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Co-morbid Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder Among Youth Living With Hiv Attending a Comprehensive Care Clinic at a Private Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.
No full textBACKGROUND: Psychiatric morbidity has been associated with HIV disease since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. In youth with HIV infections alcohol use and depression make the management more difficult and worsen the prognosis. Alcohol use also have adverse interactions with the medications used hence reducing the effectiveness of the medications. Globally, depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. Dispite this, minimal research has been done locally on the prevalence of various psychiatric morbidities associated with HIV infection with none focusing on youth aged 15-24years old.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of depression and alcohol use disorder among youth aged 15-24yrs under care for HIV & AIDS.
DESIGN: Cross sectional analytical study design.
STUDY SITE: Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) of Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi Kenya.
METHOD: Survey method of HIV infected youth aged 15-24 yrs under CCC was used.
Participants were given researcher designed questionnaire and subjected to both Alcohol Usue Disorder Inventory Test (AUDIT) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) which are self-administered tests to a total of 194 participants. Analysis and presentation of results were done using statistical models and SPSS software.
RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol use disorder was 13% and the prevalence of depression was 77%. The sociodemographic factors that did not influence alcohol use disorder were age, level of education and marital status at a P value of 0.251, 0.859 and 0.483 respectively. Income and age had a strong association with both alcohol use disorder and depression at a P value of .000. The sociodemographic factors not associated with depression with a P-value above .05 are occupation, marital status, income, religion, and residence. The study also established an association between alcohol use disorder and depression at an Odd ration of 0.04.
CONCLUSION: Youth with HIV/AIDS aged 15-24yrs receiving treatment still experience considerable alcohol use disorder and depression. These youths can benefit from improved delivery of psychiatric care adjunct to psychotherapy during follow up in CCC.
RECOMMENDATION: In order to solve the twin problem of alcohol use and depression among HIV infected youth, key stakeholders need to design multidimensional strategies to educate youth while creating impetus for them to avoid alcohol use and receive comprehensive screening, diagnosis and treatment of depressive symptoms. It would be vital for preventive strategies to be implemented in all CCC’s programes.a
Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, ; bDepartment of Mental Health, School of Medicine,
Moi University, Eldoret, Keny
Assessment of the Quality of Sodium Hypochlorite and Hydrogen Peroxide Products in Nairobi City County
No full textIntroduction
The growing resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents due to antimicrobial resistance calls for strategies geared on prevention of infection rather than treatment. It is for these reasons that antiseptics and disinfectants continue to play an important role in prevention, against pathogenic microbes. However, they are also central to assuring on their effectiveness. Locally, no quality surveillance has been reported in literature.
Study objective
The general objective of this study was to assess the quality of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide products available in Nairobi City County, Kenya using physico-chemical methods.
Methodology
Thirty six samples of sodium hypochlorite were evaluated for general characteristics such as adequacy of label information and pH and assay of active chlorine. Similarly, thirty three samples of hydrogen peroxide were analyzed for identity, adequacy of labeling, acidity and content of hydrogen peroxide. Analytical methods prescribed by the British Pharmacopoeia and the Kenya Bureau of Standards were used. Triplicate analyses were done.
Results
Samples of sodium hypochlorite used as bleaching agents (26), for treatment of water (5) and as hospital disinfectants (5) were collected from Nairobi County. The content of active chlorine was as follows bleaching agent (2-4 w/v %), treatment of water (0.9-1.1 w/v %) and disinfectant (4-6 w/v %) respectively. Twenty out of the twenty six samples (77 %) analyzed complied with the KEBS requirement of a minimum ≤ 2 % w/v) of active chlorine for bleaching agents. All 5 (100 %) samples of sodium
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hypochlorite used for water treatment met label claim for BP 2017 of 0.9 % w/v and 1.1 % w/v of active chlorine. The values ranged between 1.0 % w/v and 1.3 % w/v corresponding to 92.5 % and 105
.8 % of the label claim (1.2 % w/v). All the samples (n=5) used as disinfectants did not comply with specifications for content (4-6 % w/v). One sample out of the five samples (20 %) did not comply with KEBS requirement (minimum ≤ 2 % w/v) for content of active chlorine.
Fifty five percent (n=11) of detergent hydrogen peroxide (3 % w/v H2O2) samples met BP (2017) specification of 2.5-3.5 % w/v of H2O2. All the samples (n=21) antiseptic hydrogen peroxide (6 % w/v H2O2) did not meet the BP (2017) specification of 5 %-7 % w/v of H2O2. The content of hydrogen peroxide samples ranged between 3.0 % w/v and 4.7 % w/v. The hydrogen peroxide laboratory reagent was found to contain 13.6 % w/v and this was out of BP specification of 29-31 % w/v of H2O2.
Conclusion
About 45 % of detergent hydrogen peroxide samples, all the samples (n=21) of antiseptic hydrogen peroxide and laboratory reagent 30 % w/v hydrogen peroxide did not comply with BP 2017 specifications for assay. While 23 % of the bleaching agent analyzed did not meet KEBS requirements of active chlorine. Five samples of sodium hypochlorite used for treatment of water complied with BP 2017 specifications for the assay while all the samples (n=5) of sodium hypochlorite used as disinfectants did not comply with BP 2017 specifications for content of active chlorine. There is need for continued post market surveillance and enforcement of labeling and packaging specifications by manufacturers for compliance with pharmacopoeial and Kenya bureau of standards specification.a
Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, ; bDepartment of Mental Health, School of Medicine,
Moi University, Eldoret, Keny
The Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Performance of Small Enterprises in Thika Town, Kiambu County
No full textThe research is aimed to establish the effects of entrepreneurial orientation on performance of small enterprises in Thika town,Kiambu County......
Does the Informal Sector in Kenya Have Financial Potential to Sustainably Prepay for Health Care? Implications for Financing Universal Health Coverage in Low-Income Settings.
No full textKenya currently lacks evidence on whether income in the informal sector is sustainable and predictable and therefore able to support financing of universal health coverage (UHC). This article demonstrates the financial potential of informal sector entities to sustainably finance UHC in Kenya. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire on the following topics: nature and sustainability of informal sector entities, indicators of financial potential, and socioeconomic status. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were used. The findings indicate that income in the informal sector is generally low although investors in health/medical, stationery, entertainment, manufacturing and craft as well as transportation tend to have higher and more consistent incomes than most others in both sites. Mean monthly incomes ranged from 16.7 USD (lowest) to 786.5 USD (highest). The urban informal sector recorded higher mean monthly incomes of 195.8 USD compared to 77.9 USD in the rural area (P < 0.001). The most sustainable entities in the urban area included stationery (67%), repair and maintenance (50%), food vending (49%), shopkeeping (48%), and clothing and beauty products (43%). Farming (90%), manufacturing and craft (86%), and health/medical (100%) were the most sustainable in the rural area. Key predictors of sustainable informal sector entities include monthly expenditure patterns, gender, marital status, household structure, number of employees in an entity, and land ownership in the rural area and number of entities owned. Informal sector entities are mostly unsustainable, meaning that the majority of premium contributors will not be consistent in payment and will likely to require subsidies
Factors contributing to waiting times among patients undergoing computerized tomography, ultrasonography and general radiography at kenyatta national hospital, nairobi kenya.
No full textBackground-lengthy patient waiting time is a major cause of dissatisfaction of patients with healthcare providers. Determining the optimum waiting time for any given radiological service is often part of a larger assessment of customer behavior and satisfaction. The purpose of this research was to suggest possible solutions for the reduction of waiting times, improve the quality of services which in return would reduce queue lengths, increase staff productivity and operational efficiency.
Objectives-to determine the time taken by the patient from reporting to radiology department to the time they exit, identify the waiting times for the specific areas and factors contributing to these times and suggest possible solutions for the reduction of these times.
Methodology-a longitudinal observational study was conducted with an aim of determining turnaround times among the patients utilizing the various services at radiology department, knh. The sample size was 596 patients for the three modalities. Simple random sampling was employed to select participants. Every patient that came to the department on monday to friday 8am to 5pm was enrolled in the study until the required sample size was obtained. The data was collected over a 3 month period from 1stjuly 2017 to 1stseptember 2017.
Data collection and analysis-a structured questionnaire was used to collect data which was piloted. The filled questionnaires were checked daily by the researcher to ensure completeness. Data generated was entered & analyzed using statistical package spss version 22. The descriptive characteristics of the patients was presented as means, medians and percentages for continuous & categorical variables respectively. Waiting time was analyzed and presented as means with standard deviations. Comparisons across the three study groups was done using logistic regression test. Factors associated to waiting time was determined using linear regression analysis. All statistical tests were performed at 5% level of significance. A process map/flow chart was used to show description, sequence of the process sections, & a cause and effect diagram was used to show the relationship between waiting times.
Results-the information generated will be important for the management in guiding decisions to
Improve service delivery. Presentation of findings was done in tables and graphs.a
Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, ; bDepartment of Mental Health, School of Medicine,
Moi University, Eldoret, Keny
Analysing the effects of Commitment of police recruits and demands of National responsibilities
No full textThe Effect Of East Africa Community Trade Block On Economic Growth In Kenya
No full textDuring the 1990s, there was a global wave of Regional Integration Arrangements. They
formed the most noticeable developments in the international trading system and were claimed to
be the drive towards the promotion of trade and economic growth. In Africa, the need to increase
regional cooperation by creating unified economic blocs became the motivational factor to form
regional integration arrangements.
In East Africa, the narrative was not different as the leaders envisioned a united region with
unrestricted movement of goods, services and people to create larger markets that will enhance
trade and investment and lower unemployment and poverty. The current East African Community
was revived in July 2000 and transformed to a Customs Union in 2005.
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the East Africa Trade Block on
Kenya’s economic growth. The time series data used for analysis was the years 2004-2017.
Customs Union, volume of exports and imports and Gross Domestic Product were the variables
used in the study. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze information from public documents to
derive conclusions from the discoveries.
The study revealed that the formation of the Custom Union had a positive effect on trade
and economic growth in Kenya despite several bottlenecks that the study has provided
recommendations for. The findings also illustrate an increase in Kenya’s intra-EAC trade. We can
therefore conclude by saying that Regional integration is beneficial to a country’s trade and
economic growth what is needed is political commitment from member states
Fragmentation As An Allegory Of The Somali Nation In Nuruddin Farah’s Maps
No full textThis study sought to critically analyse whether fragmentation has been employed as an allegory of the Somali nation in Nuruddin Farah’s Maps. The objectives of this study were to critically evaluate the use of fragmentation of the plot in the novel, to interrogate fragmentation of the character bodies in relation to the Somali nation, and to establish the correlation between fragmented narrative voices and the Somali nation in the novel. The rationale for my study was partly informed by the foregrounding of fragmentation which has been used allegorically in Maps. I chose Nuruddin Farah because he has lived in the Somali culture which he has written about thus he has a sharp focus on Somalia’s political and social structures, and I selected Maps as ideal for study on fragmentation as an allegory of the Somali nation since it is more reflective in terms of presenting images of fragmentation compared to other works of Nuruddin Farah. I limited myself to Maps through a close reading to find out how fragmentation has been used as an allegory of the Somali nation. I did a review of works on fragmentation, nationalism and allegory by the same and other writers to form a background for my study. The study employed the postmodern literary theory, psychoanalytic theory and narratology as critical approaches in order to help me interpret data. This study established that the fragmented text is an analogue of a fragmented Somali society which is contrary to the popular belief that the Somalis are unified by their collective identity, that Somali is defined by communal multiplicities which are represented in Maps by fragmented narrative voices, and that a fragmented Somali society should be celebrated as a basis of forming a multicultural Somali nation
An Investigation Of The Day Of The Week Anomaly In Stock Returns For Companies Quoted In The Nairobi Securities Exchange
No full textThis study sought to establish the effect of the day of the week anomaly in stock returns for companies quoted at NSE. A descriptive research design to describe the calendar anomalies at the NSE was used. The target population for this study included all the 65 institutions registered at the NSE. The data amassed consisted of the share prices between 1st January 2018 and 31st December 2018. The data for conducting the investigation was sourced from the NSE. Secondary data for the daily market price from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018 for each of the 5 days of the week was used. The analysis revealed that different days had a different return effect. Specifically, Thursday had the highest mean of the week was on which was 0.0001926 and standard deviation of .01079497. This implies that there was Thursday effect on the stock return of the week. The mean for the other days of the week were negative implying they had a negative effect on the stock return of the week. The study therefore, concludes that the highest returns are recorded on Thursday, while the lowest are recorded on Tuesday. This study also showed that returns decrease from Monday till Thursday then decreases again on Friday due to weekend effect. Thus, the study concluded that there is a pattern in the returns for the days of the week. The findings also showed that there existed different positive and negative correlation during the days of the week. Thus, based on these correlations, the study concluded that investors should focus their investment strategies on days of the week that are not significantly negatively correlated with Thursday to make their trading decisions. The study recommends that the day of the week anomaly purports that the existence of a pattern during the days of the week whereby these returns are linked to a particular day of the week. Owing to this pattern, investors can take advantage of and strategize on the investing trends. For instance, they can buy stock on Tuesday, which has the lowest return and sell on Thursday, which has a high return. Since the study has established that an anomaly effect exists during the days of the week, the study recommends that the government should come up with measures to ensure efficiency in trading. These measures would include various regulations that would ensure the stock market is fair trading ground with minimal chances of exploitatio
Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Work Performance– a Case Study of Posta Kenya, Nairobi County.
No full textThis study sought to evaluate the impact of job satisfaction on work performance of employees of the postal corporation of Kenya......