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Some Problems Surrounding the Units of Analysis for Spoken Data of Japanese as a Second Language
Get PDFThis is a research note attempting to clarify the problems surrounding the units of analyses for spoken data of Japanese as a Second Language. Some general points of consideration in selecting the units are mentioned, followed by a survey of the units used in the literature. Then the units in our longitudinal study, S-nodes, T-units and words are discussed. A number of technical difficulties we faced are introduced and suggestive solutions are given.departmental bulletin pape
APPROPRIATING AND JUSTIFYING CONTROL OF NS-NNS DISCOURSE
Get PDFIn this paper, I present an analysis of NS-NNS interaction that takes place in a group planning session between Jiro and three American undergraduate classmates. I describe implicit interactional strategies the native speakers use to appropriate the topic on which Jiro has come prepared to speak and then justify the appropriation by positioning Jiro as an outsider and characterizing his talk as disfluent. The interaction illustrates, I argue, how the language proficiency of the advanced nonnative speaker is not a static construct defined apart from use, but is instead socially constructed in interaction according to the implicit structuring practices of the interlocutor. I contrast appropriating strategies with a more positive and supportive structuring response, characterized by solicitation, clarification, and extension strategies. In the final section of the paper, I consider the pedagogic implications of the analysis, suggesting that a focus on generating student response would be of positive venefit to preparing students for natural interaction and ensuring that communication is more collaborative and successful.conference pape
RELIGION, COMMUNITY AND POLITICAL CULTURE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD: Reflections on Millah
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A Case Study of Two Informants' Linguistic Ability of English with Similar TOEFL Scores
Get PDFWhat language ability does TOEFL score represent? Can one speak and write well if he/she has a high score such as over 600 in TOEFL? This study examines two informants' productive skills of English with very similar TOEFL scores; 617 and 620. The T-unit analysis applied on the results of two elicitation tasks; story retelling and "Aluminum Passage" confirmed the existence of a considerable difference in their productive skills, especially in oral skill. In order to identify the cause responsible for the difference, detailed interviews were conducted. The examination of the relationship between their language skills and their learning strategies as well as learning environments led to the three conclusion; (1) TOEFL is good for measuring receptive skills but not necessarily for productive skills, (2) a strong motivation, whether instrumental or integrative, can work well in improving English ability, and (3) when motivation is high, contact with native speakers can play a decisive role in enhancing productive skills.conference pape
The Acquisition of Japanese 'AIZUCHI' Words : In Relation to AIZUCHI Function
Get PDFThis study is a part of the Language Acquisition Rsearch Project 1 (LARP1) of Ochanomizu University. The aim of the study is to clarify the acquisition of Japanese "AIZUCHI" (Japanese listener's responses) words of beginning learners using longitudinal data. We recorded tapes of free conversations between learners and native speakers once a month for 14 months. I analyzed them from three viewpoints : (1) the using rate of each of 6 of groups in non-conceptual words, (2) the number of conceptual words, (3) the use of non-conceptual words and of conceptual words. In all areas, learner D had different acquisitional tendencies from other learners. The reason is that D and other learners were at different acquisitional stages. I also developed an acquisition model of Japanese "AIZUCHI" words. It has at least three stages, but because beginning learners were used, I could observe only two of the stages in this research. After 6 months of learning, learners A, B, and C stood at STAGE 1, but D was at STAGE 2. In order to shift from STAGE 1 to 2, I suggested that the acquisition of the ending particle "ne" is necessary. And of course, the progress of other language abilities ( especially listening ability ) also contributes to the acquisition of Japanese listener's responses.conference pape
Conjunctive Auxiliaries and Conjunctions: A Functional Approach to Syntax
Get PDFThis paper argues a difference and a similarity between conjunctive auxiliaries and conjunctions from a syntactical point of view. This study examines the conjunctive auxiliaries that are similar to Minami(1974) dealt with, and conjunctions that correspond to them morphologically. The main difference between the two is the number of relational meanings that are formed by preceding and following sentences or clauses. Conjunctive auxiliaries can combine several types of two clauses into a sentence. On the other hand, the relational meaning that is produced by combining two sentences with conjunctions is limited to fewer meaning than that of conjunctive auxiliaries in order to clarify the relation between the sentences. The similarity between the conjunctive auxiliaries and conjunctions is derived from a function that they share, i.e., the function to connect sentences or clauses. However, the types of the sentence/clause that one conjunctive auxiliary/conjunction can combine are limited. Therefore, some sentences restrict the modality of the main clause. For instance, Kimi wa bokunokoto o wakatteinaiNONI damare! is ungrammatical because conjunctive auxiliary NONI doesn't accord with deontic modality such as imperative. Conjunction DANONI which corresponds to NONI morphologically behaves just like NONI. The sequence of the following sentences is not also acceptable because the second sentence which starts DANONI doesn't accord with imperative modality. Kimi wa bokunokoto o wakatteinai. DANONI damare! As described above, this study clarifies the relationship of conjunctive auxiliaries and conjunctions through examining the connecting function that both of them share.departmental bulletin pape
