Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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APPRAISING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS TO CHALLENGE OF UNLAWFUL DETENTION IN NIGERIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES, AND REFORM IMPERATIVES
No full textUnlawful detention constitutes a grave violation of constitutional rights in Nigeria and undermines the legitimacy of its criminal justice system. Despite legal safeguards embedded in the 1999 Constitution, the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015, and the Nigeria Police Act 2020, pre-trial detention without charge, arbitrary arrests, and abuse of remand proceedings remain rampant. This article critically examined the legal, institutional, and socio-economic factors enabling unlawful detention, including the persistent misuse of holding charges, systemic police misconduct, lack of legal representation, and infrastructural deficiencies within Nigeria’s judicial and custodial systems. Through doctrinal analysis and relevant case law, the paper exposed how these challenges erode the right to liberty and fair trial, particularly for indigent and marginalized populations. The study concluded by offering comprehensive recommendations aimed at legislative reform, institutional restructuring, and enhanced legal aid provision. It advocated for a rights-based approach to criminal justice in line with Nigeria’s domestic obligations and international human rights norms
OVERSIGHT OR EXTRACTION? LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEES IN NIGERIA AND THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF CLIENTELISM AND RENT-SEEKING
No full textWe interrogated in this article the paradoxical role of legislative committees in Nigeria, asking whether constitutionally mandated oversight functions have, in practice, been transformed into mechanisms of extraction. While legislative committees are designed to promote accountability, transparency, and the rule of law, we argue that they have increasingly become institutional sites for the routinization of clientelism and rent-seeking. We draw our methods from the doctrinal analysis, political economy theory, and normative legal critique to demonstrate how committee procedures particularly investigative hearings, oversight visits, budget scrutiny, and regulatory confirmations are frequently deployed to secure informal benefits from private actors and economic agents. We equally advanced in this article the central claim that clientelism and rent seeking in Nigeria’s legislative committees are no longer episodic deviations but have become institutionalized practices sustained by formal rules, discretionary powers, and weak accountability mechanisms. This institutionalization has profound implications for private and property relations, including regulatory uncertainty, distorted market access, insecure property rights, and the erosion of contractual predictability. We situate legislative committee practices within broader debates on governance, law, and political economy and highlights how legal institutions may inadvertently legitimize informal extraction. We thereafter conclude this article by proposing normative and institutional reforms aimed at reclaiming legislative oversight as a genuine instrument of accountability rather than a vehicle for rent extraction.
EFFECTS OF CROP RESIDUE-BASED BINDERS ON THE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER LILY BRIQUETTES
No full textWater lilies, commonly found in shallow water bodies, are found in the Niger Delta region because of the presence of rivers and streams. The study investigated the effect of binder type and concentration on the handling characteristics of water lily briquettes, produced using crop residues, namely, Cassava peels (CA), yam peels (YA), and banana peel (BA) as binders. A dwell time of 20 minutes was observed during the production of the sample briquettes, while a pressure level of 5 MPa was applied for the compaction. Based on the results, the durability of CA-bonded fuel briquettes ranged from 78.21% to 94.24%, while CA bonded and BA bonded fuel briquettes recorded durability value ranges of 77.93% – 93.03% and 75.63% – 90.29%, respectively. The relaxed density of the CA bonded fuel briquettes ranged from 0.522g/cm3 to 0.548 g/cm3, while YA bonded fuel briquettes and BA bonded fuel briquettes recorded relaxed density range of 0.521 g/cm3 to 0.533 g/cm3 and 0.513 g/cm3 to 0.518 g/cm3, respectively. A general improvement of handling properties was recorded with increment of binder concentration. Fuel briquettes with less than 90% durability are not recommended for production as they do not meet threshold strength for handling, by standard (DIN 51731:1996-10). 
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OKE-OYI IRRIGATION SCHEME FOR SUITABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
No full textIrrigation applications have impacts on soil properties and these impacts may be negative on soil, crop and groundwater quality. This could be as a result of the quality of water used, method of application and the nature of the soil viz the chemical composition of the soil. Soil quality analysis at phase 1I of Oke-Oyi irrigation scheme was carried out in the study. Twelve soil sampling points were considered from different locations around the irrigation scheme. Soil samples were collected at the rooting depths (0-20, 20-60 and 60-100cm) of the crops planted making a total 36 samples. The soil samples were collected in October, 2020 through September, 2021 using soil auger. A random sampling method was used to sample soil and the soil samples were taken to the laboratory for chemical analysis. The chemical analysis results revealed that the soil pH of the baseline data (2013) and the field data were moderately acidic to neutral. The pH of both baseline (2013) and field data ranged from 5.30 to 6.87 and 5.12 to 6.81, respectively. The average organic carbon (OC) for both baseline and field data ranged from 0.14 to 0.27% and 0.12 to 0.20% of the entire soil nutrients relating to soil fertility. There is a little decrease in the level of organic carbon compared with the baseline data. Available phosphorous content of the soil is high and larger from 20.276 to 28.342mg/l for the baseline data (2013) and for the field data, it ranged from 18.20 to 22.01mg/l. Sodium, which determines the sodicity status of a soil is generally low for both baseline and field data, and ranged from 0.15 to 0.65me/l and 0.12 to 0.47me/l, respectively. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) value of both baseline and field data ranged from 5.90 to 10.0% and 2.63 to 9.06%, slightly decreased for both data. The calcium in the soils is generally moderate and ranged from 4.36 to 6.22me/l and 2.86 to 4.16me/l for both baseline and field data, respectively. Magnesium which has been the dominant cation in the study ranged from 1.16 to 2.26me/l and 1.09 to 2.11me/l for both baseline and field data. The organic matter of the soil is moderate for both baseline and field data, ranging from 0.13 to 0.17% and 0.11 to 0.16%, respectively, due to rapid rate of organic matter decomposition as a result of available moisture during irrigation. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil for both data ranged from 4.76 to 5.52me/l. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 0.10 to 0.32 meg/l. In 2011, rice yield decreased from 85,000 kg to 77,000 kg in 2012 and subsequently, decreased to 70,000 kg in 2013. Therefore, the study concluded that there is a need for proper monitoring of the soil condition in the irrigation scheme to prevent further deterioration of the soils since some changes have been observed compared to the baseline data
THE INFLUENCE OF FACEBOOK ADVERTISING ON CUSTOMERS’ PATRONAGE INTENTION OF RETAIL BUSINESSES IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA
No full textThis study examined the influence of Facebook advertising on customers’ patronage intention of retail businesses in South-East Nigeria, focusing on four core constructs: product information, social interaction, entertainment, and perceived usefulness. The main objective was to determine how these advertising dimensions shape customers’ intention to patronize retail offerings promoted via Facebook. A descriptive survey design was adopted, with the population comprising Facebook users who follow or engage with retail business pages in the region. Out of 325 questionnaires, 208 were correctly completed and returned, yielding a response rate of 64.07%. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, normality tests, reliability and validity checks, and multiple regression using SPSS. Findings revealed that all four variables significantly and positively influenced patronage intention: product information (β = 0.236, p < 0.001), social interaction (β = 0.185, p = 0.001), entertainment (β = 0.222, p < 0.001), and perceived usefulness (β = 0.241, p < 0.001). Together, they explained 55.1% of the variance (R² = 0.551). The study recommends that retail businesses in South-East Nigeria design integrated, audience-tailored Facebook advertising strategies that emphasize product information, promote user interactivity, incorporate entertainment, and highlight functional value to enhance customers’ engagement, trust, intent and patronage. 
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS AND SUSTAINABLE CUSTOMER RETENTION IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME, ANAMBRA STATE.
No full textThe study examined the effect of service level agreements (SLASs) on sustainable customer retention in the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Low retention rate has been the bane of NHIS in Anambra State, undermining its goal of universal healthcare coverage and equitable access. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The data for the study were generated from the Federal Ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) in Anambra state. From a population of 1296 employees of the said (MDAs), a sample of 249 was determined through the application of a formula developed by Taro Yameni in 1964. An item structured instrument was used to elicit the relevant data after it was validated and tested for reliability. The major statistical tools used were the Pearson inferential statistics of correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Major findings indicate that service performance and response time have significant positive effect on sustainable customer retention in NHIS, Anambra state. The study concludes that NHIS providers can increase customers’ satisfaction, build trust and foster loyalty, ultimately driving sustainable customer retention in Anambra state. The study recommends among others that service providers should prioritize response time so that trust and loyalty may be earned to facilitate sustainable customer retention. 
DIGITAL MARKETING AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN SELECTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN AWKA METROPOLIS, ANAMBRA STATE
No full textIn today’s competitive banking sector, where customer satisfaction is increasingly influenced by digital interactions, banks must adopt effective digital marketing strategies to enhance service delivery and retain clients. This study therefore examines the effect of digital marketing on customer satisfaction in selected deposit money banks in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State. The specific objectives were to: (i) ascertain the influence of mobile payment services on customer satisfaction; (ii) determine the effect of online banking experience on customer satisfaction; (iii) examine the impact of social media engagement on customer satisfaction; and (iv) identify the effect of mobile banking applications on customer satisfaction. The study adopted a descriptive survey design, with data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 180 respondents selected using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The findings revealed that mobile payment services significantly influence customer satisfaction (B = 0.286, p = 0.000), online banking experience has a positive effect (B = 0.085, p = 0.025), social media engagement significantly impacts satisfaction (B = 0.332, p = 0.007), and mobile banking applications positively affect customer satisfaction (B = 0.216, p = 0.000). The study concludes that digital marketing tools play a critical role in enhancing customer satisfaction in the banking sector. It recommends that banks invest in improving mobile payment platforms, enhance online banking interfaces, actively engage customers on social media, and continuously upgrade mobile banking applications to maintain high levels of customer satisfaction. 
GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThis study explored the relationship between Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and Business Sustainability within the pharmaceutical industry in Anambra State, Nigeria. The objective was to determine how specific GSCM practices, such as green procurement, transportation, reverse logistics, and manufacturing processes, influenced sustainability outcomes. The research was anchored on the Green Supply Chain Management Theory, which emphasizes the integration of environmental considerations across supply chain operations. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, collecting data through structured questionnaires distributed to employees in selected pharmaceutical firms. Analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient method. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between green procurement practices and operational efficiency, with a correlation coefficient of 0.65; a strong connection between transportation practices and customer satisfaction (correlation coefficient of 0.72); a notable relationship between reverse logistics implementation and environmental compliance, showing a coefficient of 0.68; and a strong link between green manufacturing processes and waste reduction performance, indicated by a coefficient of 0.70. The study concludes that GSCM practices were vital to achieving business sustainability in the pharmaceutical industry. It recommended that firms actively adopt and invest in GSCM strategies to improve operational performance and align with regulatory standards, emphasizing collaboration with suppliers for sustainable sourcing and logistics enhancement as crucial for advancing environmental compliance and overall business success in the industry
INFLUENCE OF HOME BACKGROUND FACTORS ON ACHIEVEMENT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DALA EDUCATION DIRECTORATE KANO STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThe study examined the influence of home background factors on achievement in English language of secondary school students in Dala Education Directorate Kano state, Nigeria. Four research objectives, four research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. An Ex-post-facto research design was adopted. The population of this study comprised of 6,526 secondary schools students in Dala Education Directorate, from which 357 students were selected as sample using multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using two instruments Parental support and Family size Questionnaire (PSAFSQ) and Socio economic status scale (SES-Scale). The instruments were revalidated via face, content and construct validity. The reliability of internal consistency of these instruments were established using split half procedure of PPMC and later applied Spearman Brown Prophecy formula and obtained 0.92 and 0.91 as the reliability of the instruments respectively. Also, English Language Qualifying Examination results of 2023/2024 was used as measures of achievement in English language. Data was collected using on-spot mechanism and was analyzed using inferential statistics of t-test for independent and multiple regression analysis. Hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 were tested using t-test for independent sample while hypothesis 4 was tested using multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that family size do not influence achievement in English language of secondary school students in Dala Education Directorate (p-value, 0.069, > 0.05). However, both parental support and socio economic status have significant influence on students’ achievement in English language (Parental support p-value, 0.000, < 0.05, SES p-value, 0.000, < 0.05) with students receiving higher support and from higher socio economic status performing better. It was concluded that family size, parental support and socio economic status interactively influence students’ achievement in English language in the study area (F=162.952, P = .000). Based on these findings, the study recommended that Educational policies and school programs should adopt a holistic approach that considers family size dynamics, strengthens parental support, and improves socio economic conditions to effectively support students’ academic Achievement. 
