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Trade and the Composition of Growth
Get PDFThis paper studies the relationship between innovation driven growth, distribution, and international trade. The model features two trade barriers: tariffs and distribution costs and three sources of growth: quality improvement, cost reduction, and product proliferation. This paper shows that distribution and manufacturing technologies have important interactions and are fundamentally linked. The distribution costs reduce the incentive to engage in cost reduction. Through this mechanism, trade has a compositional affect on economic growth. Tariffs affect both the extent of the market and the composition of the market. A reduction in tariffs increases market size and hence generates a temporary increase in quality growth and the entry rate. Because overseas sales are distribution intensive, the expansion of overseas sales drives a temporary reduction in manufacturing productivity growth. In contrast, if increased trade is driven by improvements to the distribution technology, both quality improvement and manufacturing productivity growth increase.departmental bulletin pape
Negotiating Alliance Change in the 1997 & 2015 Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation: An Examination of Alliance Management Theory & Practice
Get PDFInternational University of Japan博士（国際関係学）/ Ph.D. in International Relations2020There are notable gaps in scholarship on alliance management and the U.S.-Japan alliance. Broadly, scholars have not decisively researched the manner in which long-standing alliances such as the U.S.-Japan alliance change, survive, and/or fail over time. This dissertation seeks to fill two gaps in scholarship: (1) understanding of how alliances evolve and (2) understanding of the Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation. To do so, the dissertation answers the question of how the allies negotiated and implemented the 1997 and 2015 Defense Guidelines and what changed (and did not change) as a result. In answering those questions, this dissertation offers a comprehensive view of the evolution of the U.S.-Japan alliance from 1991 until 2020. Further, the dissertation presents a new model for understanding intergovernmental negotiations, positing a six-phase cycle that can adequately explain how alliance designs changed over time and demonstrating it through examination of the negotiation and implementation of two separate sets of Defense Guidelines. This dissertation contributes to academic literature as an update to existing alliance theory to support understanding of alliance management, as foundational research in understanding the cycles of intergovernmental negotiation, and as an in-depth analysis of the 1997 and 2015 Defense Guidelines that at present does not exist.thesi
Urban and Rural Dimensions of the Role of Education in Inequality: A Comparative Analysis between Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines
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Assessing Pro-poorness of Regional Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia, 2004-2014
Get PDFNumerous studies have been conducted to examine the extent to which economic growth is conducive to poverty reduction. However, most of these studies assessed the pro-poorness of economic growth at the national level. This study attempts to assess the pro-poorness of regional economic growth in Indonesia over the period 2004-2014. While Indonesia achieved a moderately pro-poor growth, there is a large variation among provinces in the pro-poorness of economic growth. To achieve a balanced pro-poor growth across provinces, one needs to consider regional differences in factors that would affect growth and the change in inequality when formulating policies.departmental bulletin pape
The Dynamics of Central Asian regionalism: Ideas matter
Get PDFInternational University of Japan博士（国際関係学）/ Ph.D. in International Relations2020The first wave of Central Asian regionalism (1990-2005) has been characterized as 'failed', a 'talk shop', 'ink on paper', 'structurally built-in competition' and 'pathologically non-cooperative. Scholars lost enthusiasm in studying the region until the regime transition in Uzbekistan in 2016. The second wave of Central Asian regionalism launched with the coming to power of a new Uzbek leader, Shafkat Mirziyoyev, and with the large-scale reforms he initiated in Uzbekistan. The new presidential office put in place cooperation and integration processes with neighboring countries as a key priority of Tashkent's foreign policy. This event led policy makers and the epistemic community to bring the study of Central Asian regionalism back to the table again. The first Consultative Meeting of the Heads of all five Central Asian countries that was held in Astana (currently Nur-Sultan) in March 2018 left scholars with many contested questions:‘Return to Turkestan? Central Asia in search of regional identity''Is this Central Asia's ASEAN moment?'; 'Central Asia after Astana: From integration to cooperation'?'; 'Can Central Asia be integrated as Visegrad?'; 'Rising regionalism: A new trend or an old idea in need of better understanding?' The fundamental purpose of the thesis is to understand why the earlier regional initiatives failed and what the current regional approaches are. Being the first study in the literature to employ a realist constructivism theory to study the region, this thesis argues that reading Central Asian regionalism from the rationalist perspective with its pre-given premises is not sufficient to understand it. Thus, one should consider ideational factors seriously. The thesis advances two agendas: first, it suggests to reconceptualize the region as 'Central Asian regionalism', rather than 'Central Asian integration' and, second, it invites switching the focus from a functional aspect to an ideational (ideas, visions, and imaginations) aspect of regionalism. Ideas of Central Asian regionalism. Ideas of Central Asian regionalism reveal much more than is usually thought about in the region.thesi
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYANMAR NAING-NGAN-TAW WARDA(s): POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION, THE STRUCTURE OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, AND THE ROLE OF TATMADAW SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Get PDFInternational University of Japan博士（国際関係学）/ Ph.D. in International Relations2020The dissertation examines the development of Myanmar Naing-ngan-taw Warda, its political socialization, the relations to the structure of civil-military, and the role of the Tatmadaw. Naing-ngan-taw Warda means an all-embracing political ideology, doctrine, or political belief system that is used to legitimize a state or a political system by encompassing the political, socioeconomic, and security environment to build a nation-state. The central argument is that Myanmar has had four dominant stages in the development of Naing-ngan-taw Warda, while the fifth is ongoing. The first stage, "Freedom at All Costs," occurred during colonialism. After Independence, the second phase was characterized by the belief in a politico-economic system based on the principles of justice, liberty, and equality, the essence of which is captured in the term "Democratic Socialism." Declared in 1962, "the Burmese Way to Socialism" was the third stage. The fourth, "Our Three National Causes," developed during the State Law and Order Restoration Council. These developmental stages of Naing-ngan-taw Warda(s) also shaped and constructed the structures of Myanmar civil-military relations. Following these developmental stages, Myanmar experienced only the subjective types of civilian control, and the Tatmadaw promulgated "collective democratic control" in the 2008 constitution, guaranteed the Tatmadaw's leading role in national politics to establish a disciplined democracy. The fifth stage, "Federalism based on Our Three National Causes and Democratic Principles," is an ongoing process of national reconciliation or peace led by State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi’s government, an effort that started in 2011 under President Thein Sein's government. In this process, the fourth stage of Naing-ngan-taw Warda, "Our Three National Causes," is still vital to upholding the principles for a future Democratic Federal Union and the structure of civil-military relations. In each of these developmental contexts, the Tatmadaw has been central in the formulation (in some stages), implementation, and socialization process of these ideologies and the structure of civil-military relations. The dissertation contributes a new concept, Naing-ngan-taw Warda, to Political Science, International Relations, and Sociology. It also provides a new model of civil-military relations that is suitable for a transitional or hybrid-regime to Military Sociology, by following the analysis on Myanmar's case, and a new research, findings, and perceptive of Myanmar modern history and politics related to the scope of my study.thesi
Economic Tertiarization and Regional Income Inequality in a Decentralized Indonesia: A Bi-dimensional Inequality Decomposition Analysis
Get PDFThis study attempts to explore the determinants of interprovincial income inequality in Indonesia from 2005 to 2013 by using a bi-dimensional inequality decomposition method. It tries, particularly, to analyze how economic tertiarization and concurrent output deindustrialization have affected interprovincial inequality. The bi-dimensional inequality decomposition method decomposes interprovincial inequality as measured by the squared population-weighted coefficient of variation in two dimensions, namely, by regional groups and industrial sectors. While deindustrialization has lowered the relative importance of manufacturing in determining overall interprovincial inequality, manufacturing activities are still very unevenly distributed among regions and provinces. The government needs to implement policies that are conducive to the balanced development of non-oil and gas manufacturing industries based on regional comparative advantages and disadvantages, where further development of economic infrastructures and human resources, particularly outside Java-Bali, is essential. Meanwhile, economic tertiarization has raised the importance of service activities in determining overall interprovincial inequality, particularly inequality within Java-Bali. The tertiary sector accounts for more than half of total GDP in Java-Bali, and many service activities, such as IC, banking, business services and private services, are concentrated in Jakarta and neighboring districts. Particularly, with the advancement of IC technologies, the IC sector has been expanding rapidly. Together with banking, business services and private services, further development of the IC sector is likely to increase interprovincial inequality in Java-Bali unless policies that could facilitate geographical dispersion of these service activities are implemented.departmental bulletin pape
Municipal Mergers and Voter Turnout in National Elections in Japan - 15 Years After Mergers
Get PDFThis paper examines the relationship between municipal mergers and voter turnout in national elections. Building on prior studies regarding the negative impact of municipal mergers on voter turnout, I extend the time period covered to examine whether the negative impact of mergers on turnout persists in subsequent elections. Using data for upper house elections from 1992 to 2019, I demonstrate that: (1) voter turnout was similar between merged and intact municipalities until the 2001 election; (2) turnout began to diverge in the 2004 election; and (3) in the subsequent elections, voter turnout has been lower in merged than in intact municipalities. The findings imply that in the merged municipalities, no actor has replaced the prior role played by municipal politicians in mobilizing voter turnout.departmental bulletin pape
China, India and Japan in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Formation:Potentials and Challenges
Get PDFInternational University of Japan博士（国際関係学）/ Ph.D. in International Relations2020The negotiation process of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has been challenging for its participating countries, who have sought to find compromise and consensus despite their many different interests. While some scholars have studied the RCEP negotiation, there has been no detailed exploration of how domestic interests influence leaders' positions on the RCEP deal. Furthermore, while many studies have examined the economic implications of the RCEP trade deal with various analyses and methods, no study has explored the saving potential of a free trade agreement (FTA)focusing on China, India, and Japan. The objectives of this research are to examine the interests of these three major countries in the negotiation of the RCEP, to assess the saving potentials of FTA using ex-ante analysis and to forecast the saving potential for China, India, and Japan. The saving potential results show potential gains for China, India, and Japan from an FTA with Japan having the most significant saving potential. The saving potential is empirical grounding research that supports the neoliberalism theory as part of the substantial contribution of this dissertation in the field of international relations study. Classical realists have emphasized on rivalries among major power countries in the RCEP formation and have highlighted who gain the most benefit and how much in the RCEP. Rivalries over trade between China and India has become the hardest challenge for RCEP formation to reach balance agreement between them. China and Japan decided to stay within the RCEP formation, while India opted to leave it. The many different interests deriving from the domestic voices in each country led to a tough compromise process in which domestic interests influenced leaders’decisions. Neoclassical realism emphasises the impact of distribution power at the global level system on foreign policy through elite perceive and domestic constraints. The RCEP formation has been explored through linkage politics that focus on the nationalinternational linkages. It shows that there is a strong influence of domestic interests on leaders' decisions in the RCEP formation. The constraints of domestic level influence on the boundary of political options that take into consideration the complexities of international politics realm in the RCEP mega trade deal. This dissertation also draws on neoliberal institutionalism theory, which emphasises the importance of shared interests for international cooperation. The existence of common interests, namely economic integration, economic development and strengthening economic cooperation, has become a fundamental element for the conclusion of the RCEP.thesi