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Development of real estate management with consideration of building health aspects
No full textJulkisen tahon kiinteistökannan hallinnassa on tunnistettu tarve yhtenäisille toimintatavoille. Useissa kunnissa kiinteistöjen salkutus sekä pitkän aikavälin suunnittelu ovat hajanaisia, eikä rakennusterveysnäkökulmaa ole kytketty kattavasti osaksi kiinteistökannan hallintaa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää työn tilaajalle eli Kuhmon kaupungin Tilapalveluille toimintamalli, joka kokoaa kiinteistöjen kuntoa, käyttöä ja rakennusterveydellisiä riskejä koskevan tiedon yhteen tukien päätöksentekoa.
Tutkimus toteutettiin konstruktiivisena tutkimuksena. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa tarkasteltiin julkisten organisaatioiden kiinteistökannan hallintaan, salkutukseen, pitkän tähtäimen suunnitteluun, energiatehokkuuteen sekä rakennusterveydellisiin riskeihin liittyviä keskeisiä teemoja. Tutkimuksen tuloksen toimintamalli yhdistää salkutuksen, pitkän tähtäimen suunnittelun eli työssä määritellyt PTS-luokat sekä rakennusterveydellisen tarkastelun yksinkertaiseksi Excel-malliksi.
Toimintamallin käytettävyystestauksen tulokset osoittivat, että malli soveltuu rakennusterveydellisten riskien tunnistamiseen ja kiinteistöjen vertailuun. Toimintamalli tukee julkisten organisaatioiden velvoitetta tehdä päätöksiä läpinäkyvästi ja perustellusti
Bridging Classical and Quantum Approaches for Quantitative Sensing of Turbid Media with Polarization-Entangled Photons
No full textAbstract
Polarimetry with quantum light promises improved measurements for various scenarios. However, fundamental understanding of quantum photonic state transport in complex, real media, and tools to interpret the state after interaction with the sample are still lacking. Here, we theoretically and experimentally explore the evolution of polarization-entangled states in a turbid medium on example of tissue phantoms. By elaborating mathematical relationship between Wolf's coherency matrix and density matrix, we introduce a versatile framework describing the transfer of entangled photons in turbid environments with polarization tracking and resulting quantum state representation with the density operator. Experimentally, we reveal a robust trend in the state evolution depending on the reduced scattering coefficient of the medium. Our theoretical predictions correlate with experimental findings, while the model extends the study by photonic states with different degrees of entanglement. The presented results pave the way for quantitative quantum photonic sensing enabling applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics to remote sensing.Abstract
Polarimetry with quantum light promises improved measurements for various scenarios. However, fundamental understanding of quantum photonic state transport in complex, real media, and tools to interpret the state after interaction with the sample are still lacking. Here, we theoretically and experimentally explore the evolution of polarization-entangled states in a turbid medium on example of tissue phantoms. By elaborating mathematical relationship between Wolf's coherency matrix and density matrix, we introduce a versatile framework describing the transfer of entangled photons in turbid environments with polarization tracking and resulting quantum state representation with the density operator. Experimentally, we reveal a robust trend in the state evolution depending on the reduced scattering coefficient of the medium. Our theoretical predictions correlate with experimental findings, while the model extends the study by photonic states with different degrees of entanglement. The presented results pave the way for quantitative quantum photonic sensing enabling applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics to remote sensing
Inverse Design Methodology Applied to Designing High-Speed Electric Machines
No full textAbstract
High-speed electric machines (HSEMs) are essential for compact and efficient systems used in compressors, turbines, and other advanced industrial applications. However, their design poses a complex challenge due to the tight coupling between mechanical strength, electromagnetic performance, and dynamic stability. Traditional forward-design methods often require extensive iteration and expert judgment, making them time-consuming and prone to suboptimal outcomes. This paper introduces an inverse design methodology that begins with clearly defined performance targets, such as torque output, critical-speed avoidance, and surface velocity limits. A constrained genetic algorithm then determines the optimal rotor geometry that satisfies these targets. The method incorporates a physics-based model with sixteen design variables and fifteen constraints to ensure the design remains physically feasible, structurally sound, and manufacturable. A case study on a slitted solid-rotor induction machine presents the achievement of the required 223 Nm torque while reducing rotor mass and improving dynamic safety margins. Extensive sensitivity analyses on speed, torque, and impeller mass show that the algorithm consistently adapts the rotor design to maintain performance and satisfy constraints, even under varying operating conditions. Overall, this work demonstrates inverse design offers a powerful and efficient alternative to conventional approaches, enabling faster development, better integration of multidisciplinary requirements, and scalable optimization for high-performance HSEMs.Abstract
High-speed electric machines (HSEMs) are essential for compact and efficient systems used in compressors, turbines, and other advanced industrial applications. However, their design poses a complex challenge due to the tight coupling between mechanical strength, electromagnetic performance, and dynamic stability. Traditional forward-design methods often require extensive iteration and expert judgment, making them time-consuming and prone to suboptimal outcomes. This paper introduces an inverse design methodology that begins with clearly defined performance targets, such as torque output, critical-speed avoidance, and surface velocity limits. A constrained genetic algorithm then determines the optimal rotor geometry that satisfies these targets. The method incorporates a physics-based model with sixteen design variables and fifteen constraints to ensure the design remains physically feasible, structurally sound, and manufacturable. A case study on a slitted solid-rotor induction machine presents the achievement of the required 223 Nm torque while reducing rotor mass and improving dynamic safety margins. Extensive sensitivity analyses on speed, torque, and impeller mass show that the algorithm consistently adapts the rotor design to maintain performance and satisfy constraints, even under varying operating conditions. Overall, this work demonstrates inverse design offers a powerful and efficient alternative to conventional approaches, enabling faster development, better integration of multidisciplinary requirements, and scalable optimization for high-performance HSEMs
Yrittäjämäinen neuvokkuus innovatiivisuuden, adaptiivisuuden ja kasvun lähteenä
Get PDFEsipuhe
Yrittäjyyttä voidaan kutsua ideoiden todeksi muuttamisen taidoksi. Syvällisemmin tarkasteltaessa kyseessä on kyky toimia neuvokkaasti epävarmuuden ja rajoitteiden keskellä. Tämä kirja tarkastelee yrittäjämäistä neuvokkuutta useista näkökulmista yhdistäen teoreettisia oivalluksia, empiiristä tutkimusta ja vaikuttavia yrittäjätarinoita.
Yrittäjämäisen neuvokkuuden käsite ei ole uusi, mutta sen merkitys on kasvussa. Nykymaailmassa, jota leimaavat geopoliittiset haasteet, taloudellinen turbulenssi, teknologiset murrokset ja yhteiskunnalliset ongelmat, neuvokkuus mahdollistaa dynaamisena kompetenssina yksilöiden ja organisaatioiden sopeutumisen, innovoinnin ja kasvun. Kyse ei ole pelkästä ongelmanratkaisusta; se on myös niukkojen resurssien käyttöönottoa, mahdollisuuksien tunnistamista ja arvon luomista olosuhteissa, joissa perinteiset ratkaisumallit eivät toimi.
Tämä teos kokoaa yhteen tutkijoiden ja käytännön toimijoiden vertaisarvioidut tulokset, jotka avaavat neuvokkuutta moniulotteisena ilmiönä. Luvut korostavat neuvokkuuden kognitiivisia, affektiivisia ja konatiivisia ulottuvuuksia eli ajattelua, tuntemista ja toimintaa. Tutkimukseen perustuvien viitekehysten, kuten yrittäjämäisen neuvokkuuden puumallin, sekä analyyttisten työkalujen avulla avataan neuvokkuuden yhteyttä proaktiiviseen ja reaktiiviseen käyttäytymiseen. Nämä mallit tarjoavat lukijoille sekä käytännöllisiä että teoreettisia tapoja ymmärtää, miten neuvokkuus toimii yrittäjyyskonteksteissa.
Teoksen näkökulma on tarkoituksella laaja. Se avaa elämäkertoja yrittäjistä, jotka nousivat köyhyydestä merkittävään asemaan ja tapaustutkimuksia kasvuhakuisista innovaattoreista matkailualalla. Lisäksi tarkastellaan neuvokkuutta perheyrityksissä ja sitä, miten kriisien synnyttämä luovuus voi muodostua sukupolvien yli kantavaksi perinnöksi. Moninaiset näkökulmat yhdistyvät yhteiseen havaintoon: neuvokkuus on usein ratkaiseva tekijä yrittäjyyden menestyksessä, erityisesti silloin, kun resurssit ovat rajalliset tai olosuhteet haastavat.
Yrittäjämäisen neuvokkuuden teema resonoi vahvasti Suomessa ja pohjoisilla alueilla. Näillä alueilla kohdataan ainutlaatuisia haasteita: maantieteellinen etäisyys, ankarat ilmasto-olosuhteet, väestörakenteen muutokset ja talouden rakennemuutokset. Samalla ne tarjoavat erityisiä mahdollisuuksia esimerkiksi kestävän matkailun, vihreiden teknologioiden ja digitaalisten innovaatioiden aloilla. Pohjoisissa yhteisöissä neuvokkuus ei ole pelkkä yrittäjämäinen piirre; se on keskeinen selviytymisstrategia ja resilienssin ajuri.
Suomen viimeaikaiset tuottavuustrendit korostavat neuvokkuuden edistämisen kiireellisyyttä. Kun monet vertailumaat ovat toipuneet aiemmista kriiseistä, Suomi kamppailee edelleen rakenteellisten haasteiden kanssa. Yrittäjämäinen neuvokkuus voi olla keskeisessä roolissa tämän kehityksen kääntämisessä mahdollistamalla yritysten ja yhteisöjen innovoinnin, sopeutumisen ja kasvun rajoitteista huolimatta. Pohjoisissa konteksteissa, joissa ekosysteemit ja elinkeinot ovat juuri nyt paineen alla ilmastonmuutoksen ja globaalien markkinamuutosten vuoksi, neuvokkuus on syytä huomioida uudella tavalla kestävän kehityksen ja vaurastumisen mahdollistaja.
Tavoitteenamme on tarjota tämä kirja tutkijoille, opettajille, päättäjille ja käytännön toimijoille, jotka haluavat ymmärtää ja kehittää yrittäjämäistä neuvokkuutta. Toivon, että tämä kirja voi olla osaltaan avaamassa uusia näkökulmia yrittäjyyskoulutukseen, yrityskehitysohjelmiin ja politiikkatoimiin, jotka tukevat laajasti toimeliaisuuteen kannustavaa ja kestävää kasvua.
Haluan esittää vilpittömät kiitokseni kaikille kirjoittajille heidän panoksestaan sekä arvioijille rakentavista palautteista. Lämmin kiitos Marja Irjalalle, Hannele Rautamäelle, Anita Saarelaiselle ja Bart Henssenille heidän merkittävästä panoksistaan. Heidän asiantuntemuksensa, luovuutensa ja periksiantamattomuutensa ovat rikastuttaneet tätä teosta monipuolisilla näkökulmilla ja arvokkailla oivalluksilla. Jokainen luku heijastaa heidän omistautumistaan yrittäjyystiedon ja -käytännön edistämiseen. Erityiskiitos kuuluu myös yhteisöille ja yrittäjille, joiden tarinat inspiroivat tätä työtä.
Lopuksi haluan ilmaista syvän kunnioitukseni ja sydämelliset kiitokseni professori emeritus Matti Koiraselle, tämän teoksen alullepanijalle, toimittajalle ja merkittävälle kirjoittajalle. Hänen selkeä visionsa, älyllinen johtajuutensa ja elinikäinen omistautumisensa yrittäjyystutkimukselle ovat luoneet vahvan perustan tälle työlle. Ilman hänen uraauurtavia ponnistuksiaan ja esimerkillistä sitoutumista tämä teos ei olisi olemassa.
Toivon, että tämä kirja toimii sekä tieteellisenä lähteenä että käytännön oppaana – keskustelun, tutkimuksen ja toiminnan katalysaattorina. Maailmassa, jossa ainoa mikä on varmaa, on se, että kaikki on epävarmaa, yrittäjämäinen neuvokkuus ei ole vain kilpailuetu; se on välttämättömyys.
Oulussa 4. marraskuuta 2025
Matti Muhos
Kasvun johtamisen, uudistuvan liiketoiminnan ja digitalisaation professori, Oulun yliopisto
Johtaja, Oulun yliopiston Kerttu Saalasti Instituutti
Päätoimittaja, International Journal of Management and Enterprise DevelopmentPreface
Entrepreneurship can be described as the art of turning ideas into reality. Behind this art lies a deeper capability: the ability to act resourcefully in the face of uncertainty and constraints. This book explores that capability – entrepreneurial resourcefulness –through multiple lenses, combining theoretical insights, empirical research, and compelling narratives.
The concept of entrepreneurial resourcefulness is not new, yet its relevance has never been greater. In today’s rapidly changing world, marked by geopolitical challenges, economic turbulence, technological disruption, and societal challenges, resourcefulness is a dynamic competence that enables individuals and organizations to adapt, innovate, and thrive. It is about more than problem-solving; it is about mobilizing scarce resources, recognizing opportunities, and creating value under conditions where conventional paths may not exist.
This volume brings together peer-reviewed contributions from scholars and practitioners who examine resourcefulness as a multidimensional phenomenon. The chapters highlight its cognitive, affective, and conative dimensions – thinking, feeling, and acting – through integrative frameworks such as The Tree-Model, and analytical tools for proactive and reactive behavior. These models offer readers practical and theoretical ways to understand how resourcefulness operates in entrepreneurial contexts.
The book’s scope is intentionally broad. It spans biographies of entrepreneurs who rose from poverty to prominence and case studies of growth-oriented innovators in tourism. It also addresses resourcefulness in family businesses, showing how crisis-driven creativity can become a transgenerational legacy. These diverse perspectives converge on a common insight: resourcefulness is often the decisive factor in entrepreneurial success, especially when resources are limited or circumstances are adverse.
The theme of entrepreneurial resourcefulness resonates strongly in Finland and across northern regions. These areas face unique challenges, geographical remoteness, harsh climatic conditions, demographic shifts, and economic restructuring. At the same time, they offer distinctive opportunities in sectors such as sustainable tourism, green technologies, and digital innovation. For communities in the North, resourcefulness is not merely an entrepreneurial trait; it is a survival strategy and a driver of resilience.
Finland’s recent productivity trends underscore the urgency of fostering resourcefulness. While many peer economies have recovered from past crises, Finland continues to grapple with structural challenges. Entrepreneurial resourcefulness can play a pivotal role in reversing this trajectory by enabling businesses and communities to innovate, adapt, and grow despite constraints. In the northern contexts, where ecosystems and livelihoods are under pressure from climate change and global market dynamics, resourcefulness becomes a cornerstone for sustainable development and inclusive prosperity.
Our aim is to provide a resource for scholars, educators, policymakers, and practitioners who seek to understand and cultivate entrepreneurial resourcefulness. The insights presented here have implications for entrepreneurship education, business development programs, and policy frameworks designed to support inclusive and sustainable growth.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all authors for their thoughtful contributions and to the reviewers for their constructive feedback. I warmly thank Marja Irjala, Hannele Rautamäki, Anita Saarelainen, and Bart Henssen for their significant contributions. Their expertise, creativity, and commitment have enabled and enriched this book with diverse perspectives and valuable insights. Each chapter reflects their dedication to advancing knowledge and practice in entrepreneurship. Further, special thanks go to the communities and entrepreneurs whose stories inspired this work.
Finally, I would like to express my deep respect and heartfelt thanks to Professor Emeritus Matti Koiranen, the initiator, editor, and great contributor to this book. His vision, intellectual leadership, and lifelong dedication to entrepreneurship research have laid the foundation for this work. Without his pioneering efforts and unwavering commitment, this volume would not exist.
May this book serve as both a scholarly reference and a practical guide – a catalyst for dialogue, research, and action. In a world where uncertainty is the only certainty, entrepreneurial resourcefulness is not just an advantage; it is a necessity.
In Oulu 4th of November, 2025
Matti Muhos
Professor of Growth Management, Renewing Business, and Digitalization, University of Oulu
Director, University of Oulu Kerttu Saalasti Institute
Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Management and Enterprise DevelopmentEsipuhe
Yrittäjyyttä voidaan kutsua ideoiden todeksi muuttamisen taidoksi. Syvällisemmin tarkasteltaessa kyseessä on kyky toimia neuvokkaasti epävarmuuden ja rajoitteiden keskellä. Tämä kirja tarkastelee yrittäjämäistä neuvokkuutta useista näkökulmista yhdistäen teoreettisia oivalluksia, empiiristä tutkimusta ja vaikuttavia yrittäjätarinoita.
Yrittäjämäisen neuvokkuuden käsite ei ole uusi, mutta sen merkitys on kasvussa. Nykymaailmassa, jota leimaavat geopoliittiset haasteet, taloudellinen turbulenssi, teknologiset murrokset ja yhteiskunnalliset ongelmat, neuvokkuus mahdollistaa dynaamisena kompetenssina yksilöiden ja organisaatioiden sopeutumisen, innovoinnin ja kasvun. Kyse ei ole pelkästä ongelmanratkaisusta; se on myös niukkojen resurssien käyttöönottoa, mahdollisuuksien tunnistamista ja arvon luomista olosuhteissa, joissa perinteiset ratkaisumallit eivät toimi.
Tämä teos kokoaa yhteen tutkijoiden ja käytännön toimijoiden vertaisarvioidut tulokset, jotka avaavat neuvokkuutta moniulotteisena ilmiönä. Luvut korostavat neuvokkuuden kognitiivisia, affektiivisia ja konatiivisia ulottuvuuksia eli ajattelua, tuntemista ja toimintaa. Tutkimukseen perustuvien viitekehysten, kuten yrittäjämäisen neuvokkuuden puumallin, sekä analyyttisten työkalujen avulla avataan neuvokkuuden yhteyttä proaktiiviseen ja reaktiiviseen käyttäytymiseen. Nämä mallit tarjoavat lukijoille sekä käytännöllisiä että teoreettisia tapoja ymmärtää, miten neuvokkuus toimii yrittäjyyskonteksteissa.
Teoksen näkökulma on tarkoituksella laaja. Se avaa elämäkertoja yrittäjistä, jotka nousivat köyhyydestä merkittävään asemaan ja tapaustutkimuksia kasvuhakuisista innovaattoreista matkailualalla. Lisäksi tarkastellaan neuvokkuutta perheyrityksissä ja sitä, miten kriisien synnyttämä luovuus voi muodostua sukupolvien yli kantavaksi perinnöksi. Moninaiset näkökulmat yhdistyvät yhteiseen havaintoon: neuvokkuus on usein ratkaiseva tekijä yrittäjyyden menestyksessä, erityisesti silloin, kun resurssit ovat rajalliset tai olosuhteet haastavat.
Yrittäjämäisen neuvokkuuden teema resonoi vahvasti Suomessa ja pohjoisilla alueilla. Näillä alueilla kohdataan ainutlaatuisia haasteita: maantieteellinen etäisyys, ankarat ilmasto-olosuhteet, väestörakenteen muutokset ja talouden rakennemuutokset. Samalla ne tarjoavat erityisiä mahdollisuuksia esimerkiksi kestävän matkailun, vihreiden teknologioiden ja digitaalisten innovaatioiden aloilla. Pohjoisissa yhteisöissä neuvokkuus ei ole pelkkä yrittäjämäinen piirre; se on keskeinen selviytymisstrategia ja resilienssin ajuri.
Suomen viimeaikaiset tuottavuustrendit korostavat neuvokkuuden edistämisen kiireellisyyttä. Kun monet vertailumaat ovat toipuneet aiemmista kriiseistä, Suomi kamppailee edelleen rakenteellisten haasteiden kanssa. Yrittäjämäinen neuvokkuus voi olla keskeisessä roolissa tämän kehityksen kääntämisessä mahdollistamalla yritysten ja yhteisöjen innovoinnin, sopeutumisen ja kasvun rajoitteista huolimatta. Pohjoisissa konteksteissa, joissa ekosysteemit ja elinkeinot ovat juuri nyt paineen alla ilmastonmuutoksen ja globaalien markkinamuutosten vuoksi, neuvokkuus on syytä huomioida uudella tavalla kestävän kehityksen ja vaurastumisen mahdollistaja.
Tavoitteenamme on tarjota tämä kirja tutkijoille, opettajille, päättäjille ja käytännön toimijoille, jotka haluavat ymmärtää ja kehittää yrittäjämäistä neuvokkuutta. Toivon, että tämä kirja voi olla osaltaan avaamassa uusia näkökulmia yrittäjyyskoulutukseen, yrityskehitysohjelmiin ja politiikkatoimiin, jotka tukevat laajasti toimeliaisuuteen kannustavaa ja kestävää kasvua.
Haluan esittää vilpittömät kiitokseni kaikille kirjoittajille heidän panoksestaan sekä arvioijille rakentavista palautteista. Lämmin kiitos Marja Irjalalle, Hannele Rautamäelle, Anita Saarelaiselle ja Bart Henssenille heidän merkittävästä panoksistaan. Heidän asiantuntemuksensa, luovuutensa ja periksiantamattomuutensa ovat rikastuttaneet tätä teosta monipuolisilla näkökulmilla ja arvokkailla oivalluksilla. Jokainen luku heijastaa heidän omistautumistaan yrittäjyystiedon ja -käytännön edistämiseen. Erityiskiitos kuuluu myös yhteisöille ja yrittäjille, joiden tarinat inspiroivat tätä työtä.
Lopuksi haluan ilmaista syvän kunnioitukseni ja sydämelliset kiitokseni professori emeritus Matti Koiraselle, tämän teoksen alullepanijalle, toimittajalle ja merkittävälle kirjoittajalle. Hänen selkeä visionsa, älyllinen johtajuutensa ja elinikäinen omistautumisensa yrittäjyystutkimukselle ovat luoneet vahvan perustan tälle työlle. Ilman hänen uraauurtavia ponnistuksiaan ja esimerkillistä sitoutumista tämä teos ei olisi olemassa.
Toivon, että tämä kirja toimii sekä tieteellisenä lähteenä että käytännön oppaana – keskustelun, tutkimuksen ja toiminnan katalysaattorina. Maailmassa, jossa ainoa mikä on varmaa, on se, että kaikki on epävarmaa, yrittäjämäinen neuvokkuus ei ole vain kilpailuetu; se on välttämättömyys.
Oulussa 4. marraskuuta 2025
Matti Muhos
Kasvun johtamisen, uudistuvan liiketoiminnan ja digitalisaation professori, Oulun yliopisto
Johtaja, Oulun yliopiston Kerttu Saalasti Instituutti
Päätoimittaja, International Journal of Management and Enterprise DevelopmentPreface
Entrepreneurship can be described as the art of turning ideas into reality. Behind this art lies a deeper capability: the ability to act resourcefully in the face of uncertainty and constraints. This book explores that capability – entrepreneurial resourcefulness –through multiple lenses, combining theoretical insights, empirical research, and compelling narratives.
The concept of entrepreneurial resourcefulness is not new, yet its relevance has never been greater. In today’s rapidly changing world, marked by geopolitical challenges, economic turbulence, technological disruption, and societal challenges, resourcefulness is a dynamic competence that enables individuals and organizations to adapt, innovate, and thrive. It is about more than problem-solving; it is about mobilizing scarce resources, recognizing opportunities, and creating value under conditions where conventional paths may not exist.
This volume brings together peer-reviewed contributions from scholars and practitioners who examine resourcefulness as a multidimensional phenomenon. The chapters highlight its cognitive, affective, and conative dimensions – thinking, feeling, and acting – through integrative frameworks such as The Tree-Model, and analytical tools for proactive and reactive behavior. These models offer readers practical and theoretical ways to understand how resourcefulness operates in entrepreneurial contexts.
The book’s scope is intentionally broad. It spans biographies of entrepreneurs who rose from poverty to prominence and case studies of growth-oriented innovators in tourism. It also addresses resourcefulness in family businesses, showing how crisis-driven creativity can become a transgenerational legacy. These diverse perspectives converge on a common insight: resourcefulness is often the decisive factor in entrepreneurial success, especially when resources are limited or circumstances are adverse.
The theme of entrepreneurial resourcefulness resonates strongly in Finland and across northern regions. These areas face unique challenges, geographical remoteness, harsh climatic conditions, demographic shifts, and economic restructuring. At the same time, they offer distinctive opportunities in sectors such as sustainable tourism, green technologies, and digital innovation. For communities in the North, resourcefulness is not merely an entrepreneurial trait; it is a survival strategy and a driver of resilience.
Finland’s recent productivity trends underscore the urgency of fostering resourcefulness. While many peer economies have recovered from past crises, Finland continues to grapple with structural challenges. Entrepreneurial resourcefulness can play a pivotal role in reversing this trajectory by enabling businesses and communities to innovate, adapt, and grow despite constraints. In the northern contexts, where ecosystems and livelihoods are under pressure from climate change and global market dynamics, resourcefulness becomes a cornerstone for sustainable development and inclusive prosperity.
Our aim is to provide a resource for scholars, educators, policymakers, and practitioners who seek to understand and cultivate entrepreneurial resourcefulness. The insights presented here have implications for entrepreneurship education, business development programs, and policy frameworks designed to support inclusive and sustainable growth.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all authors for their thoughtful contributions and to the reviewers for their constructive feedback. I warmly thank Marja Irjala, Hannele Rautamäki, Anita Saarelainen, and Bart Henssen for their significant contributions. Their expertise, creativity, and commitment have enabled and enriched this book with diverse perspectives and valuable insights. Each chapter reflects their dedication to advancing knowledge and practice in entrepreneurship. Further, special thanks go to the communities and entrepreneurs whose stories inspired this work.
Finally, I would like to express my deep respect and heartfelt thanks to Professor Emeritus Matti Koiranen, the initiator, editor, and great contributor to this book. His vision, intellectual leadership, and lifelong dedication to entrepreneurship research have laid the foundation for this work. Without his pioneering efforts and unwavering commitment, this volume would not exist.
May this book serve as both a scholarly reference and a practical guide – a catalyst for dialogue, research, and action. In a world where uncertainty is the only certainty, entrepreneurial resourcefulness is not just an advantage; it is a necessity.
In Oulu 4th of November, 2025
Matti Muhos
Professor of Growth Management, Renewing Business, and Digitalization, University of Oulu
Director, University of Oulu Kerttu Saalasti Institute
Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Management and Enterprise Developmen
Evidence from Outcomes: Gender-Neutral 2vHPV Vaccination at Moderate Coverage Drives Rapid Depletion of HPV16/18 Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Women
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination may eventually eradicate oncogenic vaccine-targeted HPVs but only with a strategy that also protects unvaccinated individuals. We compared the impact of gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination strategies on the indirect and direct protection of unvaccinated and vaccinated young women against HPV16/18 infection using HPV16/18 seropositivity and PCR positivity 3–7 years post vaccination as the outcome measure. A total of 33 Finnish communities were randomized to one of three vaccination strategies: bivalent gender-neutral HPV vaccination (Arm A), girls-only HPV vaccination (Arm B), or control hepatitis B vaccination (Arm C). All individuals born between 1992 and 1995 and residing in these communities (n = 80,272) were invited to participate. Overall, 11,662 males and 20,513 females consented, corresponding to vaccination coverages of 25% and 45%, respectively, in 2007–2009. Between 2010 and 2014, 11,396 cervical samples were collected from 18-year-old participants and subjected to high-throughput PCR-based HPV genotyping. In addition, serum samples were obtained from 8022 unvaccinated women under 23 years of age residing in Arm A (n = 2657), Arm B (n = 2691), or Arm C (n = 2674) communities during the pre-vaccination (2005–2010) and post-vaccination (2011–2016) periods. To assess indirect vaccine effects using PCR and serological outcomes in unvaccinated women, we compared reductions in HPV16/18 prevalence from baseline within the gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination arms, using the control arm as a reference. A significant decrease in seroprevalence between the pre- and post-vaccination periods was detected in the gender-neutral communities for both HPV16 (seroprevalence ratio = 0.64) and HPV18 (0.72), whereas no comparable reductions were observed in the girls-only or control communities. In contrast, a significant reduction in HPV18 PCR-based prevalence from baseline to the post-vaccination period was observed in both the gender-neutral (0.32) and girls-only (0.61) communities. However, after accounting for ratios of seroprevalence rations for secular trends, the corresponding decrease in HPV18 seroprevalence was no longer statistically significant. Vaccine efficacy (VE) in Arm A or Arm B versus Arm C of vaccinated women measured the direct protection of vaccinated women by vaccination strategy. HPV16/18 VEs varied between 89% and 96% with some indication of herd effect against HPV18. Robust effectiveness of vaccination against PCR-confirmed cervical HPV16/18 infections, along with rapid indirect protection against HPV16/18 and HPV18 infections, was evident even with vaccination reaching only 25% and 45% coverage. Our results suggest that vaccine efficacy and herd effect induced by gender-neutral 2vHPV vaccination sets the stage for comprehensive HPV eradication, including the unvaccinated in the vaccinated communities.Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination may eventually eradicate oncogenic vaccine-targeted HPVs but only with a strategy that also protects unvaccinated individuals. We compared the impact of gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination strategies on the indirect and direct protection of unvaccinated and vaccinated young women against HPV16/18 infection using HPV16/18 seropositivity and PCR positivity 3–7 years post vaccination as the outcome measure. A total of 33 Finnish communities were randomized to one of three vaccination strategies: bivalent gender-neutral HPV vaccination (Arm A), girls-only HPV vaccination (Arm B), or control hepatitis B vaccination (Arm C). All individuals born between 1992 and 1995 and residing in these communities (n = 80,272) were invited to participate. Overall, 11,662 males and 20,513 females consented, corresponding to vaccination coverages of 25% and 45%, respectively, in 2007–2009. Between 2010 and 2014, 11,396 cervical samples were collected from 18-year-old participants and subjected to high-throughput PCR-based HPV genotyping. In addition, serum samples were obtained from 8022 unvaccinated women under 23 years of age residing in Arm A (n = 2657), Arm B (n = 2691), or Arm C (n = 2674) communities during the pre-vaccination (2005–2010) and post-vaccination (2011–2016) periods. To assess indirect vaccine effects using PCR and serological outcomes in unvaccinated women, we compared reductions in HPV16/18 prevalence from baseline within the gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination arms, using the control arm as a reference. A significant decrease in seroprevalence between the pre- and post-vaccination periods was detected in the gender-neutral communities for both HPV16 (seroprevalence ratio = 0.64) and HPV18 (0.72), whereas no comparable reductions were observed in the girls-only or control communities. In contrast, a significant reduction in HPV18 PCR-based prevalence from baseline to the post-vaccination period was observed in both the gender-neutral (0.32) and girls-only (0.61) communities. However, after accounting for ratios of seroprevalence rations for secular trends, the corresponding decrease in HPV18 seroprevalence was no longer statistically significant. Vaccine efficacy (VE) in Arm A or Arm B versus Arm C of vaccinated women measured the direct protection of vaccinated women by vaccination strategy. HPV16/18 VEs varied between 89% and 96% with some indication of herd effect against HPV18. Robust effectiveness of vaccination against PCR-confirmed cervical HPV16/18 infections, along with rapid indirect protection against HPV16/18 and HPV18 infections, was evident even with vaccination reaching only 25% and 45% coverage. Our results suggest that vaccine efficacy and herd effect induced by gender-neutral 2vHPV vaccination sets the stage for comprehensive HPV eradication, including the unvaccinated in the vaccinated communities
The Influence of Semantic Stimuli on Design Creativity: An EEG Study from the Perspective of Design Neurocognition
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This study employed electroencephalogram (EEG) to collect brain activity while participants read different kinds of semantic stimuli. The standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography method was used to analyze the current source in both the lower alpha frequency band (8–10 Hz) and the upper alpha frequency band (10–13 Hz). This study focused on understanding how semantic stimuli with different degrees of abstraction influence design creativity and on exploring the activities of the brain when processing them. The results showed abstract stimuli evoked a larger current source in the upper alpha frequency band compared to concrete stimuli on 269 voxels distributed in 13 Brodmann areas and among three lobes (frontal, temporal, and occipital). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the upper alpha current source and both novelty scores and surprise scores. These results substantiate the hypothesis that activities in the upper alpha band are conducive to enhancing design creativity.Abstract
This study employed electroencephalogram (EEG) to collect brain activity while participants read different kinds of semantic stimuli. The standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography method was used to analyze the current source in both the lower alpha frequency band (8–10 Hz) and the upper alpha frequency band (10–13 Hz). This study focused on understanding how semantic stimuli with different degrees of abstraction influence design creativity and on exploring the activities of the brain when processing them. The results showed abstract stimuli evoked a larger current source in the upper alpha frequency band compared to concrete stimuli on 269 voxels distributed in 13 Brodmann areas and among three lobes (frontal, temporal, and occipital). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the upper alpha current source and both novelty scores and surprise scores. These results substantiate the hypothesis that activities in the upper alpha band are conducive to enhancing design creativity
Salivary metabolite-based prediction of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and candidiasis
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Objectives:
Oral toxicities affect a high proportion of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients receiving radiotherapy, lacking reliable predictive biomarkers for incidence and severity. We investigated salivary metabolites and metabolic pathways as non-invasive predictors of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) and candidiasis.
Material and methods:
HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy were prospectively studied. Saliva samples of 45 HNC patients and 30 controls were analysed using NMR spectroscopy, and patients were assessed for oral complications during treatment.
Results:
Significant metabolite differences were identified between patients with and without complications. An increased concentration of lactate (p < 0.000), and a reduced concentration of formate (p = 0.018) and pyruvate (p = 0.045), was found in HNC patients at risk for OM during RT. Comparison of salivary metabolites between patients at risk or not risk for candidiasis presented increases in acetate (p = 0.005), alanine (p = 0.009), proline (p = 0.002), tyrosine (p < 0.000), trimethylamine (p = 0.007) and fucose (p < 0.000), whereas the level of citrate (p = 0.008) was decreased. Of the metabolic pathways, glucose-alanine cycle and thyroid hormone synthesis, were significantly different in patients at risk for candidiasis.
Conclusions:
Salivary metabolomics is a promising predictive tool for radiotherapy-induced oral complications, potentially enabling early intervention and personalized supportive care.
Clinical relevance:
Elevated level of salivary lactate seems to predict the development of OM, while fucosis was a sign of candidiasis. Multicentre validation studies are needed for its clinical implementation.Abstract
Objectives:
Oral toxicities affect a high proportion of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients receiving radiotherapy, lacking reliable predictive biomarkers for incidence and severity. We investigated salivary metabolites and metabolic pathways as non-invasive predictors of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) and candidiasis.
Material and methods:
HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy were prospectively studied. Saliva samples of 45 HNC patients and 30 controls were analysed using NMR spectroscopy, and patients were assessed for oral complications during treatment.
Results:
Significant metabolite differences were identified between patients with and without complications. An increased concentration of lactate (p < 0.000), and a reduced concentration of formate (p = 0.018) and pyruvate (p = 0.045), was found in HNC patients at risk for OM during RT. Comparison of salivary metabolites between patients at risk or not risk for candidiasis presented increases in acetate (p = 0.005), alanine (p = 0.009), proline (p = 0.002), tyrosine (p < 0.000), trimethylamine (p = 0.007) and fucose (p < 0.000), whereas the level of citrate (p = 0.008) was decreased. Of the metabolic pathways, glucose-alanine cycle and thyroid hormone synthesis, were significantly different in patients at risk for candidiasis.
Conclusions:
Salivary metabolomics is a promising predictive tool for radiotherapy-induced oral complications, potentially enabling early intervention and personalized supportive care.
Clinical relevance:
Elevated level of salivary lactate seems to predict the development of OM, while fucosis was a sign of candidiasis. Multicentre validation studies are needed for its clinical implementation
“The Support Allowed my Children’s Hobby to Continue After the Divorce”: Evaluating the Feasibility and Preliminary Perceived Benefits of the Pilot Project From Equal Ground Oulu
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The From Equal Ground Oulu pilot aimed to address the negative impacts of child poverty by early identification of families’ financial difficulties across different service organizations and by promoting these families’ children’s participation in leisure activities. This study evaluated the pilot’s feasibility, perceived benefits, and the factors influencing these outcomes. Partner organization employees perceived it as a concrete, family-oriented support method. Families reported receiving desired support and experiencing improved well-being and reduced stress. In the current service system, however, ways to acknowledge families’ financial difficulties are limited. These preliminary findings suggest the feasibility and beneficial nature of the pilot.Abstract
The From Equal Ground Oulu pilot aimed to address the negative impacts of child poverty by early identification of families’ financial difficulties across different service organizations and by promoting these families’ children’s participation in leisure activities. This study evaluated the pilot’s feasibility, perceived benefits, and the factors influencing these outcomes. Partner organization employees perceived it as a concrete, family-oriented support method. Families reported receiving desired support and experiencing improved well-being and reduced stress. In the current service system, however, ways to acknowledge families’ financial difficulties are limited. These preliminary findings suggest the feasibility and beneficial nature of the pilot
The acquisition of Finnish phonology
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While each child’s speech acquisition is unique, certain universal and language-specific patterns guide this process. This chapter summarises what we know about the typical phonological development of children acquiring Finnish. Based on the findings presented in this chapter, the following conclusions can be drawn: Finnish children tend to acquire consonants first in the word-medial position, quantity contrast emerges early in production, geminate structures are overrepresented in early word productions, first clusters typically consist of combinations of nasals and stops, and reduction of disyllabic words is very uncommon. In addition, Finnish sounds are acquired cross-linguistically relatively early. The most significant factor influencing phonological skills is the child’s age. Additionally, associations between phonological skills and children’s vocabulary, and later reading abilities have been reported. In the future, it will be important to collect more normative data on typical phonological development, especially from 3 years onwards. There is also a need to examine disordered phonological development more thoroughly, as well as phonological development in multilingual contexts.Abstract
While each child’s speech acquisition is unique, certain universal and language-specific patterns guide this process. This chapter summarises what we know about the typical phonological development of children acquiring Finnish. Based on the findings presented in this chapter, the following conclusions can be drawn: Finnish children tend to acquire consonants first in the word-medial position, quantity contrast emerges early in production, geminate structures are overrepresented in early word productions, first clusters typically consist of combinations of nasals and stops, and reduction of disyllabic words is very uncommon. In addition, Finnish sounds are acquired cross-linguistically relatively early. The most significant factor influencing phonological skills is the child’s age. Additionally, associations between phonological skills and children’s vocabulary, and later reading abilities have been reported. In the future, it will be important to collect more normative data on typical phonological development, especially from 3 years onwards. There is also a need to examine disordered phonological development more thoroughly, as well as phonological development in multilingual contexts
Design of Four-Port Antenna for Human Activity Recognition in Ambient Backscatter Communications Systems at 433 MHz
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This paper presents a novel design for a four-port transmitter antenna circuit tailored for an ambient backscatter communication system (ABCS) operating at 433 MHz, aimed at enhancing human activity recognition (HAR) in healthcare monitoring applications. The proposed system captures the ability of the ABCS to utilize ambient radio frequency (RF) signals, such as those from Wi-Fi, to transmit data without the need for active RF sources. This feature is particularly advantageous in low-power, data-intensive environments. The paper introduces the development of the ABCS framework, comprising a four-port antenna circuit and a Nooelec NESDR Mini USB RTL-SDR receiver, to accurately detect eight specific human activities, including new healthcare monitoring activities like “standing while dizzy,” “standing and suddenly collapsing,” and “sitting while shaking.” The experiment was conducted with five participants performing eight activities, and the results demonstrated distinct signal patterns corresponding to each activity. The findings show that the proposed system is a promising solution for the real-time, non-intrusive monitoring of human activities, which is crucial for early detection and intervention in healthcare scenarios.Abstract
This paper presents a novel design for a four-port transmitter antenna circuit tailored for an ambient backscatter communication system (ABCS) operating at 433 MHz, aimed at enhancing human activity recognition (HAR) in healthcare monitoring applications. The proposed system captures the ability of the ABCS to utilize ambient radio frequency (RF) signals, such as those from Wi-Fi, to transmit data without the need for active RF sources. This feature is particularly advantageous in low-power, data-intensive environments. The paper introduces the development of the ABCS framework, comprising a four-port antenna circuit and a Nooelec NESDR Mini USB RTL-SDR receiver, to accurately detect eight specific human activities, including new healthcare monitoring activities like “standing while dizzy,” “standing and suddenly collapsing,” and “sitting while shaking.” The experiment was conducted with five participants performing eight activities, and the results demonstrated distinct signal patterns corresponding to each activity. The findings show that the proposed system is a promising solution for the real-time, non-intrusive monitoring of human activities, which is crucial for early detection and intervention in healthcare scenarios