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Effect of Ionospheric Variability on the Electron Energy Spectrum estimated from Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements
No full textAbstract
The ion composition in the E-region is modified by auroral precipitation. This affects the inversion of electron density profiles from field-aligned incoherent scatter radar measurements to differential energy spectra of precipitating electrons. Here a fully dynamic ionospheric chemistry model (IonChem) is developed that integrates the coupled continuity equations for 6 ion and 9 neutral species, modeling the rapid ionospheric variability during active aurora. IonChem is used to produce accurate, time-dependent recombination rates for ELSPEC to improve the inversion of electron density profiles to primary electron energy spectra. The improvement of the dynamic recombination rates on the inversion is compared with static recombination rates from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and the steady-state recombination rates from an ionospheric chemistry model, FlipChem. A systematic overestimation at high electron energies can be removed using a dynamic model. The comparison with FlipChem shows that short-timescale density variations are missed in a steady-state chemistry model.Abstract
The ion composition in the E-region is modified by auroral precipitation. This affects the inversion of electron density profiles from field-aligned incoherent scatter radar measurements to differential energy spectra of precipitating electrons. Here a fully dynamic ionospheric chemistry model (IonChem) is developed that integrates the coupled continuity equations for 6 ion and 9 neutral species, modeling the rapid ionospheric variability during active aurora. IonChem is used to produce accurate, time-dependent recombination rates for ELSPEC to improve the inversion of electron density profiles to primary electron energy spectra. The improvement of the dynamic recombination rates on the inversion is compared with static recombination rates from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and the steady-state recombination rates from an ionospheric chemistry model, FlipChem. A systematic overestimation at high electron energies can be removed using a dynamic model. The comparison with FlipChem shows that short-timescale density variations are missed in a steady-state chemistry model
The new Kesälahti school and daycare venter : project planning for a learning environment
No full textVuonna 2024 Kitee teki päätöksen selvittää hankesuunnitelman muodossa uuden koulu- ja monitoimirakennuksen rakentamisen mahdollisuutta Kiteehen kuuluvalle Kesälahdelle. Kesälahti on vajaan kahdentuhannen asukkaan pitäjä, jossa järjestetään opetusta vuosiluokille 1–6 sekä varhaiskasvatusta noin 30 lapselle. Opetusta järjestettiin päätöksentekohetkellä kolmessa rakennuksessa, jotka käsittävät myös kirjaston ja nuorisotoimen tilat sekä liikuntatilat. Hankesuunnittelun toimeksianto annettiin valintaprosessin myötä suunnittelutoimisto Vaaka-ARK Oy:lle.
Tämä diplomityö sisältää Kesälahden uuden koulun ja päiväkodin hankesuunnitelman, joka on tehty työsuhteessa suunnittelutoimistoon. Hankesuunnitelman lisäksi diplomityöhön sisältyy hankesuunnittelun prosessin kuvaus ja reflektointi. Diplomityön varsinaisena tavoitteena oli hankesuunnittelun prosessin kuvaus, ei ehdotussuunnitelman esittely ja arkkitehtonisten ratkaisujen laadun arviointi.
Diplomityö on jaettu kolmeen osaan. Ensimmäinen osa käsittelee hankesuunnittelun prosessia lähteisiin peilaten. Prosessin aikana hanke muuttui monitoimitalosta koulu- ja päiväkotirakennukseksi. Ensimmäisen osion tavoitteena on esittää Kesälahden uuden koulun ja päiväkodin hankesuunnitteluprosessin vaiheet tavoitteineen ja työtapoineen, ja luoda näin lukijalle ymmärrys siitä, miten esitetty hankesuunnitelma muodostui.
Toinen osa käsittää itse hankesuunnitelman. Hankesuunnitelma sisältää hankkeen kuvauksen, taustatiedot, asetetut tavoitteet sekä ehdotussuunnitelman. Hankesuunnitelmassa esitetty ehdotussuunnitelma pohjautuu hankesuunnittelun aikana kerättyyn ja analysoituun tietoon. Hankesuunnitelma esittää uuden yksikerroksisen koulurakennuksen rakentamista nykyisten koulurakennusten paikalle ja varhaiskasvatuksen tilojen saneeraamista osittain tyhjillään olevaan terveysasemarakennukseen. Hankesuunnitelma on työssä omana lukunaan, jossa dokumentti on esitetty kansisivuineen ja lähteineen kokonaisuudessaan.
Työn päättävä kolmas osa koostuu pohdinnasta, jossa reflektoidaan hankesuunnittelun merkitystä henkilökohtaisella tasolla. Pohdinnassa sivutaan myös hankesuunnittelun yksilöllistä luonnetta ja hankesuunnittelua edistäviä työtapoja. Osiossa käsitellään hankesuunnittelun prosessia, prosessin onnistumisia ja haasteita sekä kertynyttä oppia
Young children initiating and negotiating their digital literacy practices in their homes
No full textAbstract
This chapter focuses on two-year-old children’s digital literacy practices in the context of their homes in Finland. Drawing on a socioculturally framed understanding of digital literacy as a tool-mediated social practice, we investigated how these children negotiated their digital literacy practices with their parents and the agency of children and parents in these practices. The findings make visible the relational dynamics of the children’s digital literacy practices realised through a reciprocal interplay of child and parent initiations. The negotiation of the children’s digital literacy practices was strongly based on parental values and conceptions of what it means to be a parent and a child in the digital age.Abstract
This chapter focuses on two-year-old children’s digital literacy practices in the context of their homes in Finland. Drawing on a socioculturally framed understanding of digital literacy as a tool-mediated social practice, we investigated how these children negotiated their digital literacy practices with their parents and the agency of children and parents in these practices. The findings make visible the relational dynamics of the children’s digital literacy practices realised through a reciprocal interplay of child and parent initiations. The negotiation of the children’s digital literacy practices was strongly based on parental values and conceptions of what it means to be a parent and a child in the digital age
How Finland's border-state policy was perceived by a political paper Suunta in 1922
No full textVasta itsenäistynyt Suomi oli 1920-luvun alussa ulkopoliittisesti kokematon, ja liittolaissuhteita haviteltiin eri puolilta Eurooppaa. Ulkopoliittisia suhteita lähdettiin rakentamaan reunavaltiopolitiikan kautta. Se perustui entisestä suurvallasta, Venäjän keisarikunnasta, irtautuneiden Baltian maiden ja Puolan yhteistyöhön. Liiton tavoitteena oli poliittis-sotilaallinen yhteistyö Neuvosto-Venäjän ja Saksan laajentumispyrkimyksiä vastaan.
Reunavaltiopolitiikka huipentui Varsovan konferenssiin 13.–17.3.1922, jolloin Suomen, Viron, Latvian ja Puolan välinen Varsovan sopimus allekirjoitettiin. Ulkopoliittisena vaihtoehtona reunavaltiopolitiikka kuitenkin päättyi siihen, ettei eduskunta ratifioinut sopimusta. Ulkoministeri Rudolf Holsti sai epäluottamuslauseen ja Vennolan II hallitus erosi 2. kesäkuuta 1922. Lopulta reunavaltiopolitiikka jäi Suomen historiassa lähinnä parin vuoden mittaiseksi ulkopoliittiseksi seikkailuksi.
Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastelen, millaista kantaa Suunta edusti ja kuinka se suhtautui reunavaltiopolitiikkaan sekä sen pohjalta syntyneeseen Varsovan sopimukseen. Tarkastelen myös, miten lehden suhtautuminen reunavaltiopolitiikkaan muuttui sitä mukaa, kun ulkopolitiikan toteutuminen alkoi näyttäytyä yhä epätodennäköisempänä. Tutkielmassa kuvataan, kuinka lehden alkuperäinen kiinnostus mahdollisesta puolustusliitosta muuttui ankaraksi kritiikiksi sopimusta kohtaan. Keskeisessä roolissa oli ulkoministeri Rudolf Holsti, jota lehti syytti valtuuksiensa ylittämisestä ja Suomen ajauttamisesta Puolan vaikutusvallan alaiseksi
Discovery of Inhibitors for Bacterial Arr Enzymes ADP-Ribosylating and Inactivating Rifamycin Antibiotics
No full textAbstract
ADP-ribosylation is an enzymatic process where an ADP-ribose moiety is transferred from NAD+ to an acceptor molecule. While ADP-ribosylation is well-established as a post-translational modification of proteins, rifamycin antibiotics are its only known small-molecule targets. ADP-ribosylation of rifampicin was first identified in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, whose Arr enzyme transfers the ADP-ribose moiety to the 23-hydroxy group of rifampicin preventing its interaction with the bacterial RNA polymerase thereby inactivating the antibiotic. Arr homologues are widely spread among bacterial species and present in several pathogenic species often associated with mobile genetic elements. Inhibition of Arr enzymes offers a promising strategy to overcome ADP-ribosylation mediated rifamycin resistance. We developed a high-throughput activity assay which was applied to screen an in-house library of human ADP-ribosyltransferase-targeted compounds. We identified 15 inhibitors with IC50 values below 5 μM against four Arr enzymes from M. smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacteroides abscessus. The observed overall selectivity of the hit compounds over the other homologues indicated structural differences between the proteins. We crystallized M. smegmatis and P. aeruginosa Arr enzymes, the former in complex with its most potent hit compound with an IC50 value of 1.3 μM. We observed structural differences in the NAD+ binding pockets of the two Arr homologues explaining the selectivity. Although the Arr inhibitors did not sensitize M. smegmatis to rifampicin in a growth inhibition assay, the structural information and the collection of inhibitors provide a foundation for rational modifications and further development of the compounds.Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is an enzymatic process where an ADP-ribose moiety is transferred from NAD+ to an acceptor molecule. While ADP-ribosylation is well-established as a post-translational modification of proteins, rifamycin antibiotics are its only known small-molecule targets. ADP-ribosylation of rifampicin was first identified in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, whose Arr enzyme transfers the ADP-ribose moiety to the 23-hydroxy group of rifampicin preventing its interaction with the bacterial RNA polymerase thereby inactivating the antibiotic. Arr homologues are widely spread among bacterial species and present in several pathogenic species often associated with mobile genetic elements. Inhibition of Arr enzymes offers a promising strategy to overcome ADP-ribosylation mediated rifamycin resistance. We developed a high-throughput activity assay which was applied to screen an in-house library of human ADP-ribosyltransferase-targeted compounds. We identified 15 inhibitors with IC50 values below 5 μM against four Arr enzymes from M. smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacteroides abscessus. The observed overall selectivity of the hit compounds over the other homologues indicated structural differences between the proteins. We crystallized M. smegmatis and P. aeruginosa Arr enzymes, the former in complex with its most potent hit compound with an IC50 value of 1.3 μM. We observed structural differences in the NAD+ binding pockets of the two Arr homologues explaining the selectivity. Although the Arr inhibitors did not sensitize M. smegmatis to rifampicin in a growth inhibition assay, the structural information and the collection of inhibitors provide a foundation for rational modifications and further development of the compounds
Climate Change and Tourism in Namibia: Mapping Emerging Risks and Impacts
No full textAbstract
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of climate change risks that lead to a polycrisis in the tourism sector, creating a substantial and persuasive challenge to the tourism sector in Namibia. The research study employed a qualitative approach, allowing for an integrated analysis by the researcher. Interviews were conducted with the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Tourism (MEFT) to comprehend the impacts of climate change on tourism and the resilience approaches and adaptation strategies for the future of tourism in Namibia. Research materials are based on 15 purposively sampled officials from MEFT and 5 selected managers from Gondwana Collection Namibia, through a snowball sampling technique. The study findings reveal that both MEFT and business operators suggest that droughts and floods are not isolated or temporary threats but rather systemic and escalating processes affecting natural systems, conservation efforts, and communities and their livelihoods. This study contributes to the body of literature by critically examining the current problems with the polycrisis of climate change in sustainable tourism.Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of climate change risks that lead to a polycrisis in the tourism sector, creating a substantial and persuasive challenge to the tourism sector in Namibia. The research study employed a qualitative approach, allowing for an integrated analysis by the researcher. Interviews were conducted with the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Tourism (MEFT) to comprehend the impacts of climate change on tourism and the resilience approaches and adaptation strategies for the future of tourism in Namibia. Research materials are based on 15 purposively sampled officials from MEFT and 5 selected managers from Gondwana Collection Namibia, through a snowball sampling technique. The study findings reveal that both MEFT and business operators suggest that droughts and floods are not isolated or temporary threats but rather systemic and escalating processes affecting natural systems, conservation efforts, and communities and their livelihoods. This study contributes to the body of literature by critically examining the current problems with the polycrisis of climate change in sustainable tourism
Pervasive Artificial Intelligence in Next Generation Wireless : The Hexa-X Project Perspective
No full textAbstract
The European 6G flagship project Hexa-X has the objective to conduct exploratory research on the next generation of mobile networks with the intention to connect human, physical and digital worlds with a fabric of technology enablers. Within this scope, one of the main research challenges is the ambition for beyond 5G (B5G)/6G systems to support, enhance and enable real-time trustworthy control by transforming Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) technologies into a vital and trusted tool for large-scale deployment of interconnected intelligence available to the wider society. Hence, the study and development of concepts and solutions enabling AI-driven communication and computation co-design for a B5G /6G communication system is required. This paper focuses on describing the possibilities that emerge with the application of AI & ML mechanisms (with emphasis on ML) to 6G networks, identifying the resulting challenges and proposing some potential solution approaches.Abstract
The European 6G flagship project Hexa-X has the objective to conduct exploratory research on the next generation of mobile networks with the intention to connect human, physical and digital worlds with a fabric of technology enablers. Within this scope, one of the main research challenges is the ambition for beyond 5G (B5G)/6G systems to support, enhance and enable real-time trustworthy control by transforming Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) technologies into a vital and trusted tool for large-scale deployment of interconnected intelligence available to the wider society. Hence, the study and development of concepts and solutions enabling AI-driven communication and computation co-design for a B5G /6G communication system is required. This paper focuses on describing the possibilities that emerge with the application of AI & ML mechanisms (with emphasis on ML) to 6G networks, identifying the resulting challenges and proposing some potential solution approaches
Population genetics of Volga-Kama from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle Ages
No full textMuinais-DNA-tutkimus on yleistynyt viimeisen 20 vuoden aikana, ja eri alueiden ja aikakausien tutkimuksen taso on parantunut. Tämän vuosikymmenen aikana Volgan-Kaman alueelle on kohdistettu muinais-DNA-tutkimuksia, jotka pyrkivät valottamaan alueen väestögeneettistä historiaa. Tämä tutkielma kokoaa näiden tutkimusten tuottaman geneettisen informaation arkeologisten kulttuurien ja ilmiöiden näkökulmasta, valottaen tämänhetkisen muinais-DNA-tutkimuksen tilaa myöhäiseltä pronssikaudelta keskiajalle. Myöhäiseltä pronssikaudelta ja varhaiselta rautakaudelta on edelleen vain vähän muinais-DNA:ta, ja useimmin näytteitä on vain muutamasta arkeologisesta kohteesta. Muinais-DNA:n avulla on osoitettu alueen merkitys etenkin unkarilaisten muuttoliikkeille, mutta myös avarrettu ennalta tuntemattomia alueen sisäisiä ja ulkopuolisia yhteyksiä. Vastikään tuotettua geneettistä informaatiota voidaan hyödyntää jatkotutkimuksissa vastaamaan alueellisesti sekä ajallisesti rajatumpia väestögeneettisiä kysymyksiä