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Effects of energy efficiency design index on resistance, hydrostatics and ship design using Hughes-Prohaska method
No full textThe Master's thesis contains tables and figuresIn this study, the investigation of the effects of energy efficiency design index on resistance, hydrostatics and ship design was successfully carried out. The aim is to determine how much the current Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) formulations improve or conflict with ship design, vessel resistance, and hydrostatic laws. Parametric case studies of a Roll-on Passenger (Ro-Pax), Tugoat, and Reefer vessel are conducted for this reason. This group of vessels was picked because of how much energy they use naturally. To determine the impact of EEDI law on these three types of boats, Ship speed, Water Line Length (LWL), Beam (B), Draft (T), L/B ratio, B/T ratio, and Prismatic Coefficient (Cp) were examined. The results of the towing tank-model resistance tests were extrapolated to the three big ships, after the Hughes-Prohaska technique was used to evaluate the overall ship resistances and effective power of each of the models. In order to calculate the effective power, permissible power, and EEDI achieved, the resistance values previously extrapolated for the big ships were used. Based on correlation analysis of the data, the results indicate that there was an almost 89% agreement between the EEDI referenced and the EEDI attained. When the Hughes-Prohaska method's resistance data was verified against test data from an existing vessel model, an average error of 2% and a maximum error of 4% were discovered. It was deemed permissible to make this mistake. Effective power per unit displacement was plotted against each relevant parameter to examine the implications of EEDI on ship design, resistance, and hydrostatics. This is being done to ascertain the behavior of the EEDI attained. Additional findings showed that, with constant specific fuel consumption (SFC) and altering speed from 12 knots to 24 knots, the attained EEDI is proportional to the power (kW)/dead weight (tonne) ratio. It has been shown that at low speed, longer ships perform better on EEDI. However at higher speed, longer ships modify the L/B ratio, B/T ratio, draft, hydrostatic coefficients, increase resistance, and ultimately increase the ship's energy consumption. Further evidence suggest that in order to lower the EEDI, it is necessary to lower the pragmatic coefficient, optimize the hull, and decrease ship speed. In this instance, the 14% decrease in EEDI would be caused by the 13% sacrifice made to ship speed at the design stage. The graphs that were produced show that a ship may operate more efficiently and have a less environmental effect when the EEDI decreases.Department of Mechanical Engineering, FUT
Evaluation of process variables on the quality of egusi (Citrullus vulgaris) soup ball using response surface methodology.
Full text linkMasters thesis on the "process variables on the quality of egusi (Citrullus vulgaris) soup ball"This project was carried out to evaluate the effect of process variables on the quality of Egusi (Citrillus vugaris) soup balls from blends of defatted melon and “usu” Pleurotus tuber) flour. Egusi seeds were processed into flour and defatted while „Usu‟ was processed into flour. The two flour samples were blended at different ratios of (90:10, 80:20, 70:30) egusi / usu. A three factor, three levels Response Surface Methodology (Box Behnken Design) was used to design the experiment. Seventeen (17) runs were designed for feed composition X1(90:10, 80:20, 70:30) %, Cooking timeX2 (60, 90, 120) min and ball sizes X3 (5, 10, 15) g. The runs were used to produce soup balls. Sensory attributes andproximate composition of the soup balls were determined. Shelf – life study on the soup balls for a period of four weeks were also carried out. Regression models describing the effect of variables on the product responses were obtained. Proximate composition showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences among the samples in terms of moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ash, fat, and carbohydrate samples. Responses were mostly affected to a large extent by feed composition, cooking time and to a lesser extent ball size. The moisture content of the soup ball samples was low, ranging from (5.75 -8.05%) which indicated that the samples would have longer shelf- life. The regression analysis results revealed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the interactions between feed composition and ball size and between ball size and cooking time. The coefficient of determination R2 was 0.87, which signified that the model adequately represented the real relationship between the variables under consideration. All the R2 were higher than 0.75. The lack of fits was not significant. The protein contents of the samples were high, ranging from (33.02 - 37.5%),which could be attributed to the protein content of the egusi. Fat content ranged from (7.67 – 10.23%). The fat content revealed that there was residual oil in the egusi flour after defatting. Screw oil expeller machine was used to defat the egusi which must have left residual oil in the flour. The response surface plot, fig. 4.5, revealed that increase in the percentage of egusi in the samples, resulted to increase in fat content of the samples. Increase of usu in the feed increased the crude fiber (2.95 – 6.63%) and ash content (4.01– 5.64%). Sensory scores showed that there were significant (P< 0.5) differences among the samples with respect to all the attributes. The scores were above 7.5 in a nine point hedonic scale. The highest total viable count after one month storage was 2.8x104cfu/ml from MSB13.The highest fungal count was 2.0 x104 cfu/ml from MSB1. No coliform count was detected. Though the counts were within acceptable levels, the following microorganisms were isolated: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (disease–causing); Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus which were spoilage organisms
Evaluation of distribution channels of Dangote cement in South Eastern region of Nigeria
Full text linkThis thesis is for the award of Master of Science (MSc.) in Transport Planning and ManagementOver the years, consumer goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria are facing challenges of how to design, select and manage distribution channels that will ensure maximum savings in distribution costs, enhance product availability and effective co-ordination of channel activities. Dangote Cement Company as a case study is encountering problems of how to provide fast deliveries to customers, reduce total distribution costs and maximize customer satisfaction. Hence, this study therefore focused on the task of carrying out a thorough strategic investigation that would come up with practical and cognate solutions to the above problems by: (1) examining the influence of hybrid channel conflicts on channel performance (2) determining the relationship between the control exerted by a firm and satisfaction with existing channel: (3) determining the relationship between the length of a distribution channel and the channel‘s performance. Survey research method was adopted to sample the opinion of distributors and retailers of Dangote cement company through convenience sampling. Questionnaires and oral interviews were the main instruments used in collecting primary data for the study. While information obtained from textbooks, journals and materials from the internet provided the guideline for designing the questionnaire. Data were analyzed through the use of tables, simple percentages, means and standard deviation, Computer Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 26 was used for analyzing the data at 5% level of significance The study revealed that hybrid channel conflicts influence channel performance and significant relationship exist between the control exerted by a firm and satisfaction with its existing channel. It was also found that there is a relationship between the length of a distribution channel and the control exerted by the firm. However, it was found that there is no relationship existing between the length of a distribution channel and the channels performance. The study recommended that consumer goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria should adopt more innovations in their channel approaches. Broader acceptance of electronic data interchange to monitor sales and inventory levels throughout the total channel is reducing inventories and speeding response to changing customer requirements. It is also recommended that manufacturers should make efforts to integrate their channel system as this will enhance more effective co-ordination of their channel functions and reduce conflicts in the channels
Influence of marketing strategies on managing service breakdown among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Anambra State
Full text linkThis article was done in collaboration with a FUTO staffThe study investigated ways marketing strategies could influence managing service breakdown among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Anambra State. Specifically, it determined ways: advertisement, packaging design; and sales promotion could influence managing service breakdown among the SMEs. Research design was descriptive survey. Population was made up of all registered SMEs in Anambra state. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed using mean, standard deviation and t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicate 10 ways advertisement could influence the management of service breakdown in SMEs. These include builds brand awareness more quickly, (X ̅ = 3.62) and others. Other findings reveal 7 ways packaging design influences management of service breakdown in SMEs. These include packaging serves as a tool for differentiation (X ̅ = 3.22) among others. Also 9 ways sales promotion influences management service breakdown in SMEs. These include empowers product acceptance (X ̅ = 3.72) and other
Exploitation of potentials of micro-organisms with volatile fatty acid degrading genes in biogas production
Full text linkThis thesis is for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.) in Future Energies (Bio-Energy) optionAnaerobic digestion of cow rumen waste and human fecal slurry was carried out to evaluate the cumulative bigas yield over a 60-day retention, to isolate and identify bacterial species with volatile fatty degrading genes with molecular characterization. Microbial analysis, biochemical tests, isolation, characterization and physicochemical analysis were carried out. The total aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts were 3.5 x 107 cfu/ml and 1.6 x 107 cfu/ml respectively. Bacterial and fungal isolates were identified as Paenibacillus lautus, Moellerella wisconsensis, Providencia alcalifaciens, Shimwellia blattae, Micrococcus yunnanensis, Bacillus barbaricus, Proteus vulgaris, Paenibacillus septentrionalis, Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus, Budvicia aquatica, Azotobacter beijerinekii and Acinetobacter iwoffii. Fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton rubrum. Most of the organisms were facultative anaerobes. Temperature was maintained at mesophilic rate. pH and total viable count were recorded over the period. Biogas yield for cow rumen waste increased steadily from the 6th day (31.403ml) to the 42nd day (247.039ml) arriving its peak generation of 251.226ml at the 45th day. The biogas yield of the substrate began to decline steadily from the 48th day till the 60th day showing reduced volumes of 215.636ml to 167.016ml. Biogas yiel for human fecal slurry substrate increased steadily from the 6th day (27.216ml) to the 45th day (221.916ml) arriving its peak generation of 226.103ml at the 48thday. A decline occurred steadily on the 51st day till the 60th day showing reduced volumes of 200.981ml to 125.613ml. Analysis of response surface methodology for cow rumen waste showed a mean optimal biogas production of 162.245ml can be achieved at a pH of 6.36, retention time of 10.5 days and microbial count of 1.03 x 109 cfu/ml. A mean optimal biogas production of 145.711ml can occur using human fecal slurry at a pH of 7.45, retention time of 10.5 days and microbial count of 5.9 x 108cfu/ml. GC-MS analysis showed methane contents of 57.99% and 50.39% and carbon dioxide contents of 17.12% and 19.21% for human fecal slurry and cow rumen waste respectively. GC-FID results of VFA production at three intervals of 20 days each within the 60-day retention time showed the presence of acetic, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric and caproic acids amongst others. The cumulative volumes of the VFAs reduced steadily for cow rumen waste in the ranking order of 745.797ppm >372.539ppm > 86.366ppm while that of human fecal slurry ranked 509.405ppm > 133.627ppm > 71.318ppm. GC-FID results of LCFA production showed presence of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic acids and unsaturated acids such as linoleic, cervonic acids amongst others. A reduction in LCFA content was also observed. At the 20th and 60th day, LCFA fell from 108.216 to 60.499 ppm, and from 113.195 to 44.94ppm for cow rumen waste and human fecal slurry respectively. Polymerase chain reaction results identified 4 potential VFA degrading bacteria. The reductions in VFA concentrations demonstrated the influence of VFA degrading bacteria on the VFA and LCFA content within the digesters. More so, presence of high volumes of unsaturated acids in cow rumen waste led the lower levels of methane in cow rumen waste since presence of unsaturated acids are toxic to methane generation. It is therefore concluded that these microbial isolates possess ample capacity to degrade VFA and LCFA in these substrates and could be excellent inoculum for bioaugmentation purposes in enhancing biogas production
Optimization of bioethanol production from selected agricultural wastes
Full text linkThis thesis is for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Industrial MicrobiologyThis study investigated the production of bioethanol from agricultural wastes: tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) waste, beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) husk, and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) shell. The use of agricultural wastes in bioethanol production helps in decreasing the reliance on conventional food crops such as corn, sugarcane, cassava etc. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a new strain of mold, Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR, were used to ferment tigernut waste,
beans husk, groundnut shell to produce bioethanol. The proximate and amino acid analysis of these substrates was carried out to determine the moisture, fat, protein, ash and carbohydrate content of each of the wastes. Effects of substrate weight, inoculum size, pH, fermentation time and temperature were studied; Response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design of five factors at three levels was adopted to determine optimal conditions for improved bioethanol
yield. This design gave a total of 46 experimental runs per substrate evaluated. The substrates were independently subjected to physical and biological pretreatments using Cellulase enzyme to hydrolyze the lignocellulose to fermentable sugars. The isolate from food samples and brewers yeast were identified and molecularly characterized. Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR and Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively and were able to withstand stress and tolerated exposure to ethanol of different concentration up to 94%. Optimum conditions for brix production were determined and were used to obtain maximum yield of ethanol. A comparative study of bioethanol production between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR was ascertained. The results showed that the fermentation of tigernut waste with Saccharomyces cerevisiae maximum brix of 2.28oBx and 1.6g/l ethanol was observed at optimum conditions of pH 6.8, temperature 25oC, fermentation time 93h, inoculum size 5 and substrate weight of 11g, brix value of 0.53oBx and ethanol content of 1.64g/l with actualized volume of 0.2479(ml) were obtained. Fermentation of tigernut waste with Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR of observed brix of 8.0oBx and 4.8g/l ethanol. At optimum conditions of pH 6, temperature of 34oC, time 96h, inoculum size 5 and substrate weight of 11g/l, maximum value of
brix of 6.7oBx and ethanol yield of 5.1g/l with actualized volume of 0.772(ml). Fermentation of beans husk with Saccharomyces cerevisiae maximum brix was observed to be 6.7oBx and 3.0g/l ethanol, at optimum conditions of pH 6, temperature 30oC, fermentation time of 48h, inoculum size of 5.4 and substrate weight of 12g, a maximum brix of 2.8oBx and 5.47g/l ethanol was obtained with a final volume of 0.829(ml). Fermentation of beans husk with Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR resulted in a maximum brix of 3.8oBx and 2.20g/l ethanol at optimal condition of pH 6, temperature 35oC, time 96h, inoculum size 5, substrate weight of 10g, maximum brix of
2.09oBx and 2.48g/l ethanol with actualized volume of 0.373(ml). In the fermentation of groundnut shell with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a maximum brix of 4.6oBx and 2.6g/l ethanol was observed at optimum conditions of pH 6, temperature 35oC, substrate weight of 12g, time 72h, a maximum brix 2.84oBx and 3.47g/l ethanol with an actualized volume of 0.524(ml) were obtained, while groundnut shell with Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR gave a maximum brix of 9.9oBx and 5.20g/l ethanol at optimum conditions of temperature 35oC, time 96h, substrate weight 15g, pH 6, inoculum, a maximum brix of 10.0oBx and 23.43g/l with actualized volume of 3.634(ml) indicating that groundnut shell with Aspergillus niger isolate HEFAPhR gave the highest production of bioethanol, followed by beans husk with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demostrating that at optimal conditions these agro wastes are best alternative substrates for
maximum yield of bioethanol
Study of the impact of acidulated rainwater on leaf tissues of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum Linn.) and pepper(Capsicum annum Linn.)
No full textMaster’s thesis in "environmental conservation and management". It contains pictures, diagrams, graphs and tables.The acidulation of rainwater is connected intimately with industrial development. The leaves of Tomato and Pepper were examined for the impact of acidulated rainfall on their morphology, anatomy, and physiology. Rainwater samples collected from industrial and automobile traffic congested Cities of Lagos, Port Harcourt, Kano, and Gombe (control) were used in a screen-house experiment. The effect of atmospheric gases NO2, SO2, and CO2 was determined on morphology, anatomy of phylloplane, photosynthetic chlorophylls, and agro-morphology of the plants. Statistical package R version 4.2.1 was used to analyze data. Duncan’s multiple-range test was used to determine the significance of the mean difference. The findings showed that from April through July, the concentrations of atmospheric acid derivatives were significantly (p<0.05) decreased. Morphological changes such as physical damage to the leaf, formation of white Scars, and necrosis were observed. Anatomical changes such as alterations on the cuticle and collapsed epidermal cells and the formation of lobules of scarred tissue were observed. Plants heights were significantly reducedat(p<0.05) (FTomato=7.8894; FPepper=63.835), leaf area was also significantly decreased (FTomato=16.341; FPepper=60.965;p<0.05), stem girth were also significantly (p<0.05) reduced (FTomato=8.8174;FPepper=39.3), number of leaf (FTomato=22.482; FPepper=34.265), Relative growth rate (FTomato=38.522;FPepper=40.646) and chlorophyll content (FTomato=8.4128, 2.5368, 11.411; FPepper=4.6029, 7.8154, 36.746) were also significantly(p<0.05) decreased. The findings showed that both car emissions and heavy industrial activities contributed significantly to the acidity in rainwater. It also demonstrated that acidified rainwater significantly affects the morphology, anatomy, and physiology of plants studied. It is, therefore, important to plant acidophilic trees in the study areas to reduce the effect of acid rain on other vegetable crops
Plant-endophytic bacterial interactions in phytoremediation of crude oil polluted soil
No full textDoctoral thesis on plant-endophytic bacterial interactions. It contains tables and pictures.Endophytes reside within plant hosts asymptomatically, exhibiting continuous metabolic interactions with their hosts. The study investigated the role of plant-bacterial endophytes during phytoremediation of soil polluted with crude oil. Growth performance of Hibiscus cannabinus and Zea mays in remediation of crude oil-polluted soil samples after 90 days was analysed. Physico-chemical parameters and total petroleum hydrocarbon content of crude oilpolluted soils were analysed. Endophytic bacteria within the roots of H. cannabinus and Z. mays were isolated, tested for their bioremediation potentials and plant growth properties. Additionally, the genomic DNA of isolated endophytic bacteria were analysed for the presence of hydrocarbon degradative genes (Alk B genes). The 16s rRNA amplicons of gDNA of endophytic bacteria isolates were sequenced and phylogenetic tree constructed. Results of the physico-chemical parameters show the pH of the polluted soil from Egbema were acidic (4.8 to 6.6) before plant growth. Moisture content and organic carbon had mean ranges of 10.00- 15.00% and 0.86-2.45% respectively. After planting using H. cannabinus, pH values, moisture content and organic carbon increased to a mean range value of 5.4-6.1 and 15.30-27.90% respectively while organic carbon decreased to a mean range value of 0.45-2.12%. The mean pH, moisture content and organic carbon were within the range 5.2-8.4, 5.00-28.10% and 0.24- 1.84% respectively after plant growth using Z. mays, indicating that Z. mays offered greater remediation than H. cannabinus on oil-polluted soil. Growth performance observed during plant growth revealed that 5ml/5kg crude oil-polluted soil had the highest agronomic parameters, offering the highest crude oil remediation (46.01%) recorded using H. cannabinus, while 5kg Egbema-polluted soil without organic amendment showed the least remediation (4.63%). Similarly, 5ml/5kg crude oil-polluted soil showed the highest crude oil remediation (56.05%) while 5kg Egbema-polluted soil without organic amendment showed the least crude oil remediation (11.04%) after plant growth using Z. mays. A total of 57 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of H. cannabinus and Z. mays. Six endophytic bacteria synthesized indole acetic acid (IAA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and siderophores; 14 isolates synthesized IAA and ACC; 16 isolates synthesized IAA and siderophores while 7 isolates synthesized ACC and siderophores at 10.53%, 24.56%, 28.07% and 12.28% respectively. Hydrocarbon degradation potential of isolated bacterial endophytes showed that all isolates (100%) could metabolize 2% (w/v) C6, C8, C10 and 2% (v/v) diesel as alternate sources of carbon in the absence of glucose. Moreover, genomic DNA of endophytic isolates possessed alkane monoxygenase genes responsible for hydrocarbon degradation in bacteria species. Sequenced 16s rDNA amplicons showed similarity of endophytic bacteria from the study to the genera Proteus and Alcaligenes. This study established the presence of Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis and Alcaligenes spp as the predominant endophytic bacteria within the roots of the phytoremediation plants H. cannabinus and Z. mays. Additionally, the presence of alkane monooxygenase genes and the ability of endophytic bacteria isolates to grow on diesel oil and n-alkanes served as an indication of the potential application of the isolates in bioremediation activities
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Rhetoric in religious discourse: Elicitation and dialogue as dramatic pause in Nigerian pentecostal sermons
Full text linkThis article was done in collaboration with a FUTO staffThis study examines the use of elicitation, as well as dialogic interrogation and dialogic repetition, as devices for dramatic pause in Nigerian Pentecostal sermons. Sermons are by their nature, usually monologic, in which the preacher monopolizes the conversation space from commencement to conclusion. The congregation usually is expected to sit through it all, listen and imbibe the message. This trend, noted mainly in orthodox Christianity circles, has been observed to often lead to boredom and attention fatigue in the audience. This study notes that Nigerian Pentecostal preachers, while still wholly in control of the sermon, appear to have effectively reversed its monologic nature by employing elicitation and dialogue as audience-engaging and attention-arresting devices to introduce unique pause effects in their sermons, thereby creating that general impression of vitality and activity often associated with the Nigerian Pentecostal brand of Christianity. This study identified these devices as discursive practices embedded in the social practice of Pentecostal preaching, which are among the principal ways in which its ideology is circulated and reproduced. This present study constitutes a part of a general intellectual investigation, which involves the identification of specific discursive patterns that characterize Nigerian Pentecostal Christian sermons and to determine how they are intertwined with the general ideology of persuasion as a goal