OJS (University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica)
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The Role of AI in Information and Cyber Security Management
Get PDFThis paper explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in information and cybersecurity management, offering a comprehensive review of current research, practical applications, and future perspectives. By analyzing recent literature and evaluating real-world case studies across sectors such as finance, telecommunications, and healthcare, the study highlights the advantages of AI in threat detection, risk assessment, fraud prevention, and compliance with security standards like ISO/IEC 27001 and the NIS 2 Directive. The research emphasizes the efficiency of AI-driven systems in identifying sophisticated cyber threats, automating responses, and improving the effectiveness of security frameworks. An iterative five-phase implementation model is also presented, along with comparative performance results of AI algorithms, demonstrating their practical value. The findings underscore AI’s growing impact and provide valuable insights for organizations aiming to enhance their cybersecurity posture through intelligent and adaptive technologies
Communication between local and regional self-government units in crisis situations
No full textINTRODUCTION
Organizations affected by crisis situations must become the primary source of information. Therefore, the importance of the work of public relations officers becomes most evident in crisis situations. During crisis situations in local and regional self-government units, citizens seek information about the cause and extent of the crisis, as well as instructions on how to behave in such situations. It is necessary for the administrative authorities to communicate as quickly as possible and provide accurate and specific information. Numerous types of crisis situations can affect local and regional self-government units. What they all have in common, however, is that they are unpredictable and occur when we least expect them. The most feared crises are major accidents and disasters. These are crisis situations or events which, due to their scale and the impact of natural forces, technical/technological or other factors, pose a risk to people and property and whose consequences cannot be remedied by the intervention of emergency services alone. In these situations, the management of protection and rescue measures as well as communication with the population is handled by the municipal/city/district disaster control centers. The successful management of crisis situations requires the development of a crisis management plan and a crisis communication plan. Crisis communication plans should, among other things, provide for the response of local and regional self-government units at the very beginning of a crisis situation, i.e. in the first few minutes or at most a few hours. Crisis communication is increasingly determined by the use of online media or multimedia communication and one of the levels at which relations with the media take place is the crisis level. It is therefore extremely important to build and maintain good relationships with the media. The development of information and communication technologies has led to the emergence of new models of communication with the public that are characterized by speed and interactivity, allowing a response within minutes of a crisis situation occurring.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology used in this document is desk research and survey (e-survey). Desk research involves the collection and use of existing, previously collected data. The data used in this paper is internal data, that is, data that we already have. The survey method is a procedure in which a questionnaire is used to research and collect data, information, attitudes and opinions on the subject under investigation. An e-survey is conducted online by sending the survey directly to the respondent by e-mail.
MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS OF THE WORK
In addition to the personnel requirements for successful communication of municipal and regional administrative units with the public, there are also normative and legal requirements for communication with the public and crisis communication, namely a strategy for public communication and a crisis communication plan. According to the research conducted, only three out of twenty county towns in the Republic of Croatia have a crisis communication plan, and eleven towns have no public communication strategy at all. Considering the fact that crisis situations in various forms have become our everyday life and a crisis communication plan is one of the basic requirements for communication in local and regional government units, we hope that the above-mentioned research results will encourage the administrations of municipalities/cities/counties to reflect on the need to prepare this very important document. Based on the analysis of several authors describing the elements of a crisis communication plan, the document presents a crisis communication plan that would be applicable in municipalities, cities and counties. Municipal/city/county disaster control centers that manage protection and rescue operations and crisis communications under the Civil Protection System Act do not have a media officer or spokesperson, and there is no requirement to develop a crisis communications plan. The public relations tasks in the disaster control centers are mainly carried out by municipal, city or district spokespersons or PR officers. Media relations is one of the fundamental activities of public relations and can be described as a continuation of the good cooperation with the media in the pre-crisis period, during the crisis and after the crisis situation. With the convergence of traditional media and the emergence of new information and communication technologies and online media, communication tools have emerged that can be used to achieve the fundamental goal of effective media relations, which is to communicate with citizens. According to studies, the most frequently used social networks and online media tools in cities and districts are Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube
Application of artificial intelligence in phishing attack detection
No full textAbstract
Phishing attacks represent one of the most common and dangerous threats in the field of cybersecurity, as confirmed by statistics from the National CERT, which operates as part of the Croatian Academic and Research Network. Attackers employ sophisticated social engineering techniques, fake emails, websites, and malicious messages to deceive users and collect their sensitive data, including login credentials, financial information, and personal identification numbers. With the increasing digitalization of business and everyday life, phishing attacks are becoming more sophisticated, while traditional security methods often fail to detect them quickly or effectively.
The introduction of the paper highlights how phishing attacks in the digital age have become one of the most widespread cyber threats and analyzes the reasons why traditional detection methods, such as blacklists and heuristic rules, have proven insufficient. Attackers continuously develop new techniques to bypass existing security systems by using dynamically generated domains, content manipulation, and sophisticated deception methods, making detection more challenging.
The second part of the paper focuses on research methodology and the potential application of artificial intelligence (AI) in phishing attack detection. Various machine learning models are analyzed, along with their effectiveness in identifying phishing content and their advantages and limitations compared to traditional protection methods. Special attention is given to natural language processing (NLP) algorithms, computer vision, and user behavior analysis, which enable real-time recognition of suspicious patterns. Additionally, key challenges in AI system implementation are considered, including false positive results, the adaptability of phishing attacks, and attackers' ability to circumvent security mechanisms.
The concluding section of the paper, beyond technical aspects, emphasizes the broader perspective of AI applications in cybersecurity. The goal is to highlight key challenges in AI technology implementation, propose strategies for improvement, and assess the long-term effectiveness of AI systems in combating phishing threats. Furthermore, the paper raises questions about the future development of intelligent security solutions that could ensure even more precise and faster threat detection in the future
Critical infrastructure resilience and civil preparedness: EU and NATO approaches
No full textFollowing three subsequent attacks against EU Member States’ critical infrastructures in the Baltic Sea in the late 2024, NATO urged its member countries to think about conflict preparedness. Early this year (2025), while debating on the risks and consequences of attacks against EU critical infrastructures (CIs), a European Parliament’s plenary urged its members to consider how to prepare for the worse-case scenario, considering the rising geopolitical tensions and Russia’s hybrid attacks against EU CIs. In absence of its own defense capabilities, the EU depends heavily on NATO for military defense. While the military Alliance considers civil preparedness a central pillar of its members’ resilience in face of conflict and an enabler for collective defense, EU Member States’ degree of civil preparedness has been evaluated as inadequate. Yet, the former Finnish President considers civil preparedness as a citizens’ right and Sweden has already distributed booklets, across the country’s households, on what to do in case of war. This paper compares the civil preparedness policy frameworks and capabilities of the EU and NATO, in case of critical infrastructure failure during conflict. It identifies points of convergence, divergence, complementarities and synergies to assess the degree to which the EU is adequately equipped to respond and recover from cyberattacks against critical infrastructure and mitigate the impacts of conflict on the civilianpopulation. The discussion focuses on the current weaknesses of the European Union’s framework and capacities and provides guidance on how to integrate the governance of critical infrastructure resilience within civil preparedness and crisis managementframeworks
The role of police stations in waste management: challenges and opportunities for cross-sector cooperation
No full textIntroduction
Efficient waste management is one of the biggest challenges in the modern urban environment. Rapid population growth and urbanisation have led to increased waste generation, which puts additional pressure on the systems responsible for collection, sorting and disposal. Activities such as waste collection, transport, sorting and disposal reflect the level of social awareness of environmental protection and sustainable development. However, waste management does not depend solely on municipal services, but requires co-operation between different institutions, including the police. The police plays an important role in monitoring and enforcing waste management laws, especially in detecting irregularities, combating illegal waste disposal and reporting offences to the relevant authorities. This function of the police is often neglected in discussions about sustainable waste management. The question therefore arises: to what extent do police forces participate effectively in the waste management system and is there cross-sectoral co-operation or does a lack of cooperation prevail?
The aim of this research was to analyse the role of the VI Police Station Zagreb in the waste management system, to investigate the degree of cooperation with other relevant institutions and to determine the views of police officers on their role in this system.
Methods
A structured questionnaire was used for the research, which was distributed via the online platform Google Forms. The target group were police officers from VI Police Station Zagreb. The sample consisted of 93 respondents out of a total of 140 employees. The questionnaire consisted of 18 open and closed questions. The survey was conducted in the period from 21 May to 12 June 2024.
The study tested four hypotheses:
- H1: The police officers of the VI Police Department play a key role in the implementation of the Waste Management Act.
- H2: There is insufficient cooperation between the police and other institutions involved in the waste management system.
- H3: Citizens are not sufficiently trained to participate effectively in waste management.
- H4: The effectiveness of waste management can be improved by a clearer definition of the tasks of the police.
Discussion
The results of the survey highlight several key aspects of the role of police officers in waste management. The majority of respondents (83%) were familiar with the concept of waste management, indicating a basic awareness of the issue. In addition, 79% of respondents believe that good waste management significantly affects the quality of life of citizens. In terms of direct experience with waste issues, 70% of respondents stated that they had encountered problems related to waste management during their assignments. These encounters were most common once a month (73%), although a significant number of police officers (13%) reported more frequent cases (several times a month), while 12% of respondents were confronted with this problem several times a week. The most common reasons citizens reported to the police included unpleasant odors, fires caused by burning waste, water, soil and air pollution and illegal waste disposal. Illegal waste disposal was cited as the most common problem, especially in neglected areas, forests, meadows and on private and urban land. It is also interesting to note that 72% of respondents found offences or crimes related to waste management during their operations, while 28% found no irregularities. After detecting offences, police officers generally reported them to the relevant authorities. Despite these activities, the findings highlight weak cross-sectoral cooperation. For example, in 2022, the municipal police only responded 12 times out of 82 requested interventions, while in 2023 the municipal police responded 9 times out of 45 interventions. This discrepancy indicates insufficient coordination between the police and municipal services. The investigation also revealed that citizens are not sufficiently educated about proper waste disposal. Police officers believe that educating citizens, starting at an early age, could significantly contribute to reducing the problem of illegal waste disposal. Based on the data collected, it can be concluded that a better definition of the roles and responsibilities of the police in the waste management system and increased cross-sectoral co-operation could significantly improve the efficiency of the system.
Conclusion
The study confirms all four hypotheses:
The police officers of the VI Police Station play a key role in the implementation of the Waste Management Act, which is confirmed by the number of violations and offences detected.
Co-operation between the police and other institutions is insufficient, which makes effective waste management difficult.
Citizens are not sufficiently informed about proper waste management, which leads to an increase in irregularities.
A clearer definition of tasks and an expansion of police powers could significantly improve the efficiency of the waste management system.
The results of this study show that there is a need to strengthen cross-sector co-operation and educate citizens in order to create a more efficient and sustainable waste management system. The police, as a key stakeholder in this system, can play a key role in preventing and combating illegal waste disposal, but only with good co-operation with other relevant institutions
Communication as a tool for the public good in times of crises caused by the earthquakes in the City of Zagreb
No full textUrban environments are continuously exposed to a number of different types of threats and precisely as such become the sites of the gravest accidents and natural disasters throughout history (Bilandžić, 2019). In previous assessments of the risk of major accidents, which were performed for Zagreb in the form of a formal document even before such an obligation was established by the 2015 Act on the Civil Protection System, earthquakes have been identified as the greatest threat with possible catastrophic consequences. There are no available records of disasters of this type in the city's past dating before the 16th century, and all those that had been made before the 19th century are considered less reliable because seismic intensity had not been officially evaluated. The magnitude of the strongest Zagreb earthquake to date, which occurred on 9 November 1880, was subsequently estimated at 6.3 on the Richter scale (Simović, 2000: 638). The catastrophic effects the earthquake had on the population are mostly evident from the print media, as well as the concrete and prompt responses of the city authorities to the crisis. An analysis of newspaper editions, which despite the destruction did not pause its publication, undoubtedly speaks to the high level of crisis management. On the same day the earthquake hit Zagreb, the Extraordinary Provisions of the City Government were published, the city was divided into specific areas, and a commission was sent to each of them with the task of assessing the effects of the earthquake. At the same time, the city prohibited the population from staying in buildings that were unsafe for habitation and prescribed specific signs to mark such premises. Available communication channels were also used to distribute appeals that, for safety reasons, prohibit or limit activities that pose a risk in that context. Telegrams were used as a means of communication to mobilize relevant experts, and there was intensive proactive communication among safety system stakeholders and the general public. Crisis management responded to the disinformation circulating in the public space with denials, and communication was maintained with remote and international centres. In the observed period after the accident, the media refrained from publishing unverified information and largely distanced themselves from unreliable sources, but due to a lack of photographic evidence, the texts contained strong descriptive elements. An article by August Šenoa, a renowned Croatian journalist and author, which, among other, stated that “journalistic madness did as much harm as the earthquake”, nevertheless suggested subsequent biased media portrayals of the event and its effects. Ten days after the earthquake, the city authorities introduced strict, even prison sentences, for publications that unfoundedly deepened the crisis or caused fear. Contrary to content created by non-experts, special newspaper articles informed citizens from a scientific perspective about the earthquake as a natural phenomenon (Šimetin Šegvić, 2020). Communication was continued in the post-crisis period, mainly on topics related to social and safety measures as well as detailed and precise information on restoration and reconstruction activities. The survey of citizens on their personal experience of the earthquake and its effects on individuals was conducted only eight days after the earthquake, and this procedure was considered the first macroseismic survey conducted in the Croatian language, which represented a strong contribution to science from a crisis point of view, with the application of communication techniques for research purposes (Faculty of Science and Mathematics, 2025).
The institutionalization of the urban safety concept in Zagreb has been noticeable since 2005, when the responsibilities and tasks of defence as well as civil and natural disaster protection at the local level, i.e. protection and rescue, including fire protection, were systematized by the Mayor's Office (Official Gazette 11/2025). A separate Emergency Management Office, the first of its kind in Croatia, which was assigned the responsibility for implementing prevention, handling and management measures during crisis situations, was established in 2008 (Official Gazette 2/2008). The importance of integrating the communication between key stakeholders in dealing with threats of varying intensities, which would simultaneously enable internal and two-way external exchange and distribution of important messages during crises, was reflected in the practical centralization of communication processes of the emergency, operational and technical, and on-call intervention authorities of the City of Zagreb through a project that was part of the so-called Holding Centre of the company Zagreb Holding wholly owned by the City of Zagreb (Zagrebački holding, 2018). In the crises that intertwined during 2020, brought about by the coronavirus epidemic and earthquakes, the concept significantly exceeded its original scope and functions and was considered a hub of multi-level communication in the crisis communication system. The justification for the presence of various communication tools and technologies was also confirmed outside the context of acute crisis situations; however, in the event of threats to critical communication infrastructure. The Holding Centre remained fully operational on 29 September 2020, when the telecommunications system collapsed throughout the country, which made it impossible for citizens to communicate with emergency services (HINA, 2020). The interruption of public telecommunications, which currently rely mostly on digital technologies and internet connections, had made mass communication difficult in the first moments of the crisis. It was implemented through official sources, media and social networks, but regardless of the channels and techniques used to transmit the messages, communication was not synchronized, structured and uniform. Contradictions were also noted, as was the presence of disinformation in the public space, and the analysis led to the conclusion that there was no functional protocol during the crisis response. Due to all of the above, it is reasonable to question whether the undeniable development of technology over the period of 140 years had necessarily ensured a better level of communication and management standards in crisis situations.
1 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND METHODS
This paper investigates whether, in comparison with 1880, there had been an evolution in communication and operational activities related to earthquakes in the context of the crisis and post-crisis period, with a focus on the significance of crisis communication in the concept of urban safety and public good in the area of the city of Zagreb. Its aim is to identify the level of efficiency and coordination of the system by comparing situations with the same or similar characteristics and the actions of the competent authorities, to highlight examples of good and desirable practices in terms of the safety system, as well as to determine the type and scope of activities that resulted in negative effects on the population in the crisis. In accordance with the above, the following hypotheses were set:
H1: Zagreb applied high standards of crisis management and communication
during the crisis caused by the 1880 earthquake
H2: After the 1880 earthquake, public communication had the function of urban safety.
H3: Compared to 1880, a positive step forward was recorded
in crisis communication and management
H4: Zagreb has modern channels and techniques for
communication in crisis situations
In order to achieve the set research objective, a number of qualitative methods were utilised, including the historical and research method, which reconstructs the chronological sequence of communication activities during crises. Relevant newspaper articles, official statements, regulations and archival materials were investigated using the content analysis method. Communication approaches and activities from two different time contexts were compared using the comparative method – the 1880 earthquake and the 2020 earthquake. Conclusions were drawn using the inductive and deductive method about the effectiveness of the crisis communication system in the historical context, and its development and possible shortcomings in the contemporary context. The description method was utilised to present the key communication activities during both crises, highlighting the key stakeholders, message content, communication channels and tools used. Also, a case study was applied as a qualitative method for a detailed description of specific situations that illustrate successful and unsuccessful communication practices.
A comprehensive analysis of the quality and effectiveness of crisis communication has been ensured by combining the above methods, with the aim of formulating conclusions that can be used to improve future communication strategies in crisis situations in the area of urban safety in the City of Zagreb.
2 PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS
Crisis communication, as an element of crisis management, was comprehensive, planned and thorough during the crisis caused by the 1880 earthquake in Zagreb. Analysis of available archival material confirmed a high level of structured, timely and proactive communication, despite the technological limitations of that period. The city government introduced and publicly communicated specific safety instructions in a timely manner, using the then available channels such as the press and telegrams to inform the public, as well as the coordination of relevant authorities, which had a positive impact on controlling the effects of the earthquake and preventing additional damage. The institutionalization and integration of the concept of urban safety into public policies has led to a significant shift towards centralization and better integration of crisis communication in Zagreb, as well as compliance with the legislation and the activities of national authorities. Although communication discontinuity was recorded in the early stages during the 2020 earthquake, the aforementioned authorities significantly contributed to better coordination of activities in the restoration period that followed. Crisis communication during the 2020 earthquake was made difficult by the partial collapse of digital communication channels immediately after the earthquake, partial message inconsistency, and the flow of disinformation in the public space. The above points to the importance of continuous maintenance and protection of critical infrastructure and the necessity of alternative communication channels during crisis situations.
The research results indicate that continuous and systematic communication, which includes educating the population about the nature of crisis situations, significantly contributes to the effectiveness of crisis management and points to the necessity of investing in preventive informing of citizens and education about crisis protocols. In conclusion, a comparison of historical and contemporary experience shows that effective crisis communication needs to be timely, coordinated, and focused on message clarity, while technical preparedness and clearly defined communication protocols are key elements that can significantly mitigate the consequences of crisis events such as earthquakes
Ecological security and the new ecological paradigm: Perceptions and challenges
No full textIntroduction
In the context of rapid globalization, climate change, and technological advancement, environmental issues have become key challenges for modern societies. Ecological security involves the protection of natural resources and the preservation of the environment from threats, which may be either natural or anthropogenic in nature. At the same time, the new ecological paradigm represents a significant shift in the way we think about nature and humanity’s role within it, emphasizing sustainability, the interconnectedness of all forms of life, and long-term responsibility to future generations.
This paper explores the connection between ecological security and the new ecological paradigm, analyzing how these two concepts shape environmental policies and practices. Ecological security emphasizes the need to protect natural resources, while the new ecological paradigm calls for a change in societal values toward the environment, highlighting sustainability and balance. Integrating these two approaches can help shape a more sustainable society, where economic development and environmental preservation are not opposing goals, but interconnected elements of global security.
The aim of the research was to analyze the perception of sustainability, ecological risks, and human relations with nature, and their impact on support for the new ecological paradigm, with a focus on students as future decision-makers.
Methodology
The research was conducted on students from Veleučilište Velika Gorica (N = 95) in the Crisis Management program, through an online survey. The data collection instrument was the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, which measures attitudes toward ecological security and sustainability. Respondents answered 15 statements using a Likert scale (1: Strongly disagree, 5: Strongly agree). The data were analyzed in MS Excel, using frequencies and percentages, and were graphically presented.
Results
The results of the research indicate that a large number of respondents express concern about the current state of the environment and the negative impact of human activities on nature. Many respondents agree with the statements that we are approaching the Earth's capacity to support the growing population and that human interventions could have catastrophic consequences. Additionally, most respondents believe that the balance of nature is very fragile and can easily be disrupted, while a smaller number of respondents are divided in their opinion on whether humans have the right to alter the natural environment.
Particularly interesting is that the results point to a high level of ecological awareness among students, who recognize the limitations of resources and potential ecological disasters, while also supporting sustainable practices and policies. Higher ecological awareness correlates with stronger support for sustainable development and less support for human dominance over nature.
The main challenges in implementing the new ecological paradigm, as identified by the respondents, are political and economic barriers, including the reluctance of many countries and companies to adopt sustainable practices due to short-term financial interests. Additionally, the lack of education and public awareness is recognized as a key obstacle to the successful implementation of sustainable practices.
Although there are different political and economic interests, the results show that there is significant potential for a shift in societal values toward the environment, which could lead to global cooperation in preserving natural resources and achieving sustainable development
Protection of critical infrastructure and disaster risk reduction – Civil protection activities in the context of national security
No full textThe protection of critical infrastructure in the context of national security represents a key segment of the state's strategic security management. Critical infrastructure encompasses all essential and vital sectors that enable the normal functioning of society and the economy. In today's globalized and highly interconnected world, securing these facilities, systems, and networks is not only a technical challenge but also a strategic imperative.
Disaster risk reduction in the context of national security constitutes a crucial component of a state's policy for protecting its territory and population from natural and human-induced threats. Disasters, whether caused by natural or anthropogenic factors, can have a severe impact on national stability, the economy, infrastructure, and social cohesion. Given the increasing frequency, intensity, and diversity of extreme events, disaster risk reduction has become a priority for the sustainability of every country and the international community as a whole.
Disaster risk reduction relies on the actions of every individual, from each citizen to the highest levels of state authority. Therefore, through civil protection activities, efforts are focused on developing and strengthening cooperation among all stakeholders at the local, regional, and national levels in order to ensure the most effective response to the challenges that the future may bring
Cooperation of rescue coordination centers in the event of an aircraft accident
Get PDFIntroduction
In the wake of an aircraft accident, the seamless coordination of rescue efforts among various entities is paramount to minimize loss of life and mitigate damages. The main point of this coordination is between in land rescue coordination centre and maritime rescue coordination centre, which plays critical roles in managing emergencies both on land and at sea. This paper delves deeper into the functions of these coordination centers and the collaboration required between them to ensure effective response and rescue operations.
Rescue Coordination Centers in land (RCC), serve as coordination hub for managing emerency response activities following an aircraft accident. These center typically involve a multitude of stakeholders, including national, regional and local level authorities, emergency services, medical teams and aviation authorities. One of their primary functions is to facilitate emergency response coordination in the aircraft search and rescue operations, ensuring that various agencies work together seamlessly to address the search and rescue operation.
Communication lies at the heart of land coordination center, acting as a vital conduit between different response teams and agencies involved in the rescue operation. With the established and maintained communication channels to enable the exchange of crucial information, coordinate efforts, and disseminate updates to all relevant parties involved in the rescue operation.
Logistical support is another key responsibility of land coordination center. By overseeing the deployment of personnel, equipment, and resources to the accident site it is ensured that the necessary assistance reaches the affected area promptly and efficiently. This involves managing transportation logistics, coordinating with external organizations for additional support, and addressing any logistical challenges that may arise during the rescue operation.
Information management is also a critical aspect of land coordination center function. Gathering, processing and disseminating accurate information about the accident to various stakeholders, including families of the victims, media outlets and relevant authorities are crucial elements. This ensures that everyone involved has access to timely and reliable information, helping to coordinate efforts effectively and manage crisis communication regarding the incident.
Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) is specifically tasked with managing maritime aspects of rescue operations, particularly in cases where the aircraft accident occurs over sea or in close proximity to coastlines. These center plays a crucial role in coordinating search and rescue efforts at sea, deploying vessels, aircraft and specialized teams to locate and assist survivors.
Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre is the primary function of search and rescue operations in maritime environments, coordinating the deployment of resources and personnel to conduct search efforts efficiently and effectively. This may involve collaborating with other maritime agencies, such as coast guards and naval forces, to leverage their capabilities and assets for the rescue operation. They are also provide navigational support to vessels and aircraft involved in the rescue operation. This includes monitoring maritime traffic, providing guidance on safe navigation in the vicinity of the accident site and coordinating with relevant authorities to ensure the safety and security of rescue assets operting at sea.
This paper will provide insight into collaboration between Rescue Coordination Center and Maritime Rescue Coordination Center which is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of search and rescue operations in aircraft accidents. This collaboration implies information sharing as the key aspect to ensure to both centers to have access to relevant and up - to - date information about the accident. This includes details such as the location of the accident, the number of survivors and any specific resource needs that may arise during the rescue operation.
Joint planning and decision-making enable both centers to develop coordinated response strategies and make critical decisions regarding resource allocation, operational priorities and overall coordination of rescue efforts. This involves holding joint planning sessions, conducting regular briefings and maintaining open lines of communication between the two centers.
Mobilization of the resources is facilitated through the jurisdiction of each coordination center. By pooling their resources and coordinating their efforts, they can ensure that the necessary personnel, equipment and assets are deployed to the accident site in a timely and efficient manner.
Continuous communication is essential to maintain effective coordination between centers throughout the duration of the rescue operation. This involves establishing and maintaining communication channels that enable real-time updates, information sharing and coordination of efforts as well as with other relevant stakeholders involved in the rescue operation.
In conclusion, effective collaboration between centers is essential for maximizing the chances of successful outcomes in aircraft search and rescue operations. By working together seamlessly and leveraging their respective expertise and resources, these centers ensure a swift, coordinated and effective response to emergency, ultimately saving lives and mitigating damages in the aftermath of an aircraft accident.
Methodology
For the purpose of this paper, methodology which will be use is literature review, data collection and data analysis in order to develop new operating procedure for mutual communiction between rescue coordination centers
Degradation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles
No full textAbstract: The sale of electric vehicles is increasing year by year. Consequently, the number of used electric vehicles entering the market is also growing. Most manufacturers provide a warranty ensuring that the battery capacity will not drop below 70% after eight years. Since electric vehicles are relatively new and there are not many used electric vehicles older than eight years, many buyers are skeptical about them due to potentially high battery replacement costs. The degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries are well understood today. The aim of this paper is to present the most significant degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries and their impact on battery capacity loss, depending on battery age and the number of charging cycles. (Birkl, i dr. 2017) (Keil i Jossen 2017) (Laxman, i dr. 2023) (Sarasketa-Zabala, i dr. 2015).
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, there are more and more electric cars on the roads. With the increase in sales of new electric vehicles, the number of electric vehicles in the used car market is also growing. Buyers of used vehicles generally have little experience with used electric cars and tend to avoid them due to fears of high battery replacement costs after the warranty expires.
There are two main criteria when choosing a used vehicle with an internal combustion engine: the age of the vehicle and the mileage. While there is no clear consensus on which is more important, most used car buyers prefer a vehicle with lower mileage, as this means the engine, potentially most expensive part to replace, has undergone fewer operating hours.
For electric vehicles, lower mileage means fewer charging cycles, which should have a positive impact on battery capacity. Battery capacity decreases as the number of charging cycles increases. Battery manufacturers typically guarantee that a battery can withstand a certain number of charging cycles, but battery longevity also depends on many other factors.
2. METHODOLOGY
This paper was written using information from available literature. Works by authors who conducted tests on various types of lithium-ion batteries were used. The described tests aimed to study the fundamental degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries, their impact on capacity and power loss, and potential methods for accurately diagnosing battery condition.
3. RESULTS
Degradation of batteries in electric vehicles is a complex phenomenon influenced by many factors. Battery degradation manifests as capacity loss and power loss. The primary causes of battery degradation include time (battery aging), temperature, charging rate, state of charge, and mechanical stress. The Battery Management System (BMS) is the key system that can impact battery longevity. By understanding the causes of degradation and monitoring them throughout the battery's lifespan, battery management systems can be improved to extend battery life. Additionally, algorithms have been developed to estimate battery lifespan, aiming to predict capacity loss and the remaining number of cycles for a used battery