Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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EFFECT OF AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE ON LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA
No full textThis study examined the effect of auditor independence on liquidity management in Nigerian commercial banks. Auditor independence is proxied by audit fees, audit firm tenure, audit firm size, and auditor competence, while liquidity management is measured by the current ratio. Data were collected from 10 commercial banks over the period 2014 to 2024, resulting in 110 observations. Using panel data analysis with fixed effects regression, the results reveal that audit fees (β = 0.0022, p < 0.01) and audit firm size (β = 0.0420, p = 0.052) have positive effects on the current ratio, while audit firm tenure (β = 0.0043, p = 0.305) and auditor competence (β = 0.0046, p = 0.764) do not show significant effects. The model explains 79.0% of the variance in liquidity management (R² = 0.790). Anchored on agency theory, the findings suggest that stronger auditor independence enhances liquidity oversight and bank stability. Recommendations include strengthening regulatory frameworks for auditor selection and fee structures to improve financial reporting quality and liquidity practices in Nigerian banks. 
GREY DIRECTORS ATTRIBUTE AND IDIOSYNCRATIC RISK OF LISTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NIGERIA: MODERATING EFFECT OF TAX OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY
No full textThe broad objective of this study was to investigate the nexus between grey directors’ attribute and idiosyncratic risk of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria using a ten (10) year time frame that span through 2014 to 2023. In addition to the broad objective, this study also determined the moderating effect of tax optimization strategy on the relationship that exists between grey directors’ attribute and idiosyncratic risk. To achieve the stated broad objectives, specific attributes of grey directors’ which have been widely employed in related extant literature to include grey director size, and grey director gender diversity were selected to ascertain the extent to which they affect idiosyncratic risk. This study employed ex-post facto and descriptive research design on a panel data set sourced from annual financial reports of a sample of forty-six listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Further, Iterated Generalized Least Squares (IGLS) Random Effects with Heteroskedastic Panels regression model was employed to test the formulated hypotheses after fulfilling the necessary conditions for obtaining non-spurious regression estimates. The findings of this study have been broadly categorized into two. First, while certain grey director attributes to include gender diversity, director size, and overlapping roles did not exhibit significant relationship with firm-specific risk. Second, when the moderating influence of tax optimization measured through debt tax shields, gender diversity becomes significantly related to decreased risk. Therefore, based on the foregoing empirical outcomes, this study recommends among others that stakeholders in Nigeria’s manufacturing industry should avoid relying on grey director board size or their overlap function with risk committees as standalone levers for managing idiosyncratic risk, as these variables showed no significant direct effect. Instead, emphasis should be placed on strengthening more effective governance structures.
 
FRAUD PENTAGON MODEL AND CORPORATE REPORTING QUALITY OF QUOTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA
No full textThis study investigates the impact of the Fraud Pentagon Model on corporate reporting quality in quoted Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. The increasing prevalence of financial statement fraud has undermined investor confidence and highlights the need for enhanced fraud detection frameworks. Building upon the traditional Fraud Triangle and Diamond theories, the Fraud Pentagon incorporates five critical elements: Pressure, Opportunity, Rationalization, Capability, and Arrogance. These factors were empirically examined to determine their influence on discretionary accruals, a proxy for corporate reporting quality. The study employed an ex post facto research design, utilizing secondary data extracted from the published annual reports of 13 listed DMBs over a thirteen-year period (2012–2024). Discretionary accruals were measured using the Modified Jones Model. Panel data regression techniques, including Panel EGLS with cross-sectional weights, were adopted for analysis. The results reveal that Pressure and Rationalization have a significant positive effect on discretionary accruals, indicating their contribution to reduced reporting quality. Opportunity, Capability, and Arrogance, however, showed statistically insignificant effects on discretionary accruals, suggesting that these factors do not strongly influence earnings manipulation in the sampled banks. The study recommends among others such as the reinforcement of internal controls, ethical training, and the integration of forensic accounting techniques. The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence from a developing economy and highlights the need for stronger oversight, effective corporate governance, and continuous auditor vigilance
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: : A PANACEA TOWARDS THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS AS PERCEIVED BY TEACHERS IN AGUATA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA STATE
No full textThe study investigated the “Inclusive education: A panacea towards the education of children with disabilities in pre-primary schools as perceived by teachers in Aguata Local Government Area, Anambra State.” Four research questions guided the study. The study was a descriptive research design. The population was 1330 teachers in the 78 public pre-primary/primary schools in Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State. A random sampling technique was used to select 200 pre-primary schoolteachers who participated in the study. A structured questionnaire, which had the test-retest reliability of 0.91 after correlating the two sets of scores from pilot studies, with Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, was used as an instrument for the collection of data. The questionnaire used in this study was given to three (3) experts. The researcher and the research assistants collected necessary data from the teachers in each school. The data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation. The findings showed that inclusive education has significant impacts on children with disabilities in pre-primary schools. Parents’ socioeconomic status has an impact on their children with disabilities in pre-primary schools. Problems facing the education of children with disabilities in pre-primary schools include the inadequacy of educational funding and educational materials. Government efforts towards promoting the education of children with disabilities in pre-primary schools include establishing of various schools to take care of the needs of the disabled children, among others. Recommendations were made based on the findings that the Government should establish more schools to care for the needs of children with disabilities. The researcher suggested that further studies should be carried out on the effect of early childhood education on children with disabilitie
EXPORT-LED GROWTH STRATEGY IN ENGAGING NIGERIA ECONOMIC CRISIS: PROSPECTS AND LIMITATIONS
No full textNigeria economy is grappling with severe adverse effects of depreciating exchange rate, rising energy costs, inflationary pressures, huge backlog of foreign obligations, as Debt Service to Revenue Ratio measuring 99 percent. Confronted by these economic challenges, diverse short-term and long-term policy measures are considered. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to reexamine the prospects and challenges of the export-growth strategy as one of the fitting strategies to addressing the current economic crisis. Theoretical review is anchored on the free trade debate. The qualitative content analysis approach was adopted and secondary data was analyzed. Findings revealed that while the export-growth strategy holds measurable prospect for economic growth, challenges such as lack of political will to effectively and consistently implement robust and well articulated long-term economic policies as seen in AGOA is lacking. Significant is underperformance of Nigeria’s industrial sector limiting capacity for export oriented market, due to lack of requisite industrial infrastructure like energy, funding and lack of adequate government incentives, as well as polices of government that diminishes local industries. This paper concludes that, in tackling the current economic crisis, short and long term measures is required. Export growth in Nigeria holds prospect for long-term impact on the economy as Nigeria currently lack the requisite capacity to thrive in the export market. The paper recommends that, export growth impact on the economy would require the sustained political will and vision to turn Nigeria from to production and export-based economy. In this regards government should address the challenge of energy, issue of dumping, and bureaucratic bottlenecks. There is also the need for adequate funding and vital incentives needed to revitalize the industrial/productive sector of the economy aimed at domestic self sufficiency and a capacity for export of processed or finished product for higher profitability.
 
ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY AND THE IMO STATE CIVIL SERVICE
No full textThe Imo State Service has existed since the creation of the state in 1976, yet it does not enjoy a favourable image in the estimation of the people of the state due to the poor attitude to work exhibited by many civil servants. This work, therefore, focused on determining the level of Administrative Responsibility exhibited by civil servants in the Imo State Civil Service in the period 2011-2023. The Public Choice Theory was the framework of analysis for the study. The questionnaire and interviews were the major sources of data collection, while data generated were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that the level of Administrative Responsibility in the Imo State Civil Service within the period of the study was low. To stem this trend, the researcher recommended that the Imo State Civil Service should strictly uphold the statutory measures for the enforcement of rules and regulations in the service. It should also adopt appropriate measures to provide satisfactory service to the public.
 
DARK TETRAD PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL PERFORMANCE: MEDIATING EFFECT OF COLLABORATION
No full textPersonality traits are known to influence entrepreneurial performance. As such, entrepreneurship is presented as a positive endeavour; neglecting the dark aspect and the collaborative efforts of entrepreneurs in industries such as the real estate. The dark entrepreneurial practices of real estate agents in Abuja have engendered unprecedented increase in rentage fees, scarcity of affordable houses for low- and middle- income earners, and polarisation of the city on the basis of highbrow and underdeveloped areas. This study therefore seeks to investigate the mediating effect of collaboration on dark tetrad personality traits and entrepreneurial performance nexus. The study adopts a cross-sectional survey design. Criterion sampling technique was employed to screen the 233 registered real estate agents with the Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN) in Abuja to 121 based on predetermined criteria. Linear and multiple regression were employed to analyse the generated data via questionnaire based on Baron and Kenny’s (1986) four step approach for testing mediating variable. The result shows a significant and positive mediating effect. The study concludes that despite the unethical nature of these traits, the real estate agents still thrive in their businesses because of the corrupt and unstructured business environment in the city. Hence, a stiffer control of the activities of REDAN, a more concerted fight against corruption and sensitisation of existing and would-be real estate agents on the grave consequences of wholly possessing and exhibiting dark tetrad personality traits in the conduct of dark entrepreneurial activities are recommended
CASH ON DELIVERY RISK MITIGATION CMRR MODEL
No full textThis research paper is an explorative investigation of cash payment on the delivery of electronic commerce transaction to identify the risks and losses incurred by merchants in an unsuccessful transaction using questionnaire instrument on major e-commerce shops in Nigeria (Jumia, Konga, PayPorte, Slot.ng, Jiji Nigeria etc. The study suggested that the risk incurred are associated from return shipment of items, packaging and unpacking of products from unfulfilled transactions, logistics, theft in carrying huge amount of money on transit, fraudulent orders and chargeback in an unsuccessful cash on delivery of electronic commerce transaction. Hence the development of a centralized merchant registration retrieval (CMRR) model to mitigating the identified risk and allied loses, through a post billing mechanism that post-debit a customer, to ensure that a nominal fee for covering the cost associated with unsuccessful transactions are covered. The model was further evaluated from the major electronic commerce shops in Nigeria and their customers for acceptability. The result indicated 70% acceptability by merchants, as a solution that guarantees the effectiveness of cash on delivery electronic commerce transaction, while 30% of customers accepted the model, citing the need for further trust that post-debit bills for cash on delivery transaction will not be affected on successful transactions
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION IN BANKING POST COVID-19: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF FINTECH’S ROLE
No full textThe operational concept, philosophy, logic and end goal of both entrepreneurship and Banking innovation could best be describe as a deliberate concept geared towards ensuring ease of doing banking business in the most economical manner. The emphasis of such concept among other things are primarily concerned with the level of satisfaction a customer is expected to attain through its numerous services which add value to human lives whether commercially or otherwise. This paper examines entrepreneurship and innovation in banking Post Covid-19: A conceptual analysis of Fintech’s role. It aims to determine the effectiveness of the study model in serving as a way-out to the country`s socio-economic challenges brought about by Covid-19 pandemic, particularly in the Nigeria Banking sector. The study also evaluated the impact of covid pandemic on banking business and services as well as unravelled the connection between the growth of FinTech activity and bank stock return on investments (ROI) using action research methodology. Five relevant theories were reviewed having their roots from economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, opportunistic and resources-based management. Findings showed a decrease in banks loan-to-deposit ratio of the banks from 63% before the pandemic to 58.96% during the pandemic. However, banks’ liquidity before the pandemic stood at (49.8900) was higher than the liquidity position during the pandemic at (45.0540). Banking automation remained the most efficient, convenient and accessible platforms suitable at all times. Empirical studies are hereby recommended for more holistic idea in the relationship between entrepreneurship & Banking innovation
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND INFLUENCES ON ACCESS TO LOAN FROM MICROFINANCE BANKS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
No full textThe study explores the institutional factors of agricultural cooperative societies and influences on access to loan from microfinance banks in Southwest Nigeria. Specifically, it investigates effect of agricultural cooperatives organizational ability, safety quality, leadership qualities and asset quality on access to loan from microfinance banks. As a survey research, a total of 242 samples comprising Managing Director (MD); Head of Credit (HOC); Head of Operations (HOP); and, the Internal Auditor (IA), were explored from three States in the South west geopolitical zone of Nigeria namely Lagos, Oyo and Ogun States respectively. Applying inferential statistics, the study found out that Organizational abilities such as functional structures, regular meetings, decision-making, objective setting, and conflict management significantly improved access to credit, alongside leaders’ credit experience. Leadership qualities, including education, credit administration experience, and training exposure, as well as asset factors like leadership worth and physical assets, also positively influenced loan access. The study therefore recommends among others that ii. Improved financial planning and robust business plans could help cooperatives present stronger cases for full loan amounts, potentially reducing the gap between requested and granted funds. It also recommended that enhancing risk management frameworks could allow microfinance banks to approve higher loan amounts with confidence, thus better supporting agricultural projects.