Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de Deusto
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O financiamento das cooperativas. Dificuldades e alternativas
No full textThe mutual purpose of cooperatives and the need to comply with the cooperative principles may make it difficult to finance them internally and externally. The self-financing of cooperatives faces difficulties such as the variability of the share capital, the non-relationship between a larger share in the capital and the rights of the cooperative member, the rigidity of the capital securities transfer regime, the indivisibility of the reserve’s regime, the limits in the operations with third parties, the legal regime of the admission fees. In terms of external financing, the low attractiveness of investment securities and bonds stands out, given the limits placed on subscribers' participation in the cooperative's governance and remuneration conditions. The figure of the investor members is subject to limits in terms of eligibility for the bodies, the maximum number of votes and financial contributions, which may weaken the attractiveness of this figure.
Received: 4 May 2023Accepted: 6 June 2023El fin mutualista de las cooperativas y la necesidad de cumplir los principios cooperativos pueden dificultar su financiación tanto interna como externa. La autofinanciación de las cooperativas se enfrenta a dificultades como la variabilidad del capital social, la no relación entre una mayor participación en el capital y los derechos del socio, la rigidez del régimen de transmisión de los títulos de capital, el régimen de irreparabilidad de las reservas, los límites en las operaciones con terceros, el régimen jurídico de la cuota de ingreso. En cuanto a la financiación externa, destaca el escaso atractivo de los títulos y obligaciones de inversión, dados los límites impuestos a la participación de los suscriptores en el gobierno de la cooperativa y los límites a las condiciones de remuneración. La figura de los miembros inversores está sujeta a límites en términos de elegibilidad para los órganos, número máximo de votos y contribuciones financieras, lo que puede debilitar el atractivo de esta figura.
Recibido: 4 mayo 2023Aceptado: 6 junio 202
A diversidade de vínculos de trabalho nas cooperativas portuguesas
No full textIn cooperative law, there are several types of links that can be established between the cooperative and the provider, which leads to a multiplicity of levels of social protection for the latter. Internally, we will consider the management work carried out by the member of the administrative body of the cooperative, as well as, in the case of worker cooperatives, the figure of the worker cooperator, understood as the one who enters the cooperative by providing a certain activity. With regard to relations with third parties, the cooperative may also enter into an employment contract, a contract for the provision of services, or even a voluntary agreement, in which case the respective legal regime shall apply.
Received: 17 May 2023Accepted: 12 June 2023En derecho cooperativo, son varios los tipos de vínculos que pueden establecerse entre la cooperativa y el prestador, lo que da lugar a una multiplicidad de niveles de protección social de este último. Internamente, consideraremos la labor de gestión realizada por el miembro del órgano de administración de la cooperativa, así como, en el caso de las cooperativas de trabajo asociado, la figura del cooperativista de trabajo asociado, entendido como aquel que entra a formar parte de la cooperativa a través de la prestación de una determinada actividad. En cuanto a las relaciones con terceros, la cooperativa también podrá celebrar un contrato de trabajo, un contrato de prestación de servicios o incluso un contrato voluntario, y en cada uno de estos casos se aplicará el marco legal respectivo.
Recibido: 17 mayo 2023Aceptado: 12 junio 202
La disrupción tecnológica en el ámbito sanitario europeo: implicaciones de la telemedicina pública en la protección de datos de los pacientes
No full textThis research work investigates the notion and legal nature of telemedicine as an online intermediation service which, thanks to the configuration of mobile applications implemented by digital platforms, makes possible the telematic provision of patients’ right to health care. As a result of this analysis, an approach to the applicable regulatory framework is proposed, based on the necessary distinction between the medical service provided and the virtual medium through which it is provided, which is fundamental to investigate the legal framework and the fervent multiplication of rules aimed at disciplining figures, such as this one, that have arisen under the protection of ICTs. Finally, a no less relevant issue is addressed: the implication that this massive processing of highly sensitive information has on the fundamental right of the interested parties to the protection of their data, and it is necessary to address such important aspects as the very notion of health data, the rule that prohibits its processing, the relevance of patient consent as an enabling element, the purposes pursued by eHealth apps or the measures to be adopted to guarantee security in accordance with the high risk involved in this type of operation.
Received: 22 February 2023Accepted: 18 May 2023El presente trabajo de investigación indaga en torno a la noción y naturaleza jurídica de la telemedicina como servicio de intermediación en línea que, merced a la configuración de aplicaciones móviles implementadas por plataformas digitales, posibilita la prestación telemática del derecho de los pacientes a ser atendidos sanitariamente. Fruto de este análisis, se propone una aproximación al marco normativo aplicable, sobre la base de la necesaria distinción entre el servicio médico prestado y el medio virtual a través del cual se presta, fundamental para indagar en el entramado legal y la ferviente multiplicación de reglas orientadas a disciplinar figuras, como esta, surgidas al amparo de las TIC. Finalmente, se aborda una cuestión no menos relevante: la implicación que este tratamiento masivo de información altamente sensible tiene en el derecho fundamental de los interesados a la protección de sus datos, siendo preciso atender a aspectos tan importantes como la propia noción de datos de salud, la regla que prohíbe su tratamiento, la relevancia que presenta el consentimiento del paciente como elemento habilitador del mismo, los fines perseguidos por las apps de eHealth o las medidas a adoptar para garantizar una seguridad acorde al elevado riesgo que conllevan este tipo de operaciones.
Recibido: 22 febrero 2023Aceptado: 18 mayo 202
Camino hacia la integración de Ucrania en la UE: la política cultural europea
No full textOne of the immediate consequences of Russia’s war against Ukraine has been the clear recognition that Ukraine “is part of the European family.” The start of this conflict can be traced back, however, to March 2014. Shortly after the Euromaidan protests, the EU signed the Association Agreement with Ukraine in 2014, which has served to frame the neighborhood policy with this country and enable its reforms. Following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the largescale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has ushered in the awakening of a more assertive geopolitical EU in a more unstable world. As a result, the EU has relaunched the accession negotiations with the Eastern Balkan countries and has admitted Ukraine and Moldova as candidates. In this context, the European Political Community was born, which could serve as a prelude to the accession of these countries to the EU. However, with no end to the war on the horizon, Ukraine could advance on the path towards it full EU integration by negotiating the chapter dedicated to culture, understanding culture in a broad sense, and benefiting from the EU programs and initiatives like any other Member State through differentiated integration.
Received: 20 April 2023Accepted: 7 June 2023Una de las consecuencias inmediatas de la guerra de Rusia contra Ucrania ha sido el reconocimiento taxativo de que Ucrania «forma parte de la familia europea». El inicio de este conflicto puede retrotraerse, sin embargo, hasta marzo de 2014. Poco después de las protestas de Euromaidán, la UE firmó en 2014 con Ucrania el Acuerdo de Asociación que ha servido para enmarcar la política de vecindad con este país y posibilitar sus reformas. Tras el impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19, la invasión rusa de Ucrania a gran escala de 2022 ha supuesto el despertar de una UE geopolítica más asertiva en un mundo más inestable. Como consecuencia de ello, la UE ha relanzado las negociaciones de adhesión con los países de los Balcanes Orientales y ha admitido como candidatos a Ucrania y Moldavia. En este contexto ha nacido la Comunidad Política Europea, que podría servir de antesala a la adhesión de estos países a la UE. Sin embargo, sin un final de la guerra en el horizonte, Ucrania podría avanzar en el camino hacia la plena integración en la UE negociando el capítulo dedicado a la cultura entendiendo esta en sentido amplio, y beneficiándose de los programas e iniciativas comunitarios como otros Estados miembros por medio de una integración diferenciada.
Recibido: 20 abril 2023Aceptado: 7 junio 202
Tuning in Higher Education: Ten years on
No full textWhen the first issue of the Tuning Journal for Higher Education was published in November 2013, the Tuning initiative had become of global significance, running projects in all continents. These all focussed on curriculum reform backed up by an internationally defined approach based on the paradigm of outcome based, that is, student-centred and active learning, in addition to agreed reference points. Around the same time, the Tuning aims and objectives were extended. This reset followed societal and technical developments. More emphasis was put on social inclusions, the involvement of students, identifying relevant topics, and to the development of practical tools. Also, more attention has been given to staff development responding to the notion that the modernisation of the higher education sector as well as the reform of degree programmes proved to be rather slow and a bit disappointing. To boost the process, Tuning – very recently - developed general Qualifications Reference Frameworks for all learning cycles as well as a Guideline to use these for Quality Assurance. For five disciplinary fields it also developed transnational diagnostic tests as a means to identify shortcomings in degree programmes, pushing for change. As a result, Tuning has reinvented itself to stay highly relevant for the years to come
Introduction
No full textThe papers in this Edition of the Journal comprise nine papers, of which three are related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Together, the papers address the perceptions and experiences of students and their teachers, demonstrating where the views/conceptual understandings of students and their teachers align, where they do not and where stress factors have had an impact. The papers reflect a varied range of participant countries both in terms of the authors, but perhaps more importantly the study sites (Cuba, The Czech Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, Philippines, Slovakia, Spain, and Turkey). Similarly, the programmes of study included Engineering, Mathematics, Tourism, foreign languages, social sciences, and education. Consequently, the methodologies and methods are appropriately diverse, ranging from social network theory, mixed methods, qualitative research complex statistical analyses, evaluation scales like COPE, Hedperf, student evaluations of teaching, student engagement, and Sojkin’s instrument to evaluate the influences upon first- and second-generation university students. The authors have also generated some very informative literature reviews outlining the evidence base and the related conceptual and theoretical issues in their respective fields. While some studies had small samples, their findings may have important feedback for local educational service improvement, even if generalizability could not be claimed, readers may find utility in face validity. The papers also remind us that educational research is challenging, whether in the handling of small cohorts, the complexity of the issues under study or the application of sophisticated measuring tools. None the less, evaluation, audit, practitioner research or large scale studies are all necessary activities if we are to improve our understandings of (1) ourselves as educators/researchers; (2) our students with their motivations, interests and capabilities; (3) the system infrastructures that hinder or support the educational endeavours; and of course, (4) the efficacy of the pedagogies for a given cohort, in a specific programme in a cultural context
Las libertades de expresión e información en el contexto digital
No full textThe paper studies the Constitutional Court’s case law in which they solved different writs of protection due to a collision between freedom of speech or informative speech and honour, privacy, and self-image rights. In addition, the paper includes some reflections on the concepts related to those freedoms, such as public opinion, truth, and lack of information. The paper’s main purpose is to analyze the specific aspects of freedom of speech and informative speech when they are developed in the digital world. As a result, the paper shows which are the elements that tribunals agree in taking into account in the cases in which freedom of speech should be limited in favour of the right to honour, privacy, and self-image and, the keys to legitimizing the exercise of the right in this scope.En el artículo se realiza un análisis de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional español en la que se resuelven recursos de amparo en los que ha habido una colisión entre el derecho a la libertad de expresión o información y, de otro lado, el derecho al honor, la intimidad y la propia imagen en el contexto digital. Asimismo, en el estudio se reflexiona sobre las categorías conexas a estas libertades, la opinión pública, la verdad y la desinformación en el mundo digital. El objetivo principal del estudio es analizar los elementos específicos que deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de realizar una eventual restricción del derecho a la libertad de expresión ejercida en el contexto digital, particularmente en las redes sociales, y las claves de legitimación del ejercicio del derecho en ese contexto
Municipalities, Constitution an Reorganisation of the Local Plant in Spain: Past, Present and Future
No full textLa preocupante situación actual del gobierno local español nos impele a analizar sus posibles vías de reforma para mejorar nuestro modelo territorial desde un punto de vista integral. En este artículo, previo análisis de las problemáticas de la planta local en el constitucionalismo histórico patrio, se estudian las condiciones presentes que dan lugar a los obstáculos diarios con los que se encuentran los municipios españoles y, asimismo, se plantean las claves futuras para abordar una reforma del régimen local desde una perspectiva municipalista y de ruralidad.The worrying present situation of Spanish local government prompts us to analyse possible ways of reform in order to improve our territorial model from an integral point of view. This article, after analysing the problems of local government in Spain’s historical constitutionalism, studies the present conditions that give rise to the daily obstacles encountered by Spanish municipalities and, likewise, sets out the future keys for tackling a reform of the local regime from a municipalist and rural perspective