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Achieving on-site trustworthy AI implementation in the construction industry: a framework across the AI lifecycle
Get PDFIn recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the construction industry has rapidly emerged, particularly in areas such as site monitoring and project management. This technology has demonstrated its great potential in enhancing safety and productivity in construction. However, concerns regarding the technical maturity and reliability, safety, and privacy implications have led to a lack of trust in AI among stakeholders and end users in the construction industry, which slows the intelligent transformation of the industry, particularly for on-site AI implementation. This paper reviews frameworks for AI system design across various sectors and government regulations and requirements for achieving trustworthy and responsible AI. The principles for the AI system design are then determined. Furthermore, a lifecycle design framework specifically tailored for AI systems deployed in the construction industry is proposed. This framework addresses six key phases, including planning, data collection, algorithm development, deployment, maintenance, and archiving, and clarifies the design principles and development priorities needed for each phase to enhance AI system trustworthiness and acceptance. This framework provides design guidance for the implementation of AI in the construction industry, particularly for on-site applications, aiming to facilitate the intelligent transformation of the construction industry.This work was supported by “TRAMS-Enterprise—Trustworthy, Responsible AI and ML for construction, Secure and Enterprise Ready” funded by Innovate UK (Ref: 10093011).Building
We are not equipped to identify the first signs of cyber–physical attacks: emotional reactions to cybersecurity breaches on domestic internet of things devices
Get PDFThe increasing number of domestic Internet of Things (IoT) devices in our lives leads to numerous benefits, but also comes with an increased risk of cybersecurity breaches. These breaches have psychological consequences for the users. We examined the nature of the psychological impact of cybersecurity breaches on domestic IoT by investigating emotional experiences in a scenario study (Study 1) and a field experiment (Study 2) using the five emotion components of the Component Process Model (CPM) and emotion regulation as a framework. We replicated a three-dimensional structure for emotional experiences found in a previous study, with an addition of an ancillary fourth dimension in the second study. The first dimension represents emotional intensity. The second bipolar dimension describes constructive vs. unconstructive action tendencies. On the third dimension, also bipolar, cognitive and motivational emotion features are opposed to affective emotion features. The fourth dimension, labeled distress symptoms, mainly reflects negative emotions. In Study 2, most of the introduced frequent irregularities on IoT devices were not noticed, and the intensity of emotional reactions and tendencies to react in a constructive way decreased throughout the phases of the experiment. These findings reveal that we are not emotionally equipped to identify potential threats in the cyber world.European Commission, Dutch Research Council, Research Foundation - FlandersApplied Science
Numerical study on the combustion and emissions characteristics of liquid ammonia spray ignited by dimethyl ether spray
Get PDFAmmonia has attracted considerable attention as a zero-carbon fuel for decarbonizing energy-intensive industries. However, its low reactivity and narrow flammability limit efficient ignition and efficient combustion. By using CONVERGR software, this study numerically investigates the ignition and combustion characteristics of liquid ammonia spray ignited by dimethyl ether spray in a constant-volume chamber at an ambient temperature of 900 K. Critical parameters, including injection angles (90°–150°), liquid ammonia injection pressures (60–90 MPa), and ambient pressures (2.8–5.8 MPa), were systematically analyzed to evaluate their effects on ignition conditions and emissions. Results indicate that increasing the injection angle improves mixing between liquid ammonia and dimethyl ether sprays, enhancing combustion efficiency and achieving a maximum efficiency of 92.47% at 120°. Excessively large angles cause incomplete combustion or misfire. Higher liquid ammonia injection pressures improve atomization and promote earlier interactions between the sprays but reduce combustion efficiency, decreasing by approximately 2% as injection pressure increases from 60 MPa to 90 MPa. Higher ambient pressures improve combustion stability but decrease ammonia combustion efficiency. Post-combustion NO emissions at 5.8 MPa are reduced by 60.48% compared to 3.8 MPa. The formation of NO is strongly correlated with the combustion efficiency of liquid ammonia. A higher combustion rate of liquid ammonia tends to result in elevated NO. Based on these findings, an injection angle of 120°, an NH3 injection pressure of 75 MPa, and an ambient pressure of 3.8 MPa are recommended to optimize combustion efficiency.This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 52206149).Fir
Heterogeneous graph social pooling for interaction-aware vehicle trajectory prediction
Get PDFPredicting the trajectories of neighboring vehicles is vital for self-driving cars in intricate real-world driving. The challenge lies in accounting for diverse influences on a vehicle's movement, travel needs, neighboring vehicles, and a local map. To address these factors comprehensively, we have developed a framework with a Heterogeneous Graph Social (HGS) pooling approach. The framework represents vehicles and infrastructures in a single graph, with vehicle nodes holding historical dynamics information and infrastructure nodes containing spatial features from map images. HGS captures vehicle–infrastructure interactions in urban driving. Unlike existing methods that are restricted to a fixed vehicle count and highway settings, HGS can accommodate variable interactions and road layouts. By merging all features, our approach predicts the target vehicle's future path. Experiments on real-world data confirm HGS's superiority, boasting quicker training and inference, affirming its feasibility, effectiveness, and efficiency.This work was supported in part by the Wallenberg-NTU Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship (Award number: 023485-00001) of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, under the MTC Individual Research Grant (M22K2c0079), the ANR-NRF Joint Grant (No.NRF2021-NRF-ANR003 HM Science), and the Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore, under the Tier 2 Grant (MOE-T2EP50222-0002).Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Revie
Experimental and DFT study of (sorption-enhanced) steam methane reforming over bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts
Get PDFThe catalytic performance of a monometallic Ni/Al2O3 and three bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts (with Cu loading of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mol%, respectively) for the (sorption-enhanced) steam methane reforming reaction was evaluated. Physico-chemical characterization of the materials confirmed the formation of Ni-Cu alloy and the even distribution of active metals within the porous high-surface area support. All three bimetallic catalysts showed enhanced methane conversion compared to the conventional Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at higher temperatures (800 °C), which was attributed to the promotion of the water–gas shift reaction by the addition of Cu. The experimental observations were supported by the Density Functional Theory calculations of carbon and oxygen adsorption on the mono and bimetallic surfaces. Ni3Cu1 and Ni1Cu1 were calculated to have a similar level of catalytic activity as Ni, based on results from a microkinetic model of the steam methane reforming reaction. Ni1Cu3 showed slightly lower activity, potentially due to its low carbon adsorption ability which impedes the rate-determining methane decomposition process. The SMR reaction was further improved by adding calcium oxide as the CO2 sorbent, which increased both methane conversion and hydrogen yield. Ni3Cu1/Al2O3 and Ni1Cu1/Al2O3 were identified as promising SMR catalysts with a high methane conversion of approximately 90 % at 800 °C and 97 % at 700 °C, without and with the sorbent, respectively.Fue
Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: a large-scale case study
Get PDFMore detailed Three Horizons results can be found in FixOurFood’s freely accessible subsystem reports [74–76]. Original material (post-it notes etc.) is stored on a number of murals in FixOurFood’s Mural (https://www.mural.co/) account. Data are available from [email protected] or the University of York Open Research team ([email protected] ) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.We urgently need to foster regenerative food systems that mutually reinforce human and ecological health. However, we have limited understanding of the action pathways that could encourage the emergence of such systems. Here we report on an extensive Three Horizons futures process, conducted with diverse participation from food system researchers and practitioners, to identify core domains of action for transforming the food system of Yorkshire, UK, towards a regenerative future. After establishing the contrast between the current degenerative and envisioned future regenerative food system, six core action domains were identified that require support to enable transformation: 1) enhancing supply chain connectivity and innovation to support diverse hybrid business ecosystems; 2) scaling environmentally beneficial and regenerative farming; 3) empowering citizens to reshape food demand; 4) providing trusted, accessible knowledge support for standards and incentives; 5) supporting schools and young people as drivers of long-term change; and 6) ensuring coordination and mutual support across domains. Our results highlight the importance of efforts to cohere synergic action, ambitious visioning, and addressing issues of power. Overall, our study sets an ambitious standard for co-developing action priorities to encourage regenerative futures.UK Research and InnovationFixOurFood’s work was supported by the UKRI Transforming Food Systems Strategic Priority Fund (grant number BB/V004581/1).PLoS Sustainability and Transformatio
A hierarchical spatial and temporal optimisation of the air-high speed rail intermodal network
Get PDFSpatial and temporal coordination of air-high speed rail (HSR) intermodal networks is important to reduce emission, improve service, enhance efficiency, and reduce costs in the provision of air-HSR integration. This paper constructs a hierarchical optimisation model that first considers a spatial scope to solve the problem of route allocation and frequency choice which minimises total environmental, operational and passenger cost with a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model, based on a demand estimation for passenger trips between city pairs. Then, the second hierarchical level of the model considers a temporal scope to maximise connection opportunities between the resulting air and HSR networks using time windows to adjust frequencies with a Prescriptive Integer Quadratic Programming (PIQP) model. An application to a network of 40 cities in mainland China with both air and HSR transport service shows that the total emission of the network can be reduced by 22 %. Comparative analyses show that optimising for passenger costs favours increased air travel on medium- and long-haul routes, while an emissions-focused approach encourages a shift toward HSR for short and medium distances. Sensitivity analyses on carbon pricing further highlight the potential of gradual price adjustments to incentivise lower-emission modes without requiring additional HSR infrastructure.Journal of Transport Geograph
‘E’ of ESG and firm performance: evidence from China
Get PDFFollowing the ESG rating divergence reported in the previous research studies, we develop a novel firm-level Green Commitment (GC) index by incorporating new dimensions of environmental management and governance. We construct GC scores for all A-share listed companies in China from 2015 to 2021 and analyze whether firms with greater environmental commitment exhibit improvements in their future performance. Our results show that firms with high GC scores achieve higher stock returns without incurring extra risk. Additionally, a strong environmental commitment can enhance operating performance by mitigating financial constraints. The evidence supports the view that environmental investing contributes to the creation of positive shareholder value. Our GC index can be applied more widely to resolve the mixed evidence on the value implications of corporate environmental commitments.International Review of Financial Analysi
Electrophoretic deposition of LiFePO4 and carbon black: a numerical study to explore longitudinal trends using Taguchi design
Get PDFDeveloping Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) for Composite Structural Batteries (CSBs) could revolutionise energy storage technology. CSBs offer an innovative solution by seamlessly integrating batteries into structures and effectively reducing weight and space constraints. Despite its successful implementation across various fields, EPD method still lacks comprehensive understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes due to the number of variables involved. In this study the effects of key parameters associated with the process are investigated with a coupled FEM and analytical approach to find correlations with the deposition process. A Taguchi Design of Experiment with five parameters, namely voltage, concentration, relative weight ratio of LiFePO4 – carbon black particles, length and perimeter of the electrodes is implemented to identify the correlations with mass deposited, thickness of the coating and yield rate when LiFePO4 and Carbon Black particles in ethanol suspension are used. In order to capture the variation over time, each parameter is studied at six different time of deposition. A concentration that optimises yield rate resulting in thickness and mass deposition is identified. The resistivity of the suspension dictates the yield rate dynamics, allowing it to be designed within a specific range to meet requirements of different applications.This work was supported by the EPSRC Doctoral Training Partnership [grant number: EP/T518104/1] at Cranfield University, with partial funding from Polestar Automotive UK.Materials & Desig
Angle of attack effects on the induced structural loads of a weapons bay
Get PDFAero-acoustic analysis was conducted on a weapons bay numerical model with doors, incorporating radar cross section reduction features. The effect of the angle of attack on the aero-acoustic response of the cavity was analysed at Mach numbers of 0.85 and 1.20. It was found that incidence influenced both mean-flow features and acoustic response. Further, linear and angular accelerations induced by the flow on the bay doors revealed potential adverse fluid–structure coupling when the results were compared with modal analysis. Again, the angle of attack did influence the aeroacoustic effects on the cavity door structure.Aerotecnica Missili & Spazi