IUJ Repository (International Univ. of Japan)
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Did Mobile Payments Make Difference in Unbanked Rural Communities? Empirical Evidence from the Electronic Money Transform System of the Bangladesh Post Office
Get PDFThis study illustrates that a technologically less sophisticated e-government application can be successful as long as it has a proper fit of task and technology. A mobile payment service EMTS of the Bangladesh Post Office reported a dramatic increase in the number of electronic money orders issued and amount of money transferred through the system. As expected, EMTS shortened the money order delivery time from several days to a day. Commission earning from money order business has increased and became BPO's major source of earning in 2011. However, EMTS has limited success in assisting the unbanked citizens in rural areas because of a smaller number of post offices that support EMTS. Authors suggest that e-government be viewed as a collection of individual online information and services applications each of which is examined depending on task-technology fit.departmental bulletin pape
Modeling Public Management: What we know and what we need to know
Get PDFThe field of public management has accumulated a great deal of knowledge, but current studies have investigated public management only partially and have failed to incorporate all aspects of public management. To correct any possible biases and encompass all of the aspects of public management, O'Toole and Meier (1999) proposed a contingent model of public management, which predicts organizational performance as a function of previous performance, organizational environments, organizational stability, internal management, and external management. Since their proposal, the model has been tested and mentioned 256 times as of this writing, and 30 peer-reviewed articles have actually adopted the model for their analysis. This study aims at investigating the validity and reliability of the model by reviewing the 30 journal articles that adopted the O'Toole-Meier model. After the review, this study suggests future research questions to develop the model.departmental bulletin pape
Proactive Management, Reactive Management, and Perceived Political Support
Get PDFStarting from the assumption that political support is essential for public managers to manage their organizations, this study investigates factors that enhance political leaders' support toward top executives in public organizations. Based on the literature of proactive behaviors, this study tests hypothesis that proactive managers are more likely to acquire political support. Analyses on more than 500 cases in Texas school districts find that superintendents perceive more support from their school board members as they proactively interact with their board members, proactively express their opinions to the board, protect their organizations from external events, and exercise strong discretion in decision making within their organization. However, too much proactiveness threatening discretion of school board members does not help obtaining political support. This study suggests that top managers need to take strategic approach to enhance political support. Lastly, this study preliminarily finds that political support is significantly and positively associated with organizational performance.departmental bulletin pape
学習者の遭遇した問題の音声ファイルを使用した言語管理プロセスの分析
Get PDF接触場面のインターアクションで実際に起きたことを授業に反映させる取り組みの一環として、初級コースの学習者に学外で日本語接触場面の音声動画ファイルを記録してもらい、それに基づくフォローアップインタビューを行った。その分析結果から授業改善に向けた示唆を考察する。departmental bulletin pape
A qualitative approach to exploring competencies among host country national managers in Japanese MNCs
Get PDFThis study was designed to discover the competencies that are adaptively necessary for Asian managers of host country nationals (HCNs) who work effectively for subsidiaries of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs). A unique feature of this study is its description of the qualitative approach that was undertaken during interviews with managers from Japan, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Thailand. Altogether, 267 research participants were selected from a leading Japanese MNC that has been expanding strategically throughout Asia and, specifically, into the countries mentioned. A qualitative data analysis conducted in the present study found 12 key competencies, which yielded two competency models—the hierarchical model and the contextual human function model. Both models are applicable for Asian managers who demand effective organizational performance. Furthermore, distinctive and contextually specific competencies needed for particular countries were identified in this study; such distinctions suggest that each country may require these competencies to meet different environmental demands that exist across Asian countries.departmental bulletin pape
Sri Lankan Integration into Indian Supply Chains under the Bilateral Free Trade Agreement
Get PDFClose economic ties and virtual 'free trade' between the small island economy of Sri Lanka and its growing big neighbor – India, appear to have created scope for the former to integrate into the supply chains of the latter. The paper is aimed at studying whether Sri Lanka has been integrating into the Indian manufacturing processes in line with emerging trade patterns based on 'global product sharing'. In spite of popular perceptions about the deeper integration of Sri Lanka into Indian supply chains, the study suggests that Indo-Lanka Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has not led to a breakthrough in the 'old style' trade integration between the two countries. While Sri Lanka's trade expansion under the FTA has brought about peculiar outcomes, the country's integration to Indian manufacturing processes has performed slowly and continued to remain weak. The specific policy issues related to Indo-Lanka FTA itself and to the bilateral trade expansion appear to have hindered their productsharing. Generally, trade and growth patterns in both Sri Lanka and India are different from the experience of East and Southeast Asian countries which created opportunities to accommodate the formation of globalized supply chains of fragmented manufacturing processes. The study draws out conclusions and inferences with policy relevance for bilateral trade, while notifying the danger of bilateral 'free trade' against rising protectionism.departmental bulletin pape
Public Debt and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka: Is There Any Threshold Level for Pubic Debt?
Get PDFThe nexus between public debt and economic growth is multifaceted. Sri Lanka is not unique to this phenomenon, as there is growing concern about the implications of public debt on economic growth. By the end of 2012, public debt stood at Rs.6 trillion (79.14 per cent of GDP). The shares of domestic and external debt to total debt stock were 42.6 and 36.5 per cent of GDP, respectively. In 2012, the total interest paid on public debt was Rs.408.5 billion, which was equal to 5.39 per cent of GDP and 41.35 per cent of the government's total revenue. In addition to large interest payments, there are growing concerns about the huge public debt accumulation and its impact on the economy in the long run. The debt increases economic growth through investment, and it also involves costs because of interest payments. The government aims to reduce the current debt-to-GDP ratio of 79.14 per cent down to 60 per cent by 2016. One can also argue that if the borrowings help increase the growth through high returns, debt accumulation may not be a burden to the economy. The relationship between debt and economic growth in Sri Lanka is inconclusive and has been based on ideological predilections and circumstantial evidence. Although there seems to be an obvious positive linear relationship between debt and growth in Sri Lanka, it is difficult to establish a clear long‐run link between the two without a thorough investigation.\n\nThis study aims to investigate several issues: What is the exact relationship (either positive or negative) between debt and economic growth? If the relationship is nonlinear, what is the optimum or threshold rate of debt that would minimise the economic cost of debt in terms of economic growth? That is, what is the sustainable level of debt for Sri Lanka? Is the Central Bank debt reduction target of 60 per cent by 2016 desirable? The paper develops an econometric model to address these issues based on a conditional convergence using time series data for the period 1960‐2010. The study uses two‐year non‐overlapping averages to capture short‐run fluctuations and instrumental variables to address the endogeneity problem.\n\nThe study finds that there is a nonlinear relationship between the public debt and GDP per capita growth in Sri Lanka. The threshold level for public debt is 59.42 per cent of GDP. Above this level, public debt makes a negative impact on GDP per capita growth. Our finding of a threshold level strongly justify and support the debt reduction target of the government, which aims to reduce the current debt ratio of 79.14 per cent down to 60 per cent by 2016.departmental bulletin pape
The Effectiveness of Non-traditional Monetary Policy and the Inflation Target Policy: The Case of Japan in Comparison with the US
Get PDFThis paper analyzes the effectiveness of non-traditional monetary policy measures implemented by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) based on the quantity theory of money. The reduced form equation regression results explain that quantity easing policy measures have very limited effects on the economy, especially on inflation under the zero lower bound on interest rates. Therefore, it is worth noting that stimulating the demand-side economy and hence money demand through credit creation is much important rather than the expansion of money stock under the zero percent interest rates policy. In other words, the new phase of monetary easing policy measures by the BOJ will not be effective to overcome the deflationary gap, although around one percent inflation will be observed in the second and third fiscal year, which is expected to be affected by rise in import price through yen depreciation, according to the scenario simulation in this study.departmental bulletin pape
Chronic and Transient Poverty in Indonesia: A Spatial Perspective with the 2008-2010 Susenas Panel Data
Get PDFThis study analyzes poverty dynamics by region for urban and rural areas based on the 2008-2010 panel Susenas. It also conducts a probit analysis to explore the determinants of poverty based on the 2008 consumption module Susenas. We found that while 11% of rural people and 7% of urban people are chronically poor, there are a large number of transiently poor people in Indonesia. These transiently poor people have a high risk of falling into poverty occasionally. There is also a large difference in the extent of chronic and transient poverty among regions. While the government should implement policies to alleviate chronic poverty, it should at the same time introduce policies that could keep transiently poor people above the poverty line. Since there is a large regional variation in the extent of poverty, spatially differentiated poverty alleviation programs should be introduced according to the extent and nature of poverty.departmental bulletin pape
An Empirical Analysis of Inflation-Growth Nexus in Developing Countries: The Case of Sri Lanka
Get PDFThe maintenance of price stability is regarded as a key economic policy goal, as inflation is costly and hinders economic growth. There is a vast literature on the relationship between inflation and growth across time, regions, and inflation ranges. The conventional neoclassical view postulates a linear negative relationship between inflation and economic growth. The Keynesian and Neo-Keynesian frameworks, however, have established a linear positive relationship between inflation and growth in the short-run. Some researchers maintain that neither positive nor negative associations exist between inflation and growth. Although there seems to be an obvious positive relationship between inflation and growth in Sri Lanka in the long-run, it is difficult to establish a clear link between the two without a thorough investigation. Moreover, the high and volatile inflation rates have sparked a confusing debate within policy circles over the nexus of growth and inflation in the country. Given this background, this paper develops an econometric model to identify the real nature of the growth-inflation link in Sri Lanka and to determine the optimum or threshold rate of inflation that would minimise the economic cost of inflation in terms of economic growth. To the best of the author's knowledge, there has been no attempt previously to find such a threshold level of inflation for Sri Lanka. The proposed model uses long time series data to establish the plausible link between growth and inflation and also to estimate the inflation threshold. The current study finds a non-linear relationship between inflation and growth in Sri Lanka, contradicting the general belief about the linear relationship between inflation and growth. Growth increases with inflation, showing a positive relationship between the two variables up to 11 per cent of inflation, and then, growth becomes negative if inflation increases beyond that level. This finding implies that in Sri Lanka, there is a significant structural break of inflation at the 12 per cent level. The paper also finds that GDP growth and per capita GDP maximising inflation rate for the country falls between 7.4-9.6 per cent.departmental bulletin pape