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China's Exploitation of South China Sea Resources: the Case of Hainan Province
Get PDFThis paper is a case study of China's exploitation of natural resources in the South China Sea. It focuses on the role of Hainan Province in this matter. Through archival research and field interviews, the author finds that at the provincial level, China' exploitation of resources in the South China Sea is driven by a combination of economic and political imperatives. The province also attempts to pursue additional, i.e., legal/administrative and ecological, imperatives to regulate marine fishing in the maritime waters under its jurisdiction. However, the province's effectiveness in enforcing its laws and regulations on marine economic activities leaves much to be desired. The implications of the author's findings in considering the South China Sea territorial disputes are also discussed.departmental bulletin pape
Differential Effects of Focus on Form vs. Focus on Forms
Get PDFThis study investigates the effects of focus-on-form tasks on SLA. Previous studies have used tasks in isolation, but which task is effective in which phase of instruction has not been investigated; thus, this study aims to examine how tasks should be graded and sequenced in a psycholinguistically relevant way. One group that received no instruction (Control Group) was compared with three experimental groups: the Input Group (explicit instruction + input processing tasks); the Output Group (explicit instruction + input processing tasks + output processing tasks); and the Drill Group (modelling of dialogues + pattern practice). Overall, beneficial effects of focus-on-form tasks were found, compared to the Drill Group and the Control Group; however, no difference was found between the two task groups. It turned out that the teacher-directed output processing tasks were not substantially different from prerecorded input processing taks. Concerning differential effects of instruction, the Drill Group exhibited an immediate impact to a certain extent in the grammaticality judgement test, whereas only the two task groups maintained the immediate gains two months later. In analyzing oral and written production, both the Input and the Output Groups exhibited short-term as well as long-term effects, whereas the Drill Group exhibited positive effects in written production only. Hence, audiolingual lessons ("focus on forms"), which are memory-based item learning, failed to promote oral fluency. This study suggests that instruction needs to integrate form and meaning from noticing to automatization.conference pape
Kanji Knowledge Transfer: Its Effects on Acquisition of Japanese as a Foreign Language
Get PDF本研究は、母語の漢字知識の転移が日本語習得に及ぼす影響を中上級課程において調査したものである。研究目的は、漢字知識の転移の有効性の有無と、その逆効果の有無を見出すことであった。研究方法として、アメリカの日本語中上級レベルの大学生40名を対象に、会話力テストと読解力テストを実施し、母語の漢字知識がある者(漢字圏)とない者(非漢字圏)の成績を比較した。その結果、前者による漢字知識の転移の有効性が漢字の多いテキストの読解で確認された。しかし母語から漢字知識は転移できても日本語の漢字の読み方を知らない学習者は、読解力はあるが、会話力が他の学習者に比べて劣っている傾向が見られた。又、漢字圏非漢字圏、両グループにおいて、会話力の強い学習者が日本語の漢字の読み方を知っており、読解力も高かった。又、非漢字圏の学習者は、会話力レベルの高い者ほど未習漢字の意味を正確に推測して、読解を深めていた。これらの発見から、真の日本語読解力習得のためには、母語の漢字知識の有無にかかわらず、会話力の発達(未習漢字の意味の推測力の発を伴う)と共に、日本語で漢字が読める能力の発達が必要だと言えるであろう。Over the past ten years, several studies have documented the transfer of kanji (Chinese characters) knowledge, and reported its positive effects on the initial development of reading skills in Japanese as a foreign language. More specifically, these studies indicated that, at least initially, those who have learned kanji in their first languages outperform those who have not, by transferring that knowledge to Japanese word recognition and reading comprehension. However, whether these positive effects continue to exist at later stages is not clear. Moreover, whether such transfer could have negative effects should also be investigated. The purpose of this paper is therefore to clarify these two issues, by examining the oral performance and the reading performance of 40 intermediate and advanced nonnative readers of Japanese with and without kanji background. The data from this study indicated that those with a kanji background do have advantage in reading Japanese texts which contain many kanji, but those who rely heavily on kanji knowledge trasfer (i.e., kanji decoders in their native language) do so at the cost of their oral proficiency. Furthermore, in both groups, those who had high oral skills knew the Japanese pronunciation of kanji words, and had higher comprehension. Moreover, a high correlation was found between the oral skills of the participants without kanji background and their guessing skills regarding the meanings of unknown kanji words, suggesting that the oral skills contribute greatly to successful guessing of the meanings of unknown kanji words, and in turn to successful comprehension. Thus, it seems reasonable to argue that regardless of the learners' kanji background, for the full development of Japanese reading skills, it is crucial to develop solid oral proficiency (along with guessing skills of the meanings of unkown kanji words), and to acquire the ability to assign Japanese sounds to kanji words.conference pape
Technical Terms and Wago-verbs in Japanese Financial Newspaper Articles
Get PDF経済記事の語彙として名詞の中から専門用語を、動詞の中から和語動詞をとりあげ検討した。経済の分野の専門用語は理工系とは異なり、専門概念であっても、それをあらわす語彙そのものは、日常語が占める割合が大きいことが報告されている。新聞の経済・金融記事に用いられる動詞を調べたところ、一般的に日常的、卑俗的との印象を持たれている和語が漢語より多用されていることがわかった。和語動詞は専門分野の内容に関係なくどの分野でも共通して用いられ、専門的・抽象的な漢語名詞に伴って連語として用いられる場合が目立った。専門分野の記事を教材とする際には、専門用語や漢語を重視しがちである。しかし、それらの名詞を受けて文にする役割を果たす和語動詞にも十分な配慮がなされなければ、学習者の発話・運用能力の向上には結びつかない。departmental bulletin pape
Institutionalizing, Marketizing and Networking Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
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