OJS (University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica)
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AMOK – The Most Complex Threat to Hybrid Public Places
Get PDFThis paper analyzes and questions the specificities of police tactics in so-called AMOK situations (a state of uncontrollable rage or violence, often associated with senseless destruction or attacks) characterized by extreme violence perpetrated by an individual or group who randomly and uncontrollably endanger the lives and safety of people in selected hybrid (quasi) public spaces. Given their extremely negative implications for citizen, public, and national security, AMOK incidents demand special attention and require police and other security services to engage in systematic monitoring and protocol-based crisis response. These crisis events are sudden and difficult to predict, involving the lethal use of firearms or cold weapons, but recently also various motor vehicles, leading to mass casualties and serious threats to public facilities and spaces In examining the adequacy of response and police tactics in resolving these situations, the crucial variable is the attackers – perpetrators, who typically exhibit psychological difficulties, a sense of social isolation, and motivations related to revenge or personal frustrations, regardless of their social status. At the same time, in certain overlapping aspects of AMOK situations, the attackers may possess a radical ideology that leads toward terrorism. Victims are mostly within hybrid public spaces—students, bystanders, employees, or visitors—where targets may be selected or entirely random. AMOK incidents typically follow several stages: preparatory, execution, intervention, attacker neutralization, and post-crisis. It is important to emphasize that a swift response by potential victims through the "RUN, FIGHT OR HIDE" protocol, along with effective evacuation, is crucial until police arrive. Accordingly, this analysis, in addition to its conceptual and theoretical foundation, includes a case study of ten selected typical AMOK events. The cases are examined using a specially designed methodological model—a matrix of 10–11 variables—through which the patterns and specificities of these events are discussed. In line with the research objective, patterns in the analyzed incidents and responses are identified, and the effectiveness of applied police tactics is assessed, with a view to validating and implementing best practices. The results of the statistical operations confirm a statistically significant correlation between the "speed of police intervention and duration of the attack" (χ²(2) = 9, p = 0.011). In addition to more effectively resolving crisis situations, the research results may also plausibly be applied to the development of preventive tactical measures aimed at enhancing public safety and preventing such events or reducing their harmful consequences
Crisis Management in a Learning Organization
Get PDFA key property of a learning organization is its ability to cope with change, and in this context, with crisis situations. Crisis situations are events characterized by factors such as suddenness, short decision-making time and threats to organizational goals, insecurity, uncertainty, limited control and impact on future operations. It is not possible to fully predict the moment when different types of crisis situations will appear, so one of the key characteristics of organizations is preventive action in the context of preparation and thinking about the ways of acting and behaving in different crisis situations. This is also one of the key tasks of crisis management. As part of the preventive action of crisis management, it is necessary to evaluate and analyze previous experiences, both one's own and those of others, and apply lessons learned in the crisis planning and preparation phase.Crisis learning represents organizational behavior in accordance with the concept of a learning organization. Such learning contributes to organizational effectiveness but must become an integral part of the organizational culture of the organizations themselves. Rethinking and adopting all organizational activities that have proven to be effective in containing and resolving a crisis throughout its duration, as well as changing and eliminating all inadequate and ineffective procedures, is part of the learning phase, the contribution of which is reflected in future preventive activities.The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of preventive action and systematic preparation for the occurrence of various types of crises, with a special emphasis given to the adoption of ideas and organizational behavior aligned with the concept of a learning organization
Wi-Fi advancements and the potential use of Wi-Fi 7 in crisis situations
Get PDFThis paper explores the IEEE 802.11be standard, also known as Wi-Fi 7 Extremely High Throughput (EHT), the latest iteration of Wi-Fi technology. Comparing it to its predecessors to highlight the significant technical and performance differences, with a focus on the capabilities and advantages compared to 802.11ax, upon which it is built. The analysis includes improvements in transfer speeds, energy efficiency and network capacity particularly through the enhanced use of Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows simultaneous communication with multiple devices, increasing overall network efficiency and performance. Additionally, it discusses the Multi-Link Operation (MLO) technology, which enhances connectivity by allowing devices to maintain multiple simultaneous connections across different channels and bands. It also introduces the Multi Resource Units (MRU) technology which represents an advanced technology that enables more efficient use of radio resources in wireless networks. Furthermore, it examines the potential application of Wi-Fi technology in crisis situations, such as natural disasters, emphasizing its role in ensuring reliable communication and connectivity. Through an in-depth analysis of technical specifications this paper provides insight into the possibilities and challenges in implementing Wi-Fi 7 technology, considering its security aspects and its ability to address challenges in crisis scenarios
How culture and cultural practices contribute to disaster risk reduction in the local community
No full textCultural practices and amateur cultural associations play a crucial role in reducing disaster risk within local communities. They strengthen social cohesion and solidarity, enabling a faster and more effective response in crisis situations. Cultural activities transmit traditional knowledge on resilience to natural and social challenges and raise awareness of risks and the importance of prevention through artistic expression. Additionally, cultural organizations often mobilize volunteers and resources necessary for crisis response and serve as intermediaries between institutions and citizens. After disasters, culture aids in the psychological recovery of the population by providing a space for expression and collective community renewal. Cultural centers and spaces can also serve as temporary shelters or logistical hubs for aid distribution. Active citizen participation in civil society organizations focused on culture requires continuous support from local governance structures and adequate funding for their work. Integrating cultural initiatives into disaster management strategies enhances the resilience of local communities and contributes to long-term sustainable development and the strengthening of social cohesion
Analysis of the effectiveness of the training program for fire commanders in leadership and command at fire interventions
No full textThe Training Program for Fire Commanders in Leadership and Command at Fire Interventions (VIZ) has been implemented in the fire service system of the Republic of Croatia since 2018. The program consists of four levels, depending on the size of the force formation at the intervention. So far, 26 groups have completed the VIZ-I level, 10 groups VIZ-II level, and one group VIZ-III level for different sizes of formations at fire interventions. The groups consist of professional and volunteer fire department members, with the basic requirement of successfully passing the exam for firefighters with special authorities and responsibilities.
Before introduction the VIZ Program, there was no systematic training for fire intervention commanders; instead, partial solutions were implemented through various specialized firefighter training programs. The additional challenge is applying VIZ Program elements in the regular practice of fire departments, which includes integrating new procedures and tools into existing systems and overcoming resistance to change.
By analysing the impact of the VIZ Program on leadership and command at fire interventions, this study aims to highlight the importance of training intervention commanders and to identify positive experiences and areas for further development of this program. The research included an analysis of the program content, combining theoretical instruction and practical exercises, to adopt specific procedures and leadership mechanisms, comparing the program content with the application of these elements in practice during interventions through a review of characteristic fire intervention reports. At the end of each training, participants were asked several questions about the implementation and application of the VIZ Program through a group interview method. Responses were given orally before the entire group of participants, and summaries were recorded by the program leader. Conclusions about the program's effectiveness were drawn from the collected and analysed data.
The results showed a high success rate of participants and significant improvements in leadership and command skills, especially in decision-making processes, communication, and team coordination. The training program resulted in positive reactions from participants, indicating its potential to develop leadership and command skills. This contributed to the comprehensive development of fire commanders' competencies.
Implementing this program could significantly strengthen the overall operation of the firefighting system, although there are certain challenges related to the legal framework, implementation, and application in daily practice. The research emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to training fire commanders and the need for continuous implementation and evaluation of the program. It also highlights the opportunity for further development and improvement of training methods
Application of unmanned aerial vehicles in civil protection
No full textUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become essential tools in civil protection due to their capabilities in rapid data collection, access to hard-to-reach areas, and reducing risks to human life. This paper analyzes the applications, technical characteristics, challenges, and regulatory frameworks of UAVs in civil protection, as well as their roles in crisis situations.
1. Introduction to UAVs and Their Applications
UAVs, commonly known as drones, are aircraft without onboard pilots, operated remotely or autonomously via programmed routes and advanced navigation systems. Over recent decades the development of UAV systems has significantly enhanced their applications beyond the military sector, extending into civil operations such as agriculture, surveying, infrastructure monitoring, and crisis management. In civil protection systems, UAV applications include:
Rapid situation assessment and real-time data collection.
Terrain mapping and modelling post-disasters.
Detection of hazardous substances.
Delivery of emergency supplies.
Establishment of communication networks.
Coordination of rescue operations and reduction of exposure risks for civil protection personnel.
2. Technical Characteristics of UAV Systems
UAVs utilize various technologies that enable high levels of autonomy, precision, and operational flexibility. Key components of UAV systems include:
Navigation Systems
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): Systems like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou provide precise positioning for UAVs.
Inertial Navigation Systems (INS): These systems use sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) to track UAV movements.
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GNSS: This technology offers high-precision positioning, crucial for terrain mapping.
Sensor Equipment
Optical Sensors: High-resolution cameras for aerial imaging and surveillance.
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Laser systems for precise 3D mapping.
Thermal Cameras: Detection of heat sources in search and rescue operations.
Gas and Radiation Sensors: Collect environmental data on hazardous substances.
Data Transmission
Radio Frequency (RF) Systems: Standard communication between UAVs and operators.
Satellite Communication: Enables operations over long distances.
5G Networks and Mesh Systems: Provide low latency and real-time data transmission.
3. Regulatory and Safety Aspects
Legal regulations and standards play a crucial role in the safe integration of UAVs into civil protection systems. International regulations, such as those from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), define guidelines for the safe use of unmanned systems. In the Republic of Croatia, applicable regulations include:
The Air Traffic Act and EU Regulations 2019/945 and 2019/947.
Rules on aerial operations and aerial photography, regulating drone use for civil purposes.
Safety protocols, including operator training, UAV registration, and airspace restrictions.
4. UAV Applications in Civil Protection
Rapid Situation Assessment and Data Collection
UAVs provide real-time visual information about affected areas. For example, during the 2020 earthquake in Petrinja, UAV systems were used to assess damages and evaluate the stability of structures.
Terrain Mapping and Modeling
Post-natural disasters, UAVs assist in creating orthophoto maps and 3D terrain models, facilitating planning for rehabilitation and resource distribution.
Detection of Hazardous Substances
UAVs equipped with chemical and radiological sensors can identify hazardous gases, air pollution, and radiation in real-time, enabling timely responses from civil protection forces.
Delivery of Emergency Supplies
In isolated areas, UAVs can deliver medical supplies, food, and communication equipment where traditional vehicles are impeded.
5. Case Studies
Fire at Drava International (2023)
UAVs were used to monitor a fire at a plastic waste warehouse in Osijek. Equipped with thermal cameras, they assisted firefighters in identifying hotspots and coordinating interventions.
Fire at Lagermax Warehouse (2024)
Following the fire, UAVs were utilized to create 3D models of the burned area, enabling investigators to conduct detailed analyses and assist in the investigation.
Use of Drones after Ice Storms in Bošnjaci
After a devastating ice storm, UAVs supported damage assessments on roofs and infrastructure, facilitating the identification of damages and monitoring rehabilitation efforts.
6. Challenges and Future Trends
The main challenges in using UAVs in civil protection include:
Limited flight duration and the need for better batteries.
Security threats, including cyber-attacks.
Regulatory obstacles and the need for legal harmonization.
Integration of UAVs with other crisis management systems.
Future developments will focus on enhancing autonomy, using artificial intelligence for data analysis, and increasing the integration of UAVs among civil protection operational forces.
Conclusion
UAVs represent key technology for modernizing civil protection systems. Their ability to rapidly collect data, access hard-to-reach areas, and enhance the safety of operational personnel contributes to more effective responses to crisis situations. Further integration of UAVs, along with improvements in regulations and the development of advanced data analysis systems, will enable their broader and more efficient application in civil protection systems
Collective identity as a tool of cultural diplomacy: The case of Britishness
Get PDFThe civic concept of identity pertains to the development of nations within states, which have geographical and political-national entities. A nation refers to the collective body of individuals who reside within the borders of a state and adhere to its laws. In contrast, the ethnic concept of identity, encompassing traditions, language, religion, and heritage, emerged primarily in Germany and Eastern Europe as a response to communities striving to assert their distinctiveness. The concept of nation is inherently linked to the notion of identity, reflecting an individual’s attachment to their origin, traditions, culture, and language, which may not necessarily align with the state of their birth or residence.
This paper introduces the Theory of Collective Identity (TCI), through the lens of Britishness, which seeks to reinforce and promote Britishness as a collective identity. The United Kingdom (UK) embodies a shared (collective) identity, comprising English, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish identities. Historical developments, societal actions, and core values such as religious freedom, tolerance, and personal and social responsibility have all shaped the construction of British identity. This paper explores which components are pivotal in defining Britishness, examining factors such as the English language, birthplace, British citizenship, residence, heritage, religious affiliation, and the role of individual identification as British
Risk assessment in the prevention of violent extremism and terrorism: Theoretical and applied application of tools
Get PDFA violence risk assessment has been used for decades by security agencies as an important tool in assessing future violence. The currently available risk assessment protocols have questionable relevance for the assessment of violent extremism and terrorism because the factors used to assess risk are not linked to the background and motivation of this group of violent actors. This is why there is a need for a relevant risk assessment tool for the population of violent and ideologically motivated extremists. The new SPJ Protocol - Structured Professional Judgment and Violent Extremist Risk Assessment or VERA- are designed for people with a history of violent extremist violence or who have been convicted of such offenses. The paper aims to identify and compare the specific characteristics of risk assessment tools in the prevention of violent extremism in six European countries (Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and to highlight significant differences between the tools themselves and their application. The results show that Belgium and the Netherlands have the best practice of applying risk assessment tools, and SPJ-Structured Professional Judgment in both cases can be an excellent example for others, at least as a basis for designing new instruments and tools. For the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it might be useful to try the following tools: SQAT, HCR-20 and VERA-2R
Application of hydrogen in transport and contribution the development of green logistics
No full textAbstract: Hydrogen is considered by many experts to be the fuel of the future and the use of hydrogen is predicted in all branches of transport: road, rail, sea and air transport. The contribution of hydrogen in the fight against climate change is great because it has the ability to replace fossil fuels in traffic. The use of hydrogen in the transport sector enables a greater share of road electronic vehicles, given that hydrogen as a fuel reduces the main disadvantages of today’s electric vehicles with a built-in battery and plays a significant role in rail and ship transport. Day by day, hydrogen technology is advancing more and more, and there are fuel cells and hydrogen tanks used in airplanes. Thus, the paper provides a description of hydrogen as a fuel of the future, along with a description of its application and storage, and a critical view of the great expectations in the green logistic sector. Therefore, the aim of this work is to process and resolve the pre-set research hypotheses of the work that defines hydrogen as the fuel of the future. It also defines that by adhering to the European Green Plan and the Hydrogen Strategy, it is possible to achieve the desired results of sustainable logistics practice. This would render logistics operations ecologically sustainable in alignment with environmental protection regulations etc.
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of green logistics through the application of hydrogen in transportation. In order for hydrogen to be used as a fuel in the future, it is essential to thoroughly investigate and identify its primary advantages as well as its drawbacks. Additionally, the paper aims to outline the factors hindering the widespread use of hydrogen as a fuel, while also addressing its disadvantages and proposing effective solutions to overcome these challenges. The logistics sector is increasingly focusing its activities on reducing the negative impact on the environment, thereby actively contributing to the community. This approach is known as green logistics, and the achievement of environmental protection goals is realized through the use of renewable energy sources in logistics processes, while avoiding activities that harm the environment. The term "green logistics" emerged in the mid-1980s and is closely related to sustainable development. The impact of the transport sector on greenhouse gas emissions cannot be ignored, which is why the development of environmentally friendly alternative fuels has become crucial. Alternative fuels, which can replace fossil fuels, even partially, are important for transportation energy and can help in the decarbonization of the transport system. One of these fuels is hydrogen, which is considered the fuel of the future. Research into fuel cell technology, which offers high efficiency and minimal environmental impact, is becoming increasingly important. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy, which can be used to power devices such as generators, batteries, laptops, mobile phones, and vehicles. The success of hydrogen vehicle technology depends on fuel costs, the development and expansion of hydrogen refueling stations, and the safety and characteristics of vehicles using hydrogen propulsion.
2. METHODOLOGY
The writing process involved the use of scientific methods. The primary method was definition, which clarified the key terms in the text. The content analysis technique was used to gather information about green logistics and hydrogen as a fuel. The description method refers to the application of hydrogen in transportation and hydrogen refueling stations. Deductive reasoning was used to process the data and draw conclusions about the importance of hydrogen as a fuel and the role of the European plan for the development of green logistics.
3. RESULTS
The paper proposed two hypotheses, with the first being confirmed. It states that hydrogen is the fuel of the future due to the growing demand for renewable and sustainable energy. Hydrogen vehicles, powered by fuel cells, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and offer an efficient, clean solution. Investment in infrastructure will lower costs and increase hydrogen vehicle availability, with Croatia's hydrogen bus project in Zagreb being a key example.
The second hypothesis, still under investigation, suggests that alignment with the European Green Deal and hydrogen strategies will drive green logistics development, depending on significant investments. Change will take time, but once individuals recognize the importance of green logistics, we can collectively make a meaningful impact. This paper offers recommendations for achieving ecological sustainability and social responsibility
Attitudes and opinions of students at the University of Slavonski Brod on climate change
No full textClimate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the world in the 21st century. The climate is undeniably changing and significant steps need to be taken to reduce the impact and scale of change. Climate change, caused by the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, is expected to lead to a number of problems that will affect the development of society. Negative impacts include damage from increasingly frequent natural disasters and rising sea levels, pressure on food production, negative effects on human health and many other problems. Public engagement will be critical to an effective response to climate change. A well-informed public that is sufficiently aware of the dangers that climate change can cause and the actions that are being taken to respond to climate change is crucial, as mitigation and adaptation processes cannot begin without changes in individual behaviour and adequate public support for policy decisions. . It is precisely for this reason that the aim of this thesis is to investigate students' attitudes and opinions on the risks, consequences and opportunities of adapting to climate change. Empirical research was conducted to investigate the perception of climate change from the students' perspective. The survey methods used include research conducted on a random sample of 100 respondents. The paper analyses in detail the knowledge about climate change, its risks and the opportunities available to students at the University of Slavonski Brod