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Data for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Video Dataset (WAAM-ViD)
No full textWAAM-ViD Dataset - Data and Variables Description
Variable List (with full names and definitions):
Video_filepath: File path to the video corresponding to each data row.
Format: Text (file path)
Camera_Matrix: Flattened intrinsic matrix (3x3) describing the internal camera parameters.
Format: Numeric list (9 values)
Distortion_Coefficients: Flattened vector describing radial and tangential lens distortion coefficients.
Format: Numeric list (typically 5 values)
Rotation_Matrix: Flattened 3x3 matrix describing camera orientation relative to the world coordinate system.
Format: Numeric list (9 values)
Translation_Vector: Flattened 3x1 vector describing camera position in the world coordinate system.
Format: Numeric list (3 values)
External_Light: Indicator whether an external light source was used in the recording.
Format: Binary (1 = yes, 0 = no)
Travel_Speed: Speed of the welding arm movement during recording.
Units: mm/s
Current: Electrical current applied during welding.
Units: Amperes (A)
Width: Width of the weld bead measured at each frame, aligned temporally with the video.
Units: mm; if unmeasured, recorded as 0.0
Frame_Annotation (Train/Test): Ground truth segmentation mask per frame (if available), stored separately in folders.
Format: PNG or JPEG image files
Units of Measurement:
Travel speed: millimeters per second (mm/s)
Current: amperes (A)
Weld bead width: millimeters (mm)
Calibration matrices: unitless numeric values
Definitions for Missing Data:
Width = 0.0: No measurement recorded, typically during initial stationary frames (~first 40 frames)
Other metadata fields: Empty or null if unrecorded
Specialized Formats / Abbreviations:
Cameras:
XVC-1000: Xiris XVC-1000 passive HDR camera
C400-H: CAVITAR C400-H laser-illuminated active camera
File naming convention: Videos are labeled by orientation and camera type (e.g., TopCentral_XVC1000_001.mp4)
Column Headings (for metadata CSV):
Video_filepath, Camera_Matrix, Distortion_Coefficients, Rotation_Matrix, Translation_Vector, External_Light, Travel_Speed, Current, WidthThe Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Video Dataset (WAAM-ViD) is a dataset designed for multi angle melt pool dimension analysis in WAAM. It contains 110 videos recorded from five different orientations (as shown in Fig. 1), each averaging 26.5 seconds in duration and captured at 25–30 frames per second. The videos were filmed using two types of cameras: a passive camera (n = 80) and an active laser-illumination camera (n = 30). In addition to the videos, the dataset includes detailed metadata such as the camera matrix, distortion coefficients, rotation matrix, translation vector, presence of external lighting, arc current, travel speed, and weld seam dimensions. A subset of annotated frames is provided for training and testing the DeepLabv3 model used for melt pool segmentation. All metadata are also included
Sustainable/recyclable composites for heavy-duty vehicle floorings
No full textMills, Andrew - Associate SupervisorComposites are being increasingly used in the automotive industry to fabricate primary and secondary structural components such as tie rods, bumpers and door panels. To comply with the environmental regulations, the automotive sector is adopting sustainable composite materials and manufacturing techniques such as thermoplastic compression moulding. The switch from thermoset to thermoplastic composites to manufacture recyclable components that do not compromise performance is an examplar.
As a part of this M.Sc by Research project, a critical review of components used in buses and trucks is undertaken to find a suitable component to be replaced with sustainable materials. Components like leaf springs and trailer floorings are studied to understand how significant weight reduction can be achieved using alternative materials. Recyclable and low-cost materials such as polypropylene-based composites are considered for weight reduction and improved sustainability/recyclability.
The replacement of hardwood flooring in heavy-duty vehicles with relatively lighter thermoset sandwich panels is observed in the literature as an attempt to reduce weight. However, a research gap is observed in addressing the recyclability of thermoset panels which form cross-links upon curing. This thesis aims to bridge this gap by providing a lightweight alternative to wooden bus floorings while considering its cost and recyclability. Polypropylene and glass fibre-based thermoplastic sandwich panels are developed and reviewed as an alternative. These panels are manufactured using polypropylene glass fibre skins, polypropylene honeycomb and co-bonded using a thermoplastic-based hotmelt glue.
The manufactured panels are found to be 1.4 kg/M²lighter than commercially available birch wood. This decrease in density equates to 51 kg of weight savings when used as a floor in a coach and potential 157 kg weight savings if the panels are used to replace the side panels. Replacing wooden floor panels with thermoplastic alternatives translates to about 1225 litres of lifetime fuel savings and a reduction of 3.4 tonnes in CO₂ emissions for a city bus with more halts.
A three-point bend test is carried out to evaluate the structural performance of the fabricated sandwich panels. The bending test reveals that the manufactured thermoplastic panels show 22 MPa of bending strength. In contrast, the wooden and thermoset counterparts show a bending strength of 34 MPa and 20 MPa, respectively. Low-velocity impact tests are conducted to simulate scenarios like tool drops or hail and debris hitting the floorings. This test at 6 J of impact energy reveals significantly less residual damage when compared to thermoset counterparts.MSc by Research in Manufacturin
Unlocking circular economy potential: evaluating high-value chemical production from pyrolysis of plastics recovered from landfilled municipal solid waste
No full textThis study evaluates the potential for producing valuable chemical products from plastics recovered from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and therefore contributing to waste reduction and resource recovery. Using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) we analysed the decomposition products of 10 plastic samples including fresh and excavated samples of different landfill periods from 4 landfill sites. The samples comprised polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), two mixed excavated plastic materials containing PE, PP, polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). All samples were pyrolyzed at 350, 500, 650 and 800 °C to semi-quantitatively identify the range of compounds produced at each temperature. Hydrocarbon production was the highest at 500 °C and 650 °C whit a significant proportion of the products falling within the naphtha range (C6-C10), which is a critical feedstock in the plastic industry. Notably, naphtha can be cracked to produce 55 wt% high-value chemicals, such as ethylene and propylene. Additionally, aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene and styrene, especially in the mixed samples demonstrate potential for use in the chemical industries for polymers, solvents and dyes. These results provide encouraging evidence that excavated landfill plastics can serve as a viable source of valuable chemical intermediates, supporting both resource recovery and the advancement of a circular plastics economy. While this study offers an important initial assessment, primarily qualitative and focused on single polymers and controlled artificial mixtures, it establishes a solid foundation for future research. Further investigations using heterogeneous and larger-scale processing are recommended to fully demonstrate the techno-economic feasibility and environmental benefits of integrating pyrolysis of aged plastics into sustainable waste management and resource recovery strategies.The authors acknowledge the support received from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the Doctoral Training Partnership (DTP) (EP/N509450/1).Waste Managemen
High-dosage carbide slag-based cementitious material: workability, mechanical strength, and carbonation behavior with the performance enhancement
No full textCement production generates substantial carbon emissions, necessitating low-carbon alternatives. This study utilized high-dosage carbide slag, a solid waste byproduct of the acetylene industry, to prepare an environmentally friendly and low carbon cementitious materials-CFG (Carbide slag-Fly ash-GGBS system). To investigate the comprehensive performance of CFG, the effects of different dosages of carbide slag (CS, 10%-70%) and silica fume (SF, 0% or 10%), as well as the CO2 capture capacity, were investigated. The environmental assessment was also carried out by using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The flexural and compressive strengths of CFG with 10% CS reached 7.7 and 29.2MPa, respectively, at 28 days. It is clear from the micro-analysis that the CS mainly acts as an alkaline stimulant in the cementitious system and can effectively activate FA and GGBS to produce gels. Excessive CS in the system caused Ca(OH)2 accumulation, which negatively affected the system’s strength. This can be remedied by adding SF and carbonization. In particular, after carbonation, the compressive strength of specimens with 30% CS increased by 32.7% from 31.1MPa to 35.7MPa and with 70% CS increase by 80% from 11MPa to 19.8MPa, demonstrating excellent carbon sequestration enhancement properties. The environmental evaluation of the system using LCA shows a substantial suppression of CO2 emissions and energy consumption, with 89.12% and 80.35% reduction, respectively, compared with ordinary Portland cement. Therefore, along with the massive consumption of solid waste, CFG is an environmentally friendly material with the potential to replace conventional cement.This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52108147 and 52341802) and the Senior Talent Foundation of Jiangsu University (No. 20JDG19).Case Studies in Construction Material
Exploring circular economy in the United Kingdom based on LinkedIn data from company profiles
Get PDFThis work explores the landscape of Circular Economy within the business domain through an innovative approach to topic modelling applied to 1396 LinkedIn company profiles in the UK. We explore thematic structures within a dataset curated through the LinkedIn search engine prompt for companies related to the Circular Economy. Leveraging Latent Dirichlet Allocation models, we identify topics that encapsulate the essence of circular and sustainable business practices. Our findings unveil key thematic clusters, including “Waste Management and Environmental Impact,” highlighting companies at the forefront of waste reduction and eco-conscious industry practices. Another significant cluster, “Sustainable Solutions and Customer-Centric Approach,” delves into businesses seamlessly integrating sustainability across product design and customer interactions. Lastly, “Green Technology and Community Building” sheds light on companies excelling in green technology and actively contributing to environmentally responsible global networks. Topic modelling is employed as a powerful tool for unravelling complex business narratives and fostering a holistic approach to sustainable practices.Journal of Cleaner Productio
ROSE+ : A robustness-optimized security scheme against cascading failures in multipath TCP under LDDoS attack streams
Get PDFMultipath TCP leverages parallel data transmission across multiple paths to improve transmission rates, reliability, and resource utilization. However, Multipath TCP faces severe network security and communication reliability challenges when exposed to low-rate distributed denial-of-service (LDDoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a robustness optimization security scheme against cascading failures in Multipath TCP (ROSE+) to tackle the challenges posed by Low-rate Distributed Denial of Service (LDDoS) attacks on network security and communication reliability. The scheme integrates the intricate network load-capacity cascading failures model and leverages the unique characteristics of multipath TCP to facilitate the redistribution of load traffic at ineffectiveness nodes, thereby alleviating the cascading failures induced by LDDoS attack streams. Additionally, we optimize the robustness of communication transmission systems by devising a load-capacity cascading failures model. The experimental results demonstrate that the scheme reduces the probability of cascading failures by 20.07%. This research provides new ideas and methods to improve the robustness and destruction resistance of multipath TCP transmission.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaThis work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61962026 and in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province under Grant No. 20224ACB202007.2024 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom
A review of hydrogen micromix combustion technologies for gas turbine applications
Get PDFHydrogen micromix combustion is a promising technology for gas turbines, introducing rapid, miniaturized air-fuel mixing, significantly reducing combustion zone length and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This review evaluates the state-of-the-art hydrogen micromix combustion technologies, focusing on injector performance, flashback characteristics, and NOx reduction strategies. Injector designs are categorized based on premixing and flame stabilization techniques. While stationary gas turbines approach Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 9, aviation applications remain below TRL 4. This review identifies key design principles and predictive modelling challenges and presents a development roadmap for advancing hydrogen micromix combustion technology for aviation from TRL 4 to TRL 9 by 2040.This project has received funding from European Union's Horizon research and innovation program 2020 under grant agreement No. 769241 (ENABLEH2), Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 886840 (UTOPEA) and UKRI ATI project under grant No. 10003388 (ONEHeart).International Journal of Hydrogen Energ
Evaluation of an intuitive 4WD drift assist control concept in a driving simulator
Get PDFIn this paper, we present a concept of drift assist control for a 4-Wheel-Drive (4WD) electric vehicle that allows independent wheel torque control, aiming at an intuitive interaction with the average human driver. The concept is evaluated through a driver-in-loop trial using a driving simulator. Starting with a 4WD drift equilibrium analysis, we demonstrate the necessity of incorporating the throttle input for sideslip control and the idea of restricting the sideslip rate in order to assist the driver in stabilising the vehicle in drifting. Subsequently, we design a sideslip rate and yaw rate controller according to the desired sideslip angle from the driver using torque vectoring. To evaluate our control concept, a circular track is built in Cranfield University’s driving simulator based on the IPG CarMaker software. 34 participants were recruited to perform two drifting tasks, including the transition from normal cornering to drifting and regulating the sideslip under different configurations of sideslip damping rate and steering wheel feedback torque. Through subjective questionnaires and objective evaluation of vehicle states, the results show that our concept can assist the driver in intuitively controlling the vehicle during drifting.The financial and intellectual contributions of Rimac Technology are acknowledged for their role in supporting this researchVehicle System Dynamic
Variabilities in climate sensitivities and mass balance of four High Mountain Asian glaciers
No full textWe analyse the mass balance evolution and climate sensitivities of four glaciers of High Mountain Asia (HMA) over the last five decades: Tuyuksu and Sary Tor glaciers (Northern and Central Tien Shan, Central Asia), Chhota Shigri Glacier (Western Himalaya), and an unnamed glacier (Glacier No. 4) (Eastern Himalaya). Using declassified Corona and Hexagon imageries (1960–1980) and recent high-resolution optical satellite data, we estimate mass loss rates of −0.3 ± 0.1 m w.e a−1 (Tuyuksu and Chhota Shigri, 1971–2020), −0.6 ± 0.1 m w.e a−1 (Sary Tor, 1973–2023) and −0.4 ± 0.1 m w.e. a−1 (Glacier No. 4, 1969–2022). A calibrated mass balance model (SnowModel) coupled with an ice dynamics model was used to simulate long-term annual and seasonal mass balance. Sensitivity analysis indicates temperature has a much stronger influence than precipitation, with Glacier No. 4 being most climate sensitive. Even in the most optimistic future climate scenario (SSP126) temperatures are projected to rise by ∼2 °C with a ∼10% increase in precipitation leading to continuous mass loss. Sensitivity based projections suggest losses within a range of 0.8 m w.e. a−1 (Chhota Shigri) and 1.8 m w.e. a−1 (Glacier No. 4), with higher losses under more extreme scenarios. Glacier No. 4 faces the greatest threat due to insufficient precipitation to counterbalance warming. These findings highlight the vulnerability of HMA glaciers and the challenge of maintaining equilibrium under future climate scenarios.KM acknowledges the support from Cranfield University for conducting this research.Global and Planetary Chang
HOW do we improve the testing of female ballistic body armour? – a comparison of roma plastilina no.1, 10% ballistic gelatine and sebs gel
No full textBody armour designed for use by police officers in England and Wales is currently tested using Roma Plastilina No1 (RP1) as the witness material for the measurement of back face signature (BFS). However, this material has limitations when testing body armour designed for females, as it is not possible to measure the BFS in the breast region due to the way the breast shapes are formed. Therefore, to enable measurement of BFS for females over the breast, an alternative backing material is required to form surrogate breasts and torso which would enable BFS to be measured. A comparison was conducted between RP1, 10% ballistic gelatine and a 30/70% styrene-etylene / butylene-styrene (SEBS) gel, using standardised ballistic test packs and two projectiles: DM11A1B2 9 mm FMJ at velocities 365 ± 10 ms−1; Remington R357M3 0.357” JSP at velocities 390 ± 10 ms−1. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference identified in measured BFS among the three backing materials with both projectile types. RP1 had the overall smallest variance in measured BFS for both projectile types, however the limitation in being able to mould to create a breast shape is a major limiting factor. With 10% ballistic gelatine, when testing with the 0.357” projectile, a greater variance in measured BFS was shown compared to the other materials. The SEBS gel was consistent for the 0.357” projectile, but with the 9 mm projectile there was greater variance in results. Both 10% ballistic gelatine and SEBS gel would enable a moulded female test form to be created, however SEBS gel has a much longer shelf life and showed resistance to damage, although neither of these materials could be considered as a biofidelic substitute for breast tissue.Cranfield UniversityThis work was conducted as part of Dr C Malbon PhD, which was funded by Cranfield University. Cranfield University, Home Office Centre of Applied Science and Technology, and Centre de Recherche et d’Expertise de la Logistique (CREL), each conducted the testing regime at their own expense and shared the data.International Journal of Legal Medicin