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Antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants and receiving waterbodies: Occurrence, Removal and Risks
No full textAbstract
The widespread presence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving water bodies has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern, primarily due to their persistence, ecological effects, and role in the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review synthesizes quantitative data from 55 studies across 35 countries to assess the occurrence, removal and ecological risks of antibiotics in municipal WWTPs and effluent-receiving water bodies. All major antibiotic classes – including β-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines – were consistently detected in influents, effluents, and receiving water bodies, often at concentrations ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of nanograms per liter. Removal efficiencies exhibited substantial variability, with many WWTPs presenting low or even negative removal rates, underscoring limitations in the existing treatment technologies. Regional disparities were prominent, with Africa, Asia, and South America displaying the highest concentrations and widest variability, reflecting gaps in infrastructure, regulation, and antibiotic stewardship. Although Europe and North America generally exhibited lower contaminant levels, several facilities still reported incomplete removal, demonstrating that performance challenges persist globally. Ecological risk assessments revealed frequent exceedances of predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC), with high-risk quotients (RQ) > 10 for ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in effluents and receiving waters, signifying high-risk hotspots in Africa, Asia, and South America. These findings highlight the urgent need for coordinated action to enhance wastewater treatment performance, develop cost-effective advanced technologies, and strengthen regulatory frameworks.Abstract
The widespread presence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving water bodies has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern, primarily due to their persistence, ecological effects, and role in the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review synthesizes quantitative data from 55 studies across 35 countries to assess the occurrence, removal and ecological risks of antibiotics in municipal WWTPs and effluent-receiving water bodies. All major antibiotic classes – including β-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines – were consistently detected in influents, effluents, and receiving water bodies, often at concentrations ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of nanograms per liter. Removal efficiencies exhibited substantial variability, with many WWTPs presenting low or even negative removal rates, underscoring limitations in the existing treatment technologies. Regional disparities were prominent, with Africa, Asia, and South America displaying the highest concentrations and widest variability, reflecting gaps in infrastructure, regulation, and antibiotic stewardship. Although Europe and North America generally exhibited lower contaminant levels, several facilities still reported incomplete removal, demonstrating that performance challenges persist globally. Ecological risk assessments revealed frequent exceedances of predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC), with high-risk quotients (RQ) > 10 for ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in effluents and receiving waters, signifying high-risk hotspots in Africa, Asia, and South America. These findings highlight the urgent need for coordinated action to enhance wastewater treatment performance, develop cost-effective advanced technologies, and strengthen regulatory frameworks
Activin-A has dual roles in osteoclast formation and foreign body giant cell differentiation from human CD14+ monocytes
No full textAbstract
Osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) are multinucleated cells derived from monocytes, but they have distinct functions. Osteoclasts resorb bone while FBGCs form in response to foreign material. Regarding bone implants, osteoclasts are responsible for implant integration, but also for bone resorption associated to implant loosening, while FBGCs play a role in the immune response to the foreign material. Little is known about which proteins in the local environment fine-tune the multinucleation of osteoclasts or FBGCs. One candidate is Activin A (ActA). It has been shown to induce larger, more active osteoclasts, but its effect on FBGC differentiation is unknown.
We investigated the effect of ActA on the differentiation of osteoclasts and FBGCs from human CD14-positive monocytes. The number of multinucleated cells and the cell area was measured. qPCR was performed to assess the effect of ActA on gene expression. ActA's influence on osteoclast and FBGC formation was studied on plastic, bone and hydroxyapatite coated Titanium discs (ALD-HA).
ActA induced fewer, but bigger and more active osteoclasts on plastic and bone. In contrast, ActA did not have an effect on FBGC number. On ALD-HA, ActA reduced the number of FBGCs, but did not influence osteoclast numbers. qPCR showed that ActA upregulated the expression of several genes such as TRAcP, CIITA, OLR1, RHOBTB1 and ALK4, but mainly in osteoclasts. These results show that ActA has a different effect on osteoclasts compared to FBGCs. This difference could be caused by a difference in the expression in the canonical ActA receptor ALK4.Abstract
Osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) are multinucleated cells derived from monocytes, but they have distinct functions. Osteoclasts resorb bone while FBGCs form in response to foreign material. Regarding bone implants, osteoclasts are responsible for implant integration, but also for bone resorption associated to implant loosening, while FBGCs play a role in the immune response to the foreign material. Little is known about which proteins in the local environment fine-tune the multinucleation of osteoclasts or FBGCs. One candidate is Activin A (ActA). It has been shown to induce larger, more active osteoclasts, but its effect on FBGC differentiation is unknown.
We investigated the effect of ActA on the differentiation of osteoclasts and FBGCs from human CD14-positive monocytes. The number of multinucleated cells and the cell area was measured. qPCR was performed to assess the effect of ActA on gene expression. ActA's influence on osteoclast and FBGC formation was studied on plastic, bone and hydroxyapatite coated Titanium discs (ALD-HA).
ActA induced fewer, but bigger and more active osteoclasts on plastic and bone. In contrast, ActA did not have an effect on FBGC number. On ALD-HA, ActA reduced the number of FBGCs, but did not influence osteoclast numbers. qPCR showed that ActA upregulated the expression of several genes such as TRAcP, CIITA, OLR1, RHOBTB1 and ALK4, but mainly in osteoclasts. These results show that ActA has a different effect on osteoclasts compared to FBGCs. This difference could be caused by a difference in the expression in the canonical ActA receptor ALK4
ResoPhys: Unsupervised Plug-and-Play Remote Physiological Measurement via Facial Videos of Arbitrary Resolution
No full textAbstract
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a non-contact method that detects blood volume changes in facial tissues from video. The non-invasiveness of rPPG makes it promising for applications in remote health monitoring and telemedicine. However, its real-world application is hindered by a fundamental challenge. Existing models are typically designed for high-resolution, fixed-size inputs, making them ill-suited for the arbitrary-resolution videos commonly encountered in practical scenarios due to dynamic camera-to-subject distances. To address this challenge, we propose ResoPhys, an unsupervised plug-and-play rPPG measurement method designed for facial videos of arbitrary resolution. This method first generates video pairs via random scaling and then employs specialized modules for arbitrary-resolution feature extraction and upsampling to analyze the resulting multi-scale features. The framework is optimized via an unsupervised contrastive learning approach using our proposed multi-resolution contrastive loss. To validate its performance across a spectrum of resolutions, we evaluated ResoPhys on several public datasets. The results demonstrate the superiority of our method over previous unsupervised approaches, exhibiting particular strength in challenging low-resolution scenarios, which underscores its robustness to resolution changes. Crucially, ResoPhys acts as a universal front-end that decouples resolution handling from signal extraction, empowering existing rPPG networks for effective deployment in arbitrary-resolution conditions. The source code is available at: https://github.com/HeZhongTian-xjtu/ResoPhys.Abstract
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a non-contact method that detects blood volume changes in facial tissues from video. The non-invasiveness of rPPG makes it promising for applications in remote health monitoring and telemedicine. However, its real-world application is hindered by a fundamental challenge. Existing models are typically designed for high-resolution, fixed-size inputs, making them ill-suited for the arbitrary-resolution videos commonly encountered in practical scenarios due to dynamic camera-to-subject distances. To address this challenge, we propose ResoPhys, an unsupervised plug-and-play rPPG measurement method designed for facial videos of arbitrary resolution. This method first generates video pairs via random scaling and then employs specialized modules for arbitrary-resolution feature extraction and upsampling to analyze the resulting multi-scale features. The framework is optimized via an unsupervised contrastive learning approach using our proposed multi-resolution contrastive loss. To validate its performance across a spectrum of resolutions, we evaluated ResoPhys on several public datasets. The results demonstrate the superiority of our method over previous unsupervised approaches, exhibiting particular strength in challenging low-resolution scenarios, which underscores its robustness to resolution changes. Crucially, ResoPhys acts as a universal front-end that decouples resolution handling from signal extraction, empowering existing rPPG networks for effective deployment in arbitrary-resolution conditions. The source code is available at: https://github.com/HeZhongTian-xjtu/ResoPhys
Lens Antennas for Sub-THz 6G Communications: Comparison Between Si, Coated Si, and Customized Multilayered Lenses
No full textAbstract
This work compares different types of dielectric lenses used to enhance the radiation properties of an on-chip antenna designed for sub-terahertz (sub-THz) sixth-generation (6G) communications. The lenses discussed in this study are silicon (Si), coated Si, and customized multilayered lenses, and they are illuminated with an on-chip dual-folded dipole antenna as a source. From the results, it is noted that the coated Si and multilayered lens offer improved radiation characteristics compared to a Si lens in the frequency range of 220–320GHz. In the case of a coated Si lens, an average gain improvement of 2–3dB is observed over a conventional Si lens, while for the multilayered lens, the gain level is equal to that of the Si lens.Abstract
This work compares different types of dielectric lenses used to enhance the radiation properties of an on-chip antenna designed for sub-terahertz (sub-THz) sixth-generation (6G) communications. The lenses discussed in this study are silicon (Si), coated Si, and customized multilayered lenses, and they are illuminated with an on-chip dual-folded dipole antenna as a source. From the results, it is noted that the coated Si and multilayered lens offer improved radiation characteristics compared to a Si lens in the frequency range of 220–320GHz. In the case of a coated Si lens, an average gain improvement of 2–3dB is observed over a conventional Si lens, while for the multilayered lens, the gain level is equal to that of the Si lens
Open Innovation Partnership Dynamics and Outcomes Under Opportunistic Behavior
No full textAbstract
Opportunistic behavior (OB) is a well-known peril in open innovation (OI) partnerships, and its occurrence—or sometimes mere suspicion thereof—may lead to partnership termination or have other undesired outcomes for the companies involved, especially about creating and capturing value from an innovation and intellectual property rights perspective. While it is important to understand whether suspecting OB (falsely suspected at times) and facing actual OB in OI partnerships differ in terms of partnership outcomes, current research does not sufficiently distinguish between the two. Additionally, literature on partnership outcomes has focused more on a pecuniary perspective, and less on detrimental and non-pecuniary outcomes. Furthermore, partnership dynamics, defined here as the events leading to termination or continuation of a partnership, as well as potential mechanisms to alleviate OB, have received little attention in previous OI literature. We narrow these research gaps by investigating what roles suspected and actual OB play in how OI partnerships dynamics and their outcomes unfold. We do so by adopting a qualitative approach and identifying configurations of suspected/unsuspected and actual opportunistic/non-opportunistic behaviors (shaping a two-by-two matrix) for 28 OI partnerships. We further map pecuniary and non-pecuniary outcomes and partnership dynamics for stakeholders involved in the partnerships to these settings. Findings reveal that actual OB has negative consequences for ecosystem actors indirectly involved in the partnerships, in additional to those for individuals directly involved. To counter actual OB, organizations take legal actions but also opt for other types of mechanisms. False suspicions of OB may lead to partnership termination; this can be circumvented by increasing transparency and applying clarification mechanisms. Companies that face actual OB from OI partners tend to change their strategies; the same is true for companies that are falsely accused of behaving opportunistically, and for companies that suspect OB in hindsight.Abstract
Opportunistic behavior (OB) is a well-known peril in open innovation (OI) partnerships, and its occurrence—or sometimes mere suspicion thereof—may lead to partnership termination or have other undesired outcomes for the companies involved, especially about creating and capturing value from an innovation and intellectual property rights perspective. While it is important to understand whether suspecting OB (falsely suspected at times) and facing actual OB in OI partnerships differ in terms of partnership outcomes, current research does not sufficiently distinguish between the two. Additionally, literature on partnership outcomes has focused more on a pecuniary perspective, and less on detrimental and non-pecuniary outcomes. Furthermore, partnership dynamics, defined here as the events leading to termination or continuation of a partnership, as well as potential mechanisms to alleviate OB, have received little attention in previous OI literature. We narrow these research gaps by investigating what roles suspected and actual OB play in how OI partnerships dynamics and their outcomes unfold. We do so by adopting a qualitative approach and identifying configurations of suspected/unsuspected and actual opportunistic/non-opportunistic behaviors (shaping a two-by-two matrix) for 28 OI partnerships. We further map pecuniary and non-pecuniary outcomes and partnership dynamics for stakeholders involved in the partnerships to these settings. Findings reveal that actual OB has negative consequences for ecosystem actors indirectly involved in the partnerships, in additional to those for individuals directly involved. To counter actual OB, organizations take legal actions but also opt for other types of mechanisms. False suspicions of OB may lead to partnership termination; this can be circumvented by increasing transparency and applying clarification mechanisms. Companies that face actual OB from OI partners tend to change their strategies; the same is true for companies that are falsely accused of behaving opportunistically, and for companies that suspect OB in hindsight
Assessment of Finnish Power-to-X Economy research 2017–2023: Scientific articles and research activities
No full textAbstract
Power-to-X technologies are considered as one of the most viable options for solving the energy and climate challenges of our time. First, significant greenhouse gas reductions are needed to reach the 1.5⁰C climate target of the Paris Agreement in the course of this century. Second, recent geopolitical threats have highlighted the risks associated with energy and fossil fuel dependence. In addition, sustainable technologies, including Power-to-X, are expected to bring significant investments, economic growth, and jobs to Finland, which is why it is one of the most discussed energy topics in society. However, the development is not in mature stages when it comes to technological readiness, let alone the implementation of related technologies. This study conducts a comprehensive overview of Power-to-X research in Finland applying bibliometric methods and survey, through which the current knowledge on the topic is revealed, how it is distributed among different institutions and researchers, and what are the current strengths and research gaps. The study seeks to promote Power-to-X research and the related green transition, not only in Finland, but throughout the European Union, aiming at being climate neutral by 2050.Abstract
Power-to-X technologies are considered as one of the most viable options for solving the energy and climate challenges of our time. First, significant greenhouse gas reductions are needed to reach the 1.5⁰C climate target of the Paris Agreement in the course of this century. Second, recent geopolitical threats have highlighted the risks associated with energy and fossil fuel dependence. In addition, sustainable technologies, including Power-to-X, are expected to bring significant investments, economic growth, and jobs to Finland, which is why it is one of the most discussed energy topics in society. However, the development is not in mature stages when it comes to technological readiness, let alone the implementation of related technologies. This study conducts a comprehensive overview of Power-to-X research in Finland applying bibliometric methods and survey, through which the current knowledge on the topic is revealed, how it is distributed among different institutions and researchers, and what are the current strengths and research gaps. The study seeks to promote Power-to-X research and the related green transition, not only in Finland, but throughout the European Union, aiming at being climate neutral by 2050
Tekoälypohjaisen vianmääritysavustajan kehittäminen trukkien huoltoon
No full textThis thesis investigates the use of Generative AI techniques in the fault diagnosis of lift trucks. Design Science Research approach was utilized to build and evaluate an intelligent AI assistant which compliments deterministic fault diagnostics methods. Three research questions considered architectural and design implications of building such a system, how it should be evaluated, and the feasibility of its use for the fault diagnostics. Evaluation of the artifact revealed capability to form holistic state representation of lift truck state, useful for identifying cause-effect relationships from different signal inputs. The research provides guidance on architectural considerations of implementing tool-using GenAI assistants and identifies challenges in context-control and reliability of such systems
“I withdrew into my solitude and waited to die” : Finnish women’s memories and thoughts on menstruation in the early twentieth century
No full textTutkielmassa käsitellään 1900-luvun alussa syntyneiden naisten nuoruuden käsityksiä kuukautisistaan ja kuukautishäpeästä. Tutkielma perustuu Suomen kirjallisuuden seuran arkistossa olevaan muistitietokeruuaineistoon. Muistitietokeruu on vuodelta 1982, ja sen on kerännyt Annukka Forstadius omaa kansanrunoustieteen laitoksen pro graduansa varten. Keruu on suoritettu neljätoistakohtaisella kyselylomakkeella. Kuukautistietokyselyyn vastasi 98 ihmistä, joista tarkemmin on luettu 83 vastaajan vastaukset. Kyselyyn vastanneet naiset ovat syntyneet vuosien 1898 ja 1935 välillä, suurin osa vastaajista 1920-luvulla. Vastaajat olivat kotoisin ympäri Suomea ja erilaisista taustoista.
Tutkielman tarkoituksena on vastata tutkimuskysymyksiin: kuinka kuukautisista saatiin tietoa, ja miksi kuukautisiin liittyi häpeää ja mistä häpeä on syntynyt. Vastauksia tutkitaan diskurssianalyysin avulla, mutta hyödynnetään myös lähilukua sekä muistitietotutkimuksesta kirjoitettua tutkimuskirjallisuutta.
Tutkielma on jaettu kahteen päälukuun, joista ensimmäinen käsittelee kuukautisiin liittyvää tietoa. Naisten tiedonsaanti oli hyvin niukkaa, ja lähes jokaiselle vastaajista kuukautisten alkaminen tuli yllätyksenä. Tietoa oli mahdollisesti saatu ystäviltä, siskoilta sekä äideiltä. Virallista, terveydenhuollonammattilaisilta saatua tietoa ei juurikaan ollut saatavilla, eikä virallisten auktoriteettien puoleen edes kehdattu kääntyä. Koulussa kuukautisista ei puhuttu, eikä vastaajat tienneet keneltä kuukautisista voinut kysyä lisätietoja.
Toinen luku käsittelee tyttöjen kokemaa häpeää ja kuukautistabua. Lähes jokainen vastaaja kertoo, että on tuntenut kuukautisistaan häpeää. Voimakkainta häpeä on kuukautisten alkaessa, jolloin tietoa kuukautisista on vähiten. Kuukautishäpeästä puhuttaessa voidaan puhua myös kuukautistabusta, sillä kuukautisista ei saanut puhua kuin lähimpien tyttöystävien tai naispuolisten perheenjäsenten kanssa. Häpeä oli jatkunut sukupolvilta seuraaville, ja häpeää tunnettiin iästä, asemasta tai paikkakunnasta riippumatta.
Yksittäistä syytä häpeään vastaajat eivät osanneet sanoa. Perusteluja ei juurikaan ollut, yleensä vastaajat vetosivat perinteisiin, että niin asia vain aina oli ollut. Jo äideiltä ja isoäideiltä periytynyt hiljaisuus kuukautisten ympärillä tekivät kuukautisista tabun
Parents’ experiences of speech therapy for children with developmental language disorder
No full textTämä pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee vanhempien kokemuksia lapsensa puheterapiasta, kun lapsella on kehityksellinen kielihäiriö. Kyseessä on yksi yleisimmistä lasten kielihäiriöistä. Se voi vaikuttaa merkittävästi lapsen toimintakykyyn, osallistumiseen ja vuorovaikutukseen. Tavoitteellisena lääkinnällisenä kuntoutuksena puheterapia pyrkii parantamaan lapsen kykyä ilmaista itseään ja osallistumismahdollisuuksia arkielämässä.
Laadullinen tutkielma hyödyntää temaattista analyysia ja sisällönanalyysia. Aineistona on seitsemän vanhemman haastattelut, yhteensä 8 h 47 min. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään vanhempien kokemuksiin ohjauksesta, rooleista ja yhteistyöstä puheterapeutin kanssa.
Vanhemmat kokivat saaneensa ohjausta riittävästi. He jakoivat ohjauksen kotitehtävien ohjeistukseen, menetelmän tai toimintatavan ohjaukseen ja neuvontaan sekä arkeen soveltamiseen. Vanhempien käsitys ohjauksesta oli monitahoisempi kuin alan tutkimusten ja virallisten määritteiden. Ohjaukseen liittyviä teemoja olivat elämäntilanteen huomioiminen, ymmärtämisen vahvistaminen ja omannäköinen arkistuminen.
Vanhempien kokemuksista havaittiin kuusi roolia: kotivalmentaja, mahdollistaja, tukija, äiti, ihmettelijä ja lapsen etuuksien ajaja. Roolien keskinäisen suhteen analysointi osallisuuden (tekijä/tarkkailija) ja etäisyyden (tässä ja nyt / taustalla) ulottuvuuksien avulla osoitti, että vanhemmalla voi olla useita rooleja ja rooleja, jotka ovat osallisuudeltaan ja etäisyydeltään vastakohtaisia. Tutkimuksissa vanhempien rooli on nähty pysyvänä tai muuntuvana roolista toiseen.
Hyvä yhteistyö rakentui vanhempien kokemusten mukaan kolmesta elementistä: puheterapeutin perhelähtöisestä toimintatavasta, vanhemman ja puheterapeutin kumppanuudesta sekä vanhemman tuesta arjessa. Yhdessä elementit muodostivat toiminnallisen kokonaisuuden eli puheterapeuttisen yhteistyön ekosysteemin, jossa oli havaittavissa sekä institutionaalisia että yksilöllisiä piirteitä.
Tutkimuksen tärkein johtopäätös on, että suhteessa terapiaan vanhempi ei ole vain yhtä. Hänen rooliensa moninaisuus on todennäköisempää kuin staattinen asemoituminen. Ohjauksessa tulisi huomioida vanhemman elämäntilanne ja ymmärryksen vahvistaminen lapsen kielihäiriöstä ja tilanteesta sekä tukea vanhempaa lapsen kuntoutuksen omannäköisessä arkistumisessa. Myöskään yhteistyö ei synny vain yhdessä tasossa yhden osallistujan panostuksella. Vaikka yhteistyön perustana on puheterapeutin toimintatapa, kumppanuus vaatii sekä puheterapeutilta että vanhemmalta jakamisen kulttuuria ja molemminpuolista vuorovaikutusta
Deployable image forgery detection and localization: A comprehensive review and practitioner´s guide
No full textAbstract
Digital images underpin reporting, science, security, and social communication, yet modern editing and generative tools make manipulation effortless and often imperceptible. Digital image forgery detection is fundamentally a pattern recognition problem: the task is to learn and exploit stable patterns in authentic imagery and to recognize distributional departures introduced by manipulations. This review synthesizes research on image forgery detection and localization (IFDL) from 2016 to 2025, spanning traditional passive forensics, CNN-based detectors, and the latest transformer-driven models. We formalize a two-axis taxonomy, using a technical approach (handcrafted / statistical, CNNs, transformers, GAN- and multimodal-assisted) and by forgery type (copy-move, splicing, object removal / inpainting, retouching, and AI-generated fakes). Classical methods exploit lighting, compression, noise, and block / keypoint matching for copy-move and splicing; deep models advance to pixel-wise localization with multi-stream cues (RGB, noise / frequency, edges) and robust pretraining. We analyze publicly used datasets (e.g. Columbia, CASIA, MICC, CoMoFoD, COVERAGE, NIST16, Realistic Tampering, PS-Battles, IMD2020, DEFACTO, tampCOCO, DF2023), highlighting scale, annotation granularity, and manipulation diversity, and relate them to reported performance trends. A critical gap analysis identifies persistent challenges: cross-dataset generalization, robustness to laundering (compression, blur, resizing), explainability and evidentiary utility, data scarcity for subtle edits, and efficiency for large-scale deployment.Abstract
Digital images underpin reporting, science, security, and social communication, yet modern editing and generative tools make manipulation effortless and often imperceptible. Digital image forgery detection is fundamentally a pattern recognition problem: the task is to learn and exploit stable patterns in authentic imagery and to recognize distributional departures introduced by manipulations. This review synthesizes research on image forgery detection and localization (IFDL) from 2016 to 2025, spanning traditional passive forensics, CNN-based detectors, and the latest transformer-driven models. We formalize a two-axis taxonomy, using a technical approach (handcrafted / statistical, CNNs, transformers, GAN- and multimodal-assisted) and by forgery type (copy-move, splicing, object removal / inpainting, retouching, and AI-generated fakes). Classical methods exploit lighting, compression, noise, and block / keypoint matching for copy-move and splicing; deep models advance to pixel-wise localization with multi-stream cues (RGB, noise / frequency, edges) and robust pretraining. We analyze publicly used datasets (e.g. Columbia, CASIA, MICC, CoMoFoD, COVERAGE, NIST16, Realistic Tampering, PS-Battles, IMD2020, DEFACTO, tampCOCO, DF2023), highlighting scale, annotation granularity, and manipulation diversity, and relate them to reported performance trends. A critical gap analysis identifies persistent challenges: cross-dataset generalization, robustness to laundering (compression, blur, resizing), explainability and evidentiary utility, data scarcity for subtle edits, and efficiency for large-scale deployment