IUJ Repository (International Univ. of Japan)
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A Structural Estimation of the Effects of Spousal Tax Deduction and Social Security Systems on the Labor Supply of Japanese Married Women
Get PDFJapanese spousal tax deduction and social security systems cause a non-convex piece-wise budget constraint for married women. Using a pooled sample from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, we structurally estimated a labor supply model that explicitly takes into account the nonlinearity in the budget constraint. Our results suggest that the effects of spousal deduction and social security reforms on the labor supply of Japanese married women would be much smaller than what the past reduced form studies suggest. The reform to completely eliminate the spousal tax deduction would increase the population labor supply only by 0.7%, though the labor supply responses of the most affected workers would be nontrivial, with their desired hours worked increasing by as much as 4%. The policy reform to require all women to pay the social security premium regardless of their income level would have almost no effects on the population labor supply. Our results also suggest that lump-sum income transfer programs, such as the current child care support program, would have negligible effects on female labor supply unless the transfers are substantially large.departmental bulletin pape
Impact of learning styles on learning-skill development in higher education
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to examine how learning styles impact the development of 12 learning skills in higher education by using Kolb's learning theory. The results revealed that two learning abilities in the dialectical dimension of concrete experience and abstract conceptualization significantly affected development in three interpersonal and three\nanalytical skills. However, two learning abilities in the other dialectical dimension of reflective observation and active experimentation had a marginal influence on related skill development. Further, more balanced learning styles of the freshmen sample hindered the development of three analytical skills and one perceptual skill. In conclusion, university students should learn by specializing in learning abilities to develop their concomitant learning skills except for three perceptual skills. Additionally, students should avoid learning by balancing two dialectical learning abilities, especially concrete experience and abstract conceptualization in order to develop analytical skills in higher education.departmental bulletin pape
Tax and Subsidy Policies for the Medical Service Sector and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach
Get PDFThis paper presents a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework to numerically examine the effect of tax and subsidy policies on the medical service sector and the pharmaceutical industry. The generalized framework with the latest Japanese input-output table of year 2005 with 108 different production sectors provides the following results: A welfare gain is aproximately 97,402 million yen when the subsidy rate of the sector of private hospitals and the medical analyzing industry increases by 10 percent if the government budget is not consiered explicitly, while the same policy reversely induces aproximately a 54,256 million yen welfare loss if the government nances the shortage caused by the policy change by a non-distionary income tax on individuals. Furthermore, the effect of tax and subsidy policies on individual medical sectors differs, while the high dependency of the pharmaceutical industry with other medical sectors can be found. In particular, the pharmaceutical industry is most better off not by a decrease in its own production tax rate but by a decrease in the production tax rate of the sector of private hospitals and the medical sample analyzing industry.departmental bulletin pape
Do the Internet Security Alerts Have an Impact on Lowering ccTLD Security Risks?
Get PDFDespite all the security measures to build a safely networked world there are innumerable loopholes for malicious activity. One of the countermeasures to fight such malicious activities is to issue security alerts. The purpose of this paper is to see if there is significant impact by these security alerts; to best of our knowledge, this is the first statistical study to understand such impact of Internet security alerts. For the analysis, this paper looks at two of the most malicious security alerts, the Phishing and Spam, issued by two well-known sources. The statistical analysis concludes that for Phishing, the security alerts indeed has a significant positive impact at ccTLD2 level. For Spam, the security alert data issued by reputed organizations is less frequent. As such, the available data is limited; and, our statistical analysis concludes that Spam is still out of control at ccTDL level. However, considering the significant positive impact on Phishing due to security alerts, it seems reasonable to suggest that the agencies issuing security alerts must be more serious and regular in publishing the rankings than at present.departmental bulletin pape
Real Shock or Nominal Shock?: Exchange Rate Movements in Cambodia and Lao PDR
Get PDFThis paper discusses a primary factor responsible for exchange rate fluctuations of the Cambodian riel and the Laotian kip against the US dollar. The dynamic effects of real and nominal shocks are examined through applying a vector autoregression (VAR) model of real and nominal exchange rates under the assumption of the long-run neutrality of nominal shocks on real exchange rates. This approach allows us to decompose exchange rate movements into two components, real and nominal factors, in order to identify how these factors influence exchange rate fluctuations. The empirical analysis demonstrates that real shocks in direction of depreciation lead to real and nominal depreciation, while nominal shocks induce long-run nominal depreciation but real appreciation in the short-run.departmental bulletin pape
Impact of variation in climatic factors on crop yield: A case of rice crop in Andhra Pradesh, India
Get PDFThis study examines the effects of temperature and precipitation on the mean and variance of seasonal rice yield in Andhra Pradesh, India, over a period of 33 years (1969-2002). For this purpose, two distinct approaches are employed: (i) panel data analysis using Just and Pope stochastic production function and (ii) quantile regression approach. The first approach suggests that, in general, an increase in temperature as well as inter-annual variance of temperature and rainfall adversely affect the mean crop yield, while the effect of increase in precipitation highly depends on the cropping season. Furthermore, an increase in average temperature, rainfall and their respective interannual variance are likely to increase inter-annual variability in crop yield. Second, the quantile regression reveals that rice yield's sensitivity to climate change differs signi cantly across the quantiles of yield distribution. In particular, the adverse effect of climate change is found to be more profound for the crop yields in lower quantiles. In addition, evidences in support of heterogeneity in the impact of climate change across the agro-climatic zones are also found. Overall, these findings call for a more location speci c adaptation policies to address heterogeneity and an integrated policy framework covering the downside risk to build resilience in the food security system.departmental bulletin pape
The challenge of improvised explosive devices to International Humanitarian Law
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On advantage which older learners hold over young learners
Get PDFThis is a case study of English morphology acquisition by two immigrants children mainly cross-sectional with element of longitudinal study. The subjects are one year and a half apart in their age but started to be exposed to English speaking environment at the same time. Burko "wug" test was utilized to detect the condition of the acquisition of morphological aspects of English and it turned out that the elder subject performed better in morphology acquisition and the younger subject in pronunciation. The result will discussed from the view point of both age and personality attributes.departmental bulletin pape
From analysis of error in learner writing to customized EAP instructional materials
Get PDFThis paper presents reasons why EAP programs in Japanese universities should consider lexical needs analysis that is based on an analysis of error in learner writing within the university rather than needs analyses that rely solely on the word frequency counts and concordances of native corpora. The major reason is the time constraints faced by many EAP programs in Japan. While learner corpora have recently appeared, the paper argues that these corpora lack sufficient size and segmentation or sufficient analysis of error to allow them to be a substitute for a lexical needs analysis in a particular EAP setting in Japan. The university setting in which the analysis of error in learner text was conducted is described, and key features of its analysis and findings are presented. The relation between the findings and the decisions about the selection and use of customized instructional materials is explained, and some examples of these materials are presented.departmental bulletin pape
Voluntary Contributions to a Public Good with Intrinsic Motivation in a Large Economy
Get PDFThis paper develops a theoretical model of voluntary contributions to a public good in a large economy where the impact of each individual's contribution on the total provision is negligible, and people's preference consists of extrinsic and intrinsic payoffs. Of particular interest is moral motivation that is assumed to be formulated internally and independently of other people in the intrinsic payoff. Adopting an equilibrium concept, we discuss public provision that could affect moral motivation. With this approach, we demonstrate that a wide variety of crowd-out/in hypotheses can occur within a single framework, once the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic payoffs is introduced. The model provides the conditions under which public provision induces crowd-out as well as crowd-in. It is shown that the effect of public provision highly depends on the degree of motivational shift originating from the intrinsic payoff as well as the characteristics of the public good in relation to the private good in the extrinsic payoff.departmental bulletin pape