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Modeling of Nigerian peak petroleum resources depletion using turbulent flow regime with dead time
Get PDFThis article has tables and figuresSeven simple physical non-linear, mathematical models for petroleum resource depletion for Nigeria were developed by varying the input functions of the laplace domain of the models. The models were validated with data collected from the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria, using MATLAB 7.9 software. As a control, these models were compared with an existing model by Hubert and found to be generally better. Two best models (III and V), with R2 of 99.696% (oil), 99.680% (gas) and R2 of 99.695% (oil), 99.641% (gas) respectively compared to Hubbert’s model with R2 of 98.67% (oil), 99.26% (gas), were selected out of seven (VII) models. The plots of the derivatives of the models which gave the annual production profile were also used to determine the peak and exhaustion periods for both oil and gas. The results were within range 2062 - 2121AD and 748982AD (infinity) respectively for oil production peak and exhaustion, and within the value 2782AD and 13853AD (infinity) respectively for gas production peak and exhaustion from 1957AD. The oil and gas ultimate recovery reserves were subsequently determined at 641.3TB and 5729Qscf respectively. Hence, even though the oil will peak before gas, gas will exhaust before oil. However, this can be due to the slight lower R2 of gas as compared to that of the oi
Organic petrology of campano-maastrichtian sediments in the Agbogugu-Leru axis, Anambra Basin, South Eastern Nigeria
Get PDFThis thesis is for the award of Master of Science (MSc.) in Sedimentary/Petroleum GeologyTen rock (n=10) samples were subjected to various geochemical analyses to determine organic petrology and paleoenvironment of early Cretaceous sediments in parts of the southern Anambra Basin. The procedure for the determination of the Total Organic Matter content and Rock Eval pyrolysis were achieved using LECO 600 analyzer with a TOC module. Extractible Organic Matter was determined by the use of Soxhlet Extractor while the biomarker distribution was ascertained with the Gas Chromatography. The results reveal that the Total Organic Content (TOC) of shale samples recovered from the Enugu Shale ranged from 0.72 to 4.94 wt % with an average of 2.64 wt %. Samples recovered from the Mamu Formation have TOC values ranging between 0.76 to 2.11 wt % with an average value of 1.49 wt %. These values essentially exceeded the threshold value of TOC ≥ 0.5 wt % requirements for shale rocks to qualify as petroleum source rocks. The values are therefore, suggestive of good to very good sources rocks. The Hydrogen Index (HI) values of sediments from Enugu Shale ranged between 43 to 547 mgHC/gTOC with an average value of 185.65 mgHC/gTOC, while those recovered from sections of the Mamu Formation have HI value of 27 to 54 mgHC/gTOC with an average value of 39.45 mgHC/gTOC. The corresponding Oxygen Index (OI) values ranging between 15 to 106 mgCO2/gTOC was recorded for Enugu Shale sediments with an average value of 59.2 mgCO2/gTOC. The analyzed sediments of the Mamu Formation on the other hand, revealed values of the range of 26 to 86 mgCO2/gTOC, with average of 49.4 mgCO2/gTOC. These results showed that the Enugu and Mamu Formation sediments are dominated by type III kerogen and mixed type II/III kerogens. The maximum Temperature
(Tmax) ranged from 424 to 4390C with an average of 4320C and 417 to 4410C with an average of 4310C for sediments from the Enugu and Mamu Formations, respectively. These temperature values are indicative of immature to transitionally early mature source rocks. The dominant vitrinite maceral group in the analyzed shale samples ranged between 39 to 59 %; Inertnites, between 11 to 18 % while the liptinites ranged between 9 to 21 %. These bio facies in the shale samples from the Enugu and Mamu Formations were derived from the structural parts of plants that are deficient in hydrogen. The sediments are thus deposited in a suboxic but low PH paleo-depositional environment containing moderately to fairly rich organic matter. This source rock has the potential to generate gas rather than oil given sufficient maturity
Remote Sensing Application in Soil Science and Agriculture
No full text2014/2015 Harmattan Semester Exam Question Pape
Load flow control and analytical assessment of voltage stability index using thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
Get PDFThis article contains figures and tables- Voltage stability problem has become one of the major concerns in the operation of power system in recent years. The reason is that power systems all over the globe are being operated with reduced margins because of the exponentially growing demands and the associated stress on the power transmission resources aggravated by a general reluctance to invest in improvement of the electric grid infrastructure. Moreover, voltage instability has been responsible for severe network collapses world-wide and subsequently, the possible threat of voltage instability is becoming more pronounced in power utilities. In order to avoid the voltage collapse, this paper presents maximum loadability identification of a load bus in a power transmission network which is achieved by performing voltage stability study by utilizing Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) as an indicator of the maximum loadability termed as Qmax. In this technique, reactive power loading will be increased gradually at particular load bus until the FVSI reaches close to unity. Therefore, a critical value of FVSI was set as the maximum loadability point. This value ensures the system from entering voltage-collapse region. The main purpose in the maximum loadability assessment is to plan for the maximum allowable load value to avoid voltagecollapse; which is important in power system planning risk assessment index. In order to improve the system stability, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is installed in the most severe line, which is identified from the line stability index values of all lines in a system. TCSC is a series compensated device used for voltage
stability enhancement, which is to be connected in series with transmission line. It can control the transmission line impedance to improve the line transfer capability and to regulate the receiving end bus voltage. This proposed
technique was applied to solve real problems in a 14 bus power grid using Power flow analysis. Power flow is very necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Newton
Raphson iterative algorithm is used for solving the power flow problems due to its ability to converge very fast with small number of iteration. Simulation of power flow solutions with and without TCSC was done using MATLAB 7.5 program. The result shows that the application of TCSC improved the voltage profile of the system and furtherly enhanced the power flow
Engineering properties and uses of soil derive from maastritchian Ajali formation in a part of Se Nigeria
Get PDFA research article on Engineering properties and uses of soil derive from maastritchian Ajali formation. It contains tables. maps and graphs.The study is necessitated by the recent move by Imo State government of Nigeria to raise Okigwe town to urban status. Ajali Formation being the prominent geological terrain in Okigwe area, most structures would be erected on the soil derived from it. The parameter measured include grain size, atterberg limits, and compaction, shear strength, permeability and porosity as well as bulk density. The result shows that the soil underlain by Ajali Formation within Okigwe area is sandy silt with low clay content and has plasticity index, bulk density, porosity and permeability values of 9.65%, 2.06%,kg/m3, 0.45 and 0.35cm/s respectively. The value for the optimum moisture content (OMC) maximum dry density(MDD) shear strength, angle of internal friction are 13.5%, 2.06kg/m3, 106.86KN/M2 and 28.4o. These values indicate that the soil derived from Maastrichtian Ajali Formation within Okigwe area of south eastern Nigeria is of high strength, porous and permeable and can be used as a recharge site for regional aquifer, but cannot be used as a waste disposal area or for road construction. The soil due to its low plasticity index with no swelling characteristics and high shear strength is a good site for building foundations, but cannot be used in dam construction. It is ideal for projects requiring good drainage and embankments. However, for the soil to be used in any engineering construction works, it has to be compacted to its maximum dry density value of 2.06kg/m3 within
the range of optimum moisture content of 13.5% as to achieve maximum strength
The 26th and 27th combined convocation ceremonies of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State
No full textAn Address Presented by the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR, at the 26th and 27th combined convocation ceremonies of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State
Studies on the recovery potentials of a disturbed aquatic ecosystem: Focus on pre-and post-dredging analysis of Nworie River, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
No full textthe article contains tablesA study was done to monitor the recovery potential of Nworie river system, in Imo State, Ni- geria from July 2010 to January 2012. Water samples were collected from 5 Stations prior to, during and after dredging. Station 1 was the dredging point, Stations 2 and 3 were 250m and 500m upstream of the point, while Stations 4 and 5 were 250m and 500m downstream of the dredging point respectively. The physicochemical parameters of the water before dredging were assessed to be within acceptable limits of established water standards; pH 6.5-7.8, Tem- perature 27.6-29.9 °C, Conductivity 34-196us/cm, Turbidity 0-76NTU, TDS 22.1-127.4 mg/l, TSS 9-51mg/l, Nitrate 1.2-33.6mg/l, Phosphate 0.2-3.7mg/1, Sulphate 0-33mg/l, DO 4.3- 9.4mg/l and BOD5 9.5- 10.9mg/l. During the dredging, the water physicochemistry changed noticeably with indices outside the permissible limits of the standards. The pH values de- creased drastically to 4.6, DO to 1.3mg/l, Nitrate to 1.2mg/l, temperature increased to 30.2°C, Turbidity 620NTU, TSS 349mg/l, Conductivity 498 μs/cm, TDS 298.8 mg/l, BOD5 19.1mg/l, Sulphate 33mg/l and Phosphate 0.92mg/l. Three months after the dredging, the values for the parameters returned to their pre-dredging concentrations. However, during the rainy season, as the leachates and silts from the spoils were washed into the river, the recovery of the river sys- tem was prolonged to about 9 months. This implies that the effects of dredging on the river are short term, but improper disposal of dredge spoils compounded the impacts