Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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SECURITY CHALLENGES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThis study investigated the effect of security challenges on the sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Anambra State, Nigeria, using business longevity as a proxy for sustainability. A total of 250 respondents were drawn from the major economic hubs of the State. Using a Vector Error Correction (VEC) regression model, the study identified the short and long-term relationships between security challenges (crime rates, armed robbery, kidnapping, political instability, communal conflicts, lack of effective law enforcement, and cybersecurity threats) and business sustainability proxied by business longevity. The VEC model results indicate that all seven security challenges significantly affect business longevity of SMEs in both the short and long term. Crime rates (β = -0.342, p < 0.01), armed robbery (β = -0.268, p < 0.05), Kidnapping (β = -0.299, p < 0.05), communal conflicts (β = -0.214, p < 0.05) and lack of effective law enforcement (β = -0.287, p < 0.01) all exhibited a negative and statistically significant effect on business longevity, while political instability (β = -0.135, p < 0.10) showed a weaker but still negative effect on business longevity. Cybersecurity threat (β = -0.172, p < 0.05) proved an important factor especially for businesses engaging in digital operations. Error correction term (ECT) of -0.692 (p < 0.01) indicated that approximately 69.2% of the previous year\u27s disequilibrium was corrected within the current year, showing the need to address security challenges to ensure the long-term sustainability of SMEs. The study , as a result, made recommendations for improving law enforcement, political stability, and digital security measures.
 
CONSUMER SEGMENTATION MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE IMPROVEMENT: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE PORTHARCOURT ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
No full textThis study explored segment customers of the Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company (PHEDC) based on service delivery performance and customer satisfaction levels. Customer segmentation is an aspect of demand perspective to production. Specifically, the study sought to identify distinct customer segments within the PHEDC customer base based on relevant demographic, geographic and consumption patterns in Calabar Metropolis. One hypothesis was tested. The study anchored on segmentation theory. Cross-sectional survey research design was adopted, sample size of one hundred and thirty-nine (139) was drawn from finite population of 685,000 using Finite Population Correction (FPC) formula. Mixed sampling technique was adopted. Data were obtained through primary source (questionnaire). Data analysis was carried out using: cluster analysis techniques (Hierarchical and K-Means), were used in segmenting customers based on demographic, geographic and behavioral variables as well as different needs and expectations. The study revealed two, three and four different clusters. Descriptive statistics was used in determining needs and expectations of different customer clusters considering the mean and standard deviation values. Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance was conducted across the variables. One-Way Analysis of Variance (One-Way ANOVA) was used in testing the hypothesis at 0.05 significant level. The results of the analysis showed that, there were significant differences among variables which led to application of Post-hoc Test in determining multiple comparisons. The study recommended among other things that, tailored service improvement plans should be developed by PHEDC for each identified customer segment for the purpose of addressing their specific needs and priorities.
 
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN NIGERIA
No full textMicrofinancing emerged to support low-income earners and small businesses, including farmers in the agricultural sector. Despite the critical role of agriculture in food production and raw material supply, Nigeria\u27s economy remains dominated by the oil sector, leaving the agro-industry inadequately supported. This imbalance has spurred studies exploring the relationship between micro financing and agricultural performance, yet empirical findings remain inconclusive, necessitating further investigation. This study examines how microfinance institutions impact agricultural performance, focusing on microfinance credit, deposits, and investments. Guided by the neoclassical production theory and supply-leading theory, the research employs a model incorporating microfinance variables alongside factors such as capital, labor, inflation, rainfall, and fertilizer supply. Using time-series data from 1992 to 2023, sourced from the World Bank and the Central Bank of Nigeria, the study applied the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag model. The findings reveal that microfinance credit and investments positively influenced agricultural productivity, growth, and output, implying that operation of microfinance institutions in Nigeria positively impacts the performance of the agricultural sector. Therefore, sustainability of microfinance institutions and increased access of farmers to their services should be encouraged through formulation of appropriate policies
STRATEGIC INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF PLASTIC MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThis study determined the relationship that exists between Strategic innovation and sustainability of plastic manufacturing firms in Ogun State, Specifically, the study examined the nature of the relationship that exists between Product innovation and economic sustainability and technological innovation and environmental sustainability of plastic manufacturing firms in Ogun Sstate. Descriptive survey research design was employed with the use of structured questionnaire. This study was carried out in Two (2) reputable plastic manufacturing firms in Ogun state which are; Ceplas Plastic Limited Sagamu, Ogun state and Europlast Industries Limited, Ota, Ogun state. Five Hundrd and Fifty-Two questionnaire were administered. The entire population was adopted as the sample size in this study. The data generated for this study were analysed with appropriate statistical techniques. The techniques included frequency, percentages and mean score. The Objectives were analysed using Correlation Coefficient, the hypotheses where test at significance level of 0.05 was used to using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. The study found out that there is a significant positive relationship between strategic innovation and sustainability of plastic manufacturing firms in Ogun State, Nigeria
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY IN SAFETY AND SECURITY OF PASSENGER
No full textAviation industry plays a significant role in both national and global economy. Hence, the need for aviation safety and security is sacrosanct. The study examined the role of the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) in Safety and Security of Passenger. The study employed a descriptive design of qualitative method of research solely relying on a review of literature through the secondary source of data. The study revealed that the industry has significantly improved in recent time. However, the study found factors such as lack of autonomy, outdated security equipment and facilities, poor finance, insufficient security personnel training, and limited legislative authority pose a threat to the safety and security role of the NCAA. The study called for autonomy of NCAA, embracing and investing in new security measures and modern devices, and given due attention to the training and retraining of airport security personnel. Formalisation of judicial powers of enforcement of NCAA and the availability of funds were also recommended
IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC TAXATION ON REVENUE GENERATION IN NIGERIA PERSPECTIVE FROM FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE SERVICES
No full textThis study examines the impact of electronic taxation on revenue generation in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The rapid evolution of digital technologies has brought significant changes to tax administration systems worldwide, and Nigeria is no exception. The study investigates how the adoption of e-taxation has affected tax compliance, the efficiency of tax collection, and overall revenue generation. Specifically, it explores the relationship between e-taxation and tax revenue, evaluates the reduction in tax malpractice, and identifies the challenges impeding the successful implementation of e-taxation systems in Nigeria. Using both quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study gathered data from 325 respondents, including taxpayers, tax officials, and other stakeholders involved in the Nigerian tax system. The findings suggest a positive correlation between e-taxation and improved revenue generation, enhanced efficiency in tax collection, and reduced incidences of tax evasion. However, the study also highlights significant challenges such as inadequate digital infrastructure, low levels of digital literacy, and cybersecurity risks that hinder the full potential of e-taxation. Based on these findings, the study recommends measures to address these challenges, including the enhancement of digital literacy programs, investment in digital infrastructure, and stronger cybersecurity protocols. The study concludes that while e-taxation holds great promise for improving revenue generation, its success in Nigeria will depend on overcoming existing barriers to ensure broader accessibility and greater public trust in the system
BOARD INDEPENDENCE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM QUOTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
No full textCorporate governance remains a cornerstone of firm performance, particularly in developing economies where institutional frameworks are evolving. This study investigates the effect of board independence on the financial performance of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria between 2013 and 2022. Drawing on agency theory, which posits that independent directors serve as monitors to reduce agency costs and align managerial interests with those of shareholders, the study adopted an ex-post facto research design. Panel data regression techniques—including fixed effects, random effects, and least squares dummy variable models—were employed to analyze secondary data from 46 purposively selected firms. Descriptive statistics revealed a relatively high level of board independence, averaging 70.41%. However, inferential results showed no statistically significant effect of board independence on earnings per share (EPS), and a negative relationship with return on assets (ROA) in the fixed effects model. These findings suggest that while structural compliance with board independence norms is high, the effectiveness of such governance mechanisms in improving firm performance remains questionable. The study concludes that board independence alone does not guarantee enhanced financial performance unless complemented by genuine independence, expertise, and functional oversight. The research calls for further examination into contextual and qualitative factors influencing board effectiveness in Nigeria’s manufacturing sector.
 
ENTREPRENEURIAL APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABILITY IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN NIGERIA
No full textThe study aims to examine the extent to which entrepreneurs in Delta State incorporate sustainability into their operations, identify adopted circular business models, evaluate perceived benefits and challenges, and analyze how entrepreneurial strategies and innovation influence CE adoption. The study employs a deductive approach and quantitative design to test theoretical constructs empirically. A structured questionnaire titled Entrepreneurial Sustainability and Circular Economy Questionnaire (ESCEQ) was developed, validated by experts, and distributed both physically and digitally. Using stratified random sampling, data were collected from 120 entrepreneurs across five sectors (e.g., recycling, sustainable packaging). The instrument demonstrated strong internal consistency with Cronbach’s Alpha scores exceeding 0.70. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26), employing descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses to evaluate relationships between key variables. Harman’s single-factor test confirmed the absence of significant common method bias.Results revealed a significant positive relationship between sustainability integration, circular business model adoption, perception of benefits and challenges, and entrepreneurial strategies with CE adoption. Entrepreneurial innovation was the most influential predictor (β = 0.3125). The regression model explained 56.2% of variance in CE adoption (R² = 0.5623). Entrepreneurs in Delta State demonstrate strong engagement with circular economy principles. However, barriers such as limited financing and awareness persist. The study recommends government incentives, educational reforms, NGO-led training, and enhanced entrepreneur collaboration. This study contributes empirical insights into circular entrepreneurship in Nigeria, offering actionable strategies for policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs to foster sustainable economic development.
 
EFFECT OF DRIVERS RISK ATTITUDES ON INSURANCE CLAIMS IN NIGERIA
No full textThis study examined drivers risk attitudes on the demand for insurance claims in Nigeria. Risk attitudes were decomposed into three elements; using cell phone and texting, driving at excessive speed, drinking and driving as independent variables, while insurance claims was the dependent variable. Explanatory research design was adopted in this study. Data was gathered from primary source using structured questionnaires. The sample size for the study was determined using the Taro Yamane formular and multiple regression analysis was used to test the impact of the independent variables on the dependent. Also, to establish the statistical significance of the independent variables, t-statistic at 5% level of significance was used. Coefficient of determination (R2) was also used to establish the predictive power of the independent variables in explaining the variation in the dependent variable. The findings revealed that using cell phone and texting, driving at excessive speed, and drinking and driving had combined significant positive effect with the demand for insurance claims in Nigeria depending on the type of insurance cover possessed by the insured. It was recommended that risk perception training should be implemented to educate drivers about the consequences of risky behaviours such as speeding, drunk driving, and distracting driving, this will help reduce the demand for insurance claims in Nigeria. Also, insurers will have more funds to channel to investments that will enable the insurers attend to claims need whenever it arises
Achieving Effective Conflict Resolution through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms in Nigeria
No full textAlternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) emerges as a vital instrument for conflict management, offering a range of benefits, including reduced costs, enhanced efficiency, and preserved relationships. In today\u27s complex conflict landscape, traditional litigation frequently proves inadequate, failing to deliver timely and cost-effective solutions. It is against this backdrop that alternative system of resolving conflict came handy. A qualitative analysis was employed, focusing on case studies and journal articles detailing successful applications of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The study also used a comparative analysis of the outcomes of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms with traditional litigation methods. This approach allows for an evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of ADR in resolving disputes, providing insights into its advantages and potential areas for improvement. This study utilised the Interest-Based-Relational Approach (IBRA) as its primary theoretical framework to examine the efficacy of ADR mechanisms, such as mediation, arbitration, conciliation, and negotiation, in resolving disputes in Nigeria by examining ADR\u27s principles, processes, and outcomes. The paper found that ADR mechanism helped in reducing litigation backlog and associated costs, facilitated collaborative problem-solving and preserving relationships or reputation among others. ADR mechanisms provided enhanced flexibility and efficiency in dispute management, significantly reducing the time and costs associated with traditional litigation. The paper suggests that to improve ADR in Nigeria, there must be a standardized ADR policy developed and communicated to ADR practitioners, continuous professional development in ADR must be encouraged, and technological integration by leveraging digital platforms for online dispute resolution and virtual sessions for ADR is further advocated. Finally, there must be a regular review of the legal framework for the practice of ADR to be in tandem with changing realities. By implementing these recommendations, the potentials of ADR in resolving conflict will be achieved