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Reverse Imports, Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rates
Get PDFThis paper investigates systematic linkages among "reverse imports", foreign direct investment, and exchange rates. We have in mind the competition in the Japanese market of a Japanese multinational firm and a Chinese domestic firm. Products are differentiated based on Japanese consumers' brand name recognition. The model shows that yen appreciation leads to an increase in Japanese FDI in China and "reverse imports", and a decrease in Japanese domestic production. Due to the barriers in brand name, the exports of the Chinese firm may fall, because the increase of reverse imports may erode the market share of Chinese firm, even though total exports from China increase. Further, we find that yen appreciation may improve the profits of the Japanese firm and welfare in Japan under reverse imports, against conventional wisdom. The predictions of the model fit well with the actual figures, and shed light on the current, heated China debate.departmental bulletin pape
On how to form te forms
Get PDF日本語教育で一般に「て形」とよばれる形をどのように導入するのか、もっと具体的に言えば「辞書形」を基にその形を導入するのか、それとも「ます形」を基にするのか、議論が分かれるところである．本稿では「ます形」中心派の立場を批判する形で書かれた、「辞書形」中心派の菊池（1999）を検討し、その結論には賛成しながらも、大事な視点、つまり「て形」は「辞書形」同様「普通動詞」の一変化形であるが、「ます形」は「丁寧動詞」の一変化形であるという視点が欠けていることが指摘された。departmental bulletin pape
An analysis of SPOT results: case of elementary courses
Get PDF国際大学の日本語プログラムでは各レベルでSPOTを行っている。筆者が担当した初級コースでは1年に2回SPOTを実施した。そこで、本稿ではこの2回のSPOTの結果を分析し、日本語能力の伸びがあったのかどうかを検証する。またSPOTで、被験者はどのような文法項目が聞き取れるのか、あるいは聞き取れないのかを観察する。最後に、SPOTは国際大学で行っているクオリファイングテストと併用して、上のレベルに入るための日本語能力を予測できるのかどうかを検証した。その結果、2回目のSPOTを実施した時点で、SPOT1より日本語能力の伸びが見られ。また、既習の文法項目はよく聞き取れるが、未習の文法項目は聞き取れないということが証明されたし、SPOTは文法の能力をある程度予測できるということ、また、クオリファイングテストと併用できる可能性があるということがわかった。departmental bulletin pape
Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade among the Asia Pacific Countries
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of exchange rate volatility on exports among 14 Asia Pacific countries, where various measures to raise the intra-region trade are being implemented. The empirical tests, using annual data for the period from 1980 to 2002, detect a significant negative impact of exchange rate volatility on the volume of exports. In addition, various tests using the data for sub-sample periods indicate that the negative impact had been weakened since 1989, when APEC had launched, and surged again from 1997, when the Asian financial crisis broke out. Also, the test results show that the GDP of the importing country, the depreciation of the exporting country's currency value, the use of the same language and the membership of APEC have positive impacts on exports, while the distance between trading countries have negative impacts.departmental bulletin pape
Making a case for English for Specific Purposes
Get PDFWith regard to teaching approaches in the classroom, as new ideas emerge, conflicts in ideology between researchers also surface and the teacher or administrator is left with a difficult decision. In English for Specific Purposes (ESP), a continuing debate is whether, at the tertiary level of education, the teacher should be focusing on English for General Academic Purposes (EGAP) with the goal of imparting general skills that one hopes are transferable to more field specific course work or whether he/she should be teaching English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) which emphasizes similar language skills and tasks to those that the students will face in their academic fields. By using a needs analysis tool or tools to determine the skills students need in a specific field and further analyzing those skills to determine the language needs that the teacher must focus on in the classroom, a teacher or administrator can make an informed decision. This process is exemplified with a case study of implementing a business English class at a large research university in the United States. The results of this analysis indicate that an EGAP approach for upper-level undergraduates and especially graduate students is not meeting these students' specific needs. In addition, the language needs that are identified are such that the teacher would not require specific content knowledge, as the arguments against ESAP suggest, to teach the class.departmental bulletin pape
Optimal Transportation Network with Discrete Entry Points in a Monocentric City
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to find an optimal commuting network in a two-dimensional city. In their commuting to the business district, households choose between two modes of travel: road and rail. Road is slow but densely provided. Rail is fast, however, unlike the previous literature, it is only accessible from discrete points, namely, stations. This generates a new question: where to locate stations optimally. This paper provides a general algorithm to solve for optimal network of a city as well as solutions under specific assumptions on the household's utility function and city shape. The paper then analyzes comparative statics of a population change.departmental bulletin pape
Individual writing tutorials in the zone of proximal development
Get PDFThis paper reports on some preliminary ideas for the design of a research study to be done in the near future. The study will look into individual writing tutorials in order to uncover the dynamics of and learner's development in dialogic activities between the learner and the tutor. The Vygotskian concepts of mediation, regulation, and microgenesis provide a crucial basis to establish, what is called, the zone of proximal development, within which the interactions between the learner and tutor will take place. The paper will argue that such a zone enhances potential learning in a dynamic collaborative framework.departmental bulletin pape