. They review the scholarly debate about the nature of Trumpism. Finally, they discuss the growing resistance to Trumpism and various forms of organizing to defend democracy and defeat authoritarianism.
Received: 11 July 2022 Accepted: 23 November 2022Este artículo examina el asalto sistemático a los derechos y estructuras democráticas en los Estados Unidos hoy en día, el impacto continuo y de largo alcance de la presidencia de Donald Trump y el desarrollo del «trumpismo permanente» en la cultura política estadounidense, y la movilización de activistas para detener la marea de estas fuerzas. Los autores discuten la creciente alarma entre politólogos, teóricos democráticos y estudiosos de la guerra civil sobre la creciente «autocratización» de la política estadounidense y la «orbanización» del Partido Republicano en particular. Examinan cómo se desarrollan estas dinámicas a nivel local, con un enfoque en el estado «oscilante» de Michigan. Observan el crecimiento de los grupos armados del Poder Blanco y el giro hacia la violencia política en los Estados Unidos, y analizan la proliferación de teorías conspirativas (como la «Gran Mentira» o afirmación de que se robaron las elecciones de 2020) y la incorporación de ideas marginales de extrema derecha (como la «Teoría del Gran Reemplazo») a través de un ecosistema de medios que sostiene un universo epistémico paralelo de «posverdad» y «hechos alternativos». Los autores describen el aparato de robo electoral que está preparando el escenario para otro intento de golpe y varias medidas diseñadas para dificultar el voto (especialmente para los afroamericanos). Revisan el debate académico sobre la naturaleza del trumpismo. Finalmente, analizan la creciente resistencia al trumpismo en los EE. UU. y varias formas de organización como un medio crítico para defender los derechos democráticos y derrotar el autoritarismo.
Recibido: 11 julio 2022 Aceptado: 23 noviembre 202